4. Mango,citrus, sapota.ppt for education

Ppt

1. Pests of mango, citrus
and sapota
Lec. 4

2. Pests of Mango

3. 1.Mangohoppers Idioscopusniveosparsus,
I. clypealis, Amritodusatkinsoni
Cicadellidae Hemiptera
2.Flowerwebber Eublemma(Antoba) versicolorNoctuidae Lepidoptera
3.Gallmidges Procystiphoramangiferae,
Dasineuraamaramanjarae,
Erosomyiamangiferae
Cecidomyiidae Diptera
4.Fruitfly Bactroceradorsalis Tephritidae Diptera
5.Nutweevil Sternochetusmangiferae Curculionidae Coleoptera
6.Shootwebber Orthagaexvinacea Pyralidae Lepidoptera
7.Leafcaterpillar Bombotelia(Penicillaraa) jacosatrixNoctuidae Lepidoptera
Euthalia garuda Nymphalidae Lepidoptera
8.Leafmidges Amradiplosis amaraemyia Cecidomyiidae Diptera
9.Leafweevil Rhynchaenus mangiferae Curculionidae Coleoptera
10.Redtreeant Oecophylla smaragdina Formicidae Hymenoptera
11.Stemborer Batocerarufomaculata Cerambycidae Coleoptera
12.Leafminer Acrocercops syngramma Gracillaridae Lepidoptera
13.Aphid Toxoptera odinae Aphididae Hemiptera
14.Castorslug Parasa lepida Cochlididae Lepidoptera
15.LeaftwistingweevilApoderus tranquebaricus Curculionidae Coleoptera
16.Whitefly Aleurocanthus mangiferae Aleyrodidae Hemiptera
17.Scaleinsect Chionaspis vitis Diaspididae Hemiptera

4. Inflorescence Feeders
Distribution
India, Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Pakistan,
Bangladesh and Malaysia
Host range
Mango, Avocado, Cardamom
Biology
Hopper: Idioscopus niveoparsus,
Idioscopus clypealis,
Amritodes atkinsoni
Cicadellidae: Hemiptera
Egg: 4-7 days, laid singly into the
plant tissues of young leaves,
shoots, flowers stalks and
unopened flowers, 200 eggs/
female
Nymph: 8-13 days, Red
eyes, yellowish green /
brown or greenish brown,
5 instars
Adult: 14-21 days, Light greenish brown with
black and yellow markings, wedge shaped with
broad head, TLC: 14-21 days

5. Symptoms
•Nymphs and adults cause shedding of flower buds and
flowers and sooty mould.
•Clicking sound due to movement of jassids in leaves

6. Management
•Grow less susceptible varieties:
Banganapalli, Chinnarasam and Alphonsa
• Avoid closer planting
•Collect and destroy affected inflorescences or sticky inflorescences
to minimize population build up
•Remove criss-cross branches, infested shoots and dense branches.
•Apply Metarhizium anisopliae or Beauveria bassiana @ 10
8
cfu /ml
on tree trunk once during off season and twice at 7 days interval
during flowering season

7. Management
Insecticide Dose
Buprofezin 25SC 1.0 ml/lit.
Dimethoate 30EC 1.5 ml/lit.
Imidacloprid 17.8 SL 2.0 ml/10 lit.
Thiamethoxam 25WG 1.0 g/10 lit.
Malathion 50 EC 1.5 ml/lit.
Methyl demeton 25 EC 1.0 ml/lit.
Monocrotophos 36 SL 1.0ml/lit.
Spray any of the following insecticides first at the time of
inflorescence emergence and the second two weeks after first
spray

8. Flower webber: Eublemma versicolor
Noctuidae: Lepidoptera
Distribution
All over India
Host range
Mango, Brinjal and sorghum
Biology Egg: 3-4 days, 8-10
reddish hemispherical
eggs on sepals
Larva: 18-20 days,
smooth, greenish
yellow with light
brown head
Pupa: 8-9 days, pupate
inside or near the base
of the inflorescence
Adult:
Male: purplish pink or
light orange wings with
an apical patch
Female: purplish grey
wings

9. Damage symptoms
•Larvae web the inflorescence and
tunnel the stalks.
Management
•Remove and destroy the affected
flowers with larvae
•Spray phosalone 35 EC 2ml/lit.

10. Gall midges, Procystiphora mangiferae,
Dasineura amaramanjarae, Erosomyia mangiferae
F: Cecidomyiidae; O: Diptera
•Procystiphora mangiferae - Causes
malformation of flowers and droppings of
flower.
•Maggot and adult are orange coloured.
Pupa – inside the bud
•Dasineura amaramanjarae -- Causes
damage to flower buds and dropping of
bud. Maggot hibernation.
•Erosomyia mangiferae -- Causes stunting
and malformation of inflorescence.
Maggot is yellowish. Pupa - soil

11. Management
1.Remove and destroy the affected flowers and tender shoots
2.Spray dimethoate 30 EC (0.06%) or methyl demeton 25 EC (0.05%)

12. Fruit fly: Bactrocera dorsalis
(Oriental fruit fly) Tephritidae: Diptera
Distribution
India, Pakistan, South East Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia, China and Taiwan
Host range
Mango, Citrus, Guava, Sapota, Banana, Mango, Jack and Ber
Biology
Borers
Maggot: 6-29 days
Adult: brown or dark
brown with hyaline
wings and yellow legs
Pupa: 6-44 days, pupate
in soil
Egg: 3-10 days, 200 eggs/ female;
laid in cluster of 2-15 just beneath
the rind of the ripening fruits

13. Fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis
F: Tephritidae; O: Diptera
•Semi-ripe fruits are with decayed spots and
droppings of fruits.
•Maggot is yellowish.
•Adult fly is light brown with transparent wings.

15. Management
•Plough the inter spaces to expose pupae.
•Collect and destroy the fallen fruits.
•Spray Neem oil @ 30ml/lit. during initial stage of fruit maturation.
•Use parasitoids like Opius compensari and Spalangia philippinensis
•Use methyl eugenol lure trap (25/ha) to monitor and kill adults
•Prepare methyl eugenol 1% and mix with malathion 50 EC (0.1%), take
10 ml mixture/trap and keep them in 25 different places /ha between 6
a.m. and 8 a.m.
•Use bait spray combining molasses or jaggery 10 g/l and one of the
insecticides, fenthion 100 EC 1 ml/l, malathion 50 EC 2 ml/l,
dimethoate 30 EC 1 ml/l, carbaryl 50 WP 4 g/l, two rounds at fortnight
interval before ripening of the fruits.

16. Mango nut weevil or stone weevil: Sternochetus mangiferae,
Curculionidae: Coleoptera
Distriburtion
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, South
Vietnam, Philippines, East Australia, Africa and Hawai
Host range
Mango
Biology Egg: 7 days, 15
eggs, laid in a
single fruit
Grub: 20-30 days,
creamy yellow
apodous grub
Adult: Stout, dark
brown weevil, 10
months
TLC:40-50 days
Pupa: 7 days,
pupate inside the
nut
*Monophagous pest

17. Damage symptoms
• Grub makes zigzag tunnels in pulp
• Eats unripe tissue and bore into cotyledons
• Fruit dropping at marble stage
• Oviposition injuries on marble sized fruits.
• Tunnelled cotyledons in mature fruit by
grubs.

18. Grub of mango
stone weevil
Damage by
Mango stone weevil

19. Management
•Collect and destroy the fallen fruits along with weevil
•Avoid growing susceptible varieties: Neelum and bangalora
•Spray insecticides at marble stage and second a fortnight thereafter
•Take up insecticide spray directing towards the base of the trunks during
the non- flowering season.
•Bagging of fruits with cloth or paper bags

20. Stem borer: Batocera rufomaculata
Cerambycidae: Coleoptera
Distribution
India and Bangladesh
Host range
Mango, Rubber, Jack, Fig, Papaya, Apple and Mulberry
Biology Egg: 7-24 days, laid singly on
the bark or cracks and
crevices on the trunk
Grub: 180 days
Stout with well –
defined
segmentation and
yellow in colour
Pupa: 19 - 36 days,
pupate inside the
tunnel
Adult: Pale grey beetle with
long legs and antennae and
a dirty-white band,
extending from head to tip
of the body on each side
Longicorn beetles

21. Damage symptoms
•The grub causes drying of
terminal shoots in early stage of
attack.
•Wilting of whole tree damage
occurs at the main stem.

22. Management
•Mechanically remove and kill the grub by introducing a needle or wire
•Exclude the alternate hosts, silk cotton from mango orchard
•Cut and destroy infested branches along with larvae
•Swab Coal tar + Kerosene @ 1:2 or Carbaryl 50 WP 20 g / l (basal portion of the trunk - 3
feet height) after scraping the loose bark to prevent oviposition by adult beetles.
•Use light trap 1/ha to attract adult moths
•Locate the bore holes, spike out grubs using a needle or iron wire
•Follow padding method with monocrotophos 36 WSC 10 ml (Remove 5 sq.cm bark from the
trunk, which is at 30 cm from basal portion of the affected tree. Place a thin layer of
absorbent cotton and pour 10 ml of monocrotophos on it. Cover with the same bark and
plaster with mud).
•Use carbofuran 3G 5 g or aluminium phosphide tablet ½ or inject monocrotophos 10
ml/bore hole and plug with clay.

23. Shoot webber, Orthaga exvinacea
F: Pyralidae; O: Lepidoptera
•Larva is pale green with brown head and
prothoracic shield.
•Adult is brownish moth with wavy lines on
forewings.
•Larvae cause webbing of terminal
leaves & defoliation

24. Management
•Remove and destroy the webbed leaves along with larva and pupa
•Spray phosalone 35 EC 2ml/lit.
•Encourage the activity of predators, carabid beetleParena lacticincta,
reduvidOecama sp, parasitoid Hormiusa and fungus Paecilomyces farinosus

25. Red tree ant: Oecophylla smaragdina
Formicidae: Hymenoptera
Distribution
All over India
Host range
Mango, Citrus, Guava, Sapota and Jack
Biology Egg period: 4-8 days
Larva: 10-17 days
Adult: Red
coloured ant
Pupa: 5-7 days

26. Red tree ant, Oecophylla smaragdina
F: Formicidae; O: Hymenoptera
•Terminal leaves are stitched with silk
threads in the form of nest, which remain
green and presence of ants.
•They are orange red in colour.
•Queen is olive green in colour.
Management
•Nests should be removed and destroyed
mechanically or by spraying phosalone 35 EC
2ml/lit.
*Nuisance pest in mango
orchards

27. SAP FEEDER
Distribution
India, Bangladesh, China and South East Asia
Host range
Mango, Apple, Ber, Cherry, Citrus, Falsa, Guava, Jack, Jamun, Litchi,
Mulberry, Papaya and Pomogrante
Biology
Egg period:
Eggs deposited in
ovisacs in soil under the
tree
Nymphal: 76-134 days
Oval flattened and body in
covered with a white mealy
powder
Adult longevity: 22-27
days
Female: wingless
Male: winged
Giant mealy bug: Drosicha mangiferae
Margarodidae: Hemiptera

28. Giant mealy bug, Drosicha mangiferae
(Margarodidae: Hemiptera)
Symptomsof damage
•Drying of leaves and inflorescence
•Presence of pinkish nymphs and adult mealy
bugs on fruit and fruit stalk.

29. 1.Remove weeds like Clerodendron inflortunatum and grasses by ploughing
2.Raking up soil to destroy ovisacs and dust carbaryl 5% or lindane 1.3% around the tree basin.
3.Band trees with 20 cm wide alkathene or polythene (400 gauge) sheets, 50 cm above the ground
level and just below the junction of the branching. Secure the sheet with jute thread and apply
little mud or fruit tree grease on the lower edge of the band. Repaint once in 15 days.
4.Spray dimethoate 30 EC 0.06% or methyl demeton 25 EC 0.05% or malathion 50 EC 0.1% or
chlorpyriphos 20 EC 0.05% on trees
5.Release of Australian ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri at 10/tree.
6.Encourage activity of predators such as coccinellid beetles and Chrysoperla carnea, and
parasitoids such as Phygadeuon sp. and Getonides sp. on the mealy bugs.
Management

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36. Pests of citrus

37. 1.Orange borer
Chelidonium cinctum,
Chloridolum alcamena
Cerambycidae Coleoptera
2.Citrus leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella GracillaridaeLepidoptera
3.Citrus butterflyPapilio demoleus, P. polytes Papilionidae Lepidoptera
4.Fruit sucking moth
Eudocima (Othreis) materna,
E. fullonica, E.homoena
Noctuidae Lepidoptera
5.Rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora Eriophyidae Acarina
6.Psyllid Diaphorina citri Psyllidae Hemiptera
7 Black fly Aleurocanthus woglumi Aleurodidae Hemiptera
8.Aphids,
Toxoptera citricidus,
T. aurantia
Aphididae Hemiptera
9.Scale insects Lepidosaphes beckii Diaspididae Hemiptera
CITRUS

38. Lime tree borer or orange borer: Cheledonium
cinctum, Chloridolum alcamena
Cerambycidae:Coleoptera
Distribution
All over India
Host range
Citrus
Biology
Egg period: 11-12 days, 30-50 eggs/ female
Eggs laid in cracks and crevices
Grub: 267-290 days
Pupal: 33-43 days
Pupation: inside the gallery
Adult:
Adult is a sluggish
beetle
Borers

39. Symptoms
❖Wilting of twigs and stems, gum exudations and wood powder
accumulation on ground below are symptoms of attack.
❖Hatching grub cuts a cork-screw-shaped tunnel round the twig and bores
into twigs and stem and grows by feeding on the terminal tissues.
Chloridolumalcamene Thoms.(Cerambycidae:
Coleoptera) It is a sporadic pest of citrus in Coorg
and Assam. Adult is a shining blue beetle. Grub causes
serious damage by boring into the branches and stem.

40. Orange trunk borer: Anoplophora versteegi,
Lamiidae:Coleopetera
Distribution
All over India
Host range
Citrus
Egg period:
33-85eggs/ female
Eggs laid at angles of twigs or thorns and
covered with resinous fluid
Grub: 10 months
Adult:
Metallic green to
dark violet with a
yellow band
across the middle
of the elytra
TLC: one year Pupal: 21-25 days
Pupation: inside the tunnel

41. ❖Grub feeds on upper sapwood for few days and then tunnels towards the
centre of the stem.
❖Adult is a sluggish beetle and feeds on leaves. Shaking of the plants can
easily dislodge adults.

42. Bark caterpillar:Indarbela tetraonis
Metarbelidae: Lepidoptera
Distribution
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, South
Vietnam, Philippines, East Australia, Africa and Hawai
Host range
Mango, Moringa and Citrus
Biology
Egg period: 8-10 days
Eggs laid in cluster under loose bark of the trees
Larval:9-11 months
Dark brown in colour
Pupal: :21-28 days
Pupation: inside a hole made into the wood
Adult:
Pale brown moth
with fore wings
having brown spots
and streaks and
white hind wings

43. Symptoms
❖Thick, ribbon like, silken webs are seen running on the bark of the main stem.
❖Larvae also make many holes on a tree.
❖One caterpillar or pupa occupies each hole.
❖A severe infestation results in death of attacked stem but not of the main trunk.
❖There is also interference with the translocation of cell sap and thus reduction of growth
rate of the tree and reduction in fruiting capacity.

44. IPM for borers
Check multiplication of borers by keeping the orchard clean and treating the soil around the
tree with chlopyriphos
Prune and destroy damaged branches containing grubs before they enter the trunk
Swab trunks with carbaryl 50 WP @ 20 g/lit to avoid egg laying
Collect and kill eggs and grubs from barks and bore holes
Inject 10 ml monocrotophos 36 SL or kerosene, petrol, carbon disulphide or chloroform plus
creosate (2:1) in live bore holes and plug with wet clay
Insecticides: Monocrotophos 36 SL 0.036% in case of adult beetle infestation on leaves
Spray insecticides on the alternate hosts in the vicinity like jamun, guava, litchi, pomegranate,
neem, kapok etc.,
Encourage the activity of natural enemies, Syrphus spp and Coccinella septumpunctata

45. Distribution
Africa, Australia, India and Pakistan
Host range
Citrus spp. Pomelo, Cinnamon and Loranthus spp
Biology
Egg period: 2-10 days
Eggs laid singly on leaves & tender shoots
Larva: 5-30 days
pale yellow
Pupa: 5-25 days
Pupation: inside the mine
Adult:
Tiny moth, front
wings with a
prominent black
spots at the tip
Hind wing: pure
white & both pairs
fringed with hairs
Citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella
F: Gracillaridae; O: Lepidoptera
Leaf feeders

46. Citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella
F: Gracillaridae; O: Lepidoptera

47. Citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella
F: Gracillaridae; O: Lepidoptera
•The infestation by the larva results in
leaves with serpentine mines and
distortion of the leaf lamina.

48. Management
•Collect & destroy damaged leaves along with larvae
•Yellow sticky trap @ 15/ ha to attract and kill adults
•Apply/spray any one of the following
• Carbofuran 3 CG @ 50 kg /ha
• Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5 %
• Neem cake extract 5%
• Neem oil 3 %
• Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 5.0 ml/10 lit.
• Thiodicarb 75 WP @ 1g /lit.
• Grow less susceptible variety like PKM 1
•Encourage the activity of parasitoids, Tetrastichus phyllocnistoides, Elasmus sp
and Bracon phyllocnistoides

49. Distribution
Australia, Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, India, Srilanka, Myanmar,
Bangladesh, china, Taiwan, South East Asia, Africa, Indonesia, Japan
& Philippines
Host range
Citrus, Ber, Wood Apple, and other Rutaceous plants
Egg period: 6-8 days
Eggs laid singly on leaves
Larva: 8-16 days
green with white
oblique bands
Adult:
Adult butterfly –
black & yellow
swallow tailed
Pupa: 8-11days
Pupation: on a twig
Biology
Citrus / Lemon butterfly, Papilio demoleus, P.
polytes, F: Papilionidae;
O: Lepidoptera

50. First instar Second instar

Third instar Fourth instar with osmotoria

51. Citrus / Lemon butterfly,
Papilio demoleus, P. polytes
F: Papilionidae; O: Lepidoptera
P. demoleus P. polytes

52. Citrus butterfly - Papilio demoleus (Linnaeus)
Papilio demoleus Papilio polytes
Young larva resembles bird droppings. Grown up larva is cylindrical stout and green with
brown lateral oblique bands. Papilio demoleus adults are dark brown with numerous pale
yellow markings. P. polytes are black butterfly with white markings.

53. Papilio polytes – females mimics crimson rose
butterfly

54. Management
Hand pick larvae & destroy them
Encourage activity of egg parasitoids, Trichogramma sp.
Spray two rounds of any of the following during new flush
formation
Bacillus thuringiensis @ 1g/lit.
Neem oil 30 ml/lit.
Quinalphos 25 EC 3.0 ml/lit.

55. Distribution
India, China, Japan, Myanmar, Srilanka, West Indies, New Guinea,
Pakistan, Philippines and Indonesia
Host range
Citrus spp., other families of Rutaceae
Biology
Egg period: 5-20 days
Eggs laid singly or in groups on tender
leaves & shoots, 500 almond shaped
orange & stalked eggs/female
Nymphs: 10-20 days
Flat, louse like & orange –
yellow creature
Adult:
Brown in colour
Psyllid, Diaphorinacitri
F: Psyllidae; O: Hemiptera
Sap feeders
*Vector- citrus greening

56. Symptomsof damage
•Both nymphs and adults suck sap from the plants and
injection of toxic saliva.
•Nymphs - are more destructive, crowd on the
terminal shoots, buds and tender leaves
•Excrete honeydew - growth of sooty moulds.
•Affected plant parts dry and die away
•It is transmits the "Greening" virus

57. Management
Collect and destroy damaged plant parts
Encourage activity of natural enemies such as syrphids & green lace
wings
Insecticides: methyl demeton @ 1ml/lit

58. Citrus blackfly: Aleurocanthus woglumi.
Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera
Distribution
India, Sri Lanka and Philippines
Host range
Citrus spp., avocado, Sapota, Grapevine, Mango,
Guava, Pear, Plum and Pomegranate
Biology
Egg period: 7-14 day
Yellowish brown oval
shaped eggs laid
spirally on broad leavesNymphal: 38-60 days
Scale like shiny black
and spiny and beared by
a white fringe of wax
Adult:
Dark orange with
smoky wings
Pupa: 100 –131 days
Pupation: leaf surface

59. Symptomsof damage
•The cell sap is sucked from the leaves - piercing stylet
•Leaf curling.
•Leaves fall off immaturely.
•Honey dew secretion development of sooty mould fungus.
•Leaf turns to black in colour and affects photosynthetic activity of the leaves.
•Affected trees produce - few blossoms which develop into insipid fruits.

60. Aphids:Toxoptera citricidus, T. aurantii,
Aphididae: Hemiptera
Distribution
All over India
Host range
Mango, Citrus, Guava and Pomegranate
Biology Egg period: 7-14 days
Yellowish brown, oval
eggs laid in spiral on
broad leaves
Nymphal: 38-60 days
Adult:
Dark orange with smoky
wings and fore wings
with four whitish areas
of the irregular shape
Shiny black
• Four nymphal
instars
• Two generations/
year
Pupal: 100-131 days
Pupation: leaf surface
Symptoms: Yellowing and
crinkling of tender shoots
**T.citricidus is a vector for citrus
tristeza virus

61. Fruit piercing moth: Eudocima fullonica, E.materna
E. ancilla, Noctuidae: Lepidoptera
Distribution
All over India
Host range
Citrus,mango, orange, grapes, apple, castor, ber, pomegranate, wild weed hosts,
Tinospora cordifolia, Cocculus pendulus and C. hirsutus
Biology
Egg period: 3-14 days
Eggs laid on the leaves of wild weed
plants
Eggs – round and translucent
Larval: 28-35 days
Semilooper, velvety dark-
brown back ground along with
other patterns make them
cryptic, distinct eye spot on
head, yellow or red lateral
spots and a dorsal hump on
the last abdominal segment of
body
Pupal period: 14 days
Pupation: soil
Adult:
Tripod – black mark
on the fore wing

62. Fruit sucking moth:Eudocina materna,
E. ancilla, E. fullonica
Management
•Destroy the weed hostTinospora cardifoliaandCocculus pendulus
•Use light trap or food lure to attract moths
•Apply smoke to prevent adult moth
•Bag the fruits with degradable polythene bags (150 gauge)
punctured at the bottom.
•Apply smoke and set up light traps or food lures (pieces of citrus
fruits).
Poison bait: dilute suspension of fermented molasses and malathion
0.05% (50 EC at 1ml/lit)

63. Citrus rust / Eriophyid mite: Phyllocoptruta oleivora
(Eriophyidae: Acari)
Symptoms
•Fruits are attacked when they are of size of peas, damaged
fruits become silvery, reddish brown or purplish black.
• Affected fruits bear a comparatively thicker skin and have
rust spots, which render them unacceptable in the market.
•In summer mites prefer fruits than the leaves.
•Fruits on the upper branches are more preferred than those
on lower branches.
•Mites prefer lemon than other citrus species

64. Management
•Irrigate judiciously, particularly during summer to prevent water
stress conditions and resultant flare up.
•Spray monocrotophos 36 SL 1.5 L or dicofol 18.5 EC 1.0 L in
water 1000 -1500 L /ha

65. Pests of sapota

66. 1.Chickoo moth or
leaf webber
Nephopteryx eugraphella Phycitidae Lepidoptera
2.Budworm Anarsia ephippias Gelechiidae Lepidoptera
3.Fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis, B. zonata Tephritidae Diptera
4.Hairy caterpillar Metanastria hyrtaca LasiocampidaeLepidoptera
5.Ash weevil Myllocerus spp., CurculionidaeColeoptera
6.Leaf twisting weevilApoderus tranquebaricus CurculionidaeColeoptera
7.Leafminer Acrocercops syngramma GracillaridaeLepidoptera
8.Whitefly Trialeurodes ricini Aleyrodidae Hemiptera

67. Leaf webber or chickoo moth: Nephopteryx eugraphella
Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera
Distribution
All Over India
Host range
Sapota and Cured Tobacco
Egg period: 2-11 days
Eggs laid in groups
Pale yellow, oval shaped
Larval:
Pinkish in colour with dorsolateral
brown stripes on each side
Pupal:8-9 days
Pupation: inside leaf web
Adult:
Greyish moth– fore wings
with brown or black spots
Hind wings: semi hyaline
TLC: 26-92 days
Biology

68. Damage symptoms
•Leaves are webbed together in a bunch and the chlorophyll scrapped
by the larva.
•Cluster of dried leaves is hanging from the webbed shoots.
•Flower buds and tender fruits are bored, become withered and shed.
•Remove and destruct the infested fruits from the orchard
•Collect and remove the dried clusters of leaf web
•Insecticides: phosalone 35 EC 0.07% or carbaryl 50 WP 0.1%

69. Budworm, Anarsia ephippias
F: Gelechiidae; O: Lepidoptera
•Floral buds and flowers are webbed together and shed.
•Larva is small, slender, pinkish brown in colour with black head and
yellowish brown prothoracic shield.
•Adult is grey coloured moth with black patch on wings.
Management
•Spray phosalone 35 EC 2 ml or phosphamidon 40 SL 2 ml/lit.
•Application of neem oil 2% or neem seed kernel extract 5 %.

71. Fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. zonata
F: Tephritidae; O: Diptera
•Semi–ripe fruit show decayed spots and fruits drop later. Maggot
is yellowish. Adult fly is light brown with transparent wings.

72. IPM
•Collect and destroy the fallen and infested fruits by dumping in a pit and covering with
a thick layer of soil.
•Plough interspaces to expose pupae and apply lindane 1.3% Dust at 25 Kg/ha on the
soil
•Use polythene sachet methyl eugenol lure trap (25/ha) to monitor and kill adults or
prepare methyl eugenol and malathion 50 EC mixture at 1:1 ratio and take 10 ml
mixture/trap
•Use bait spray combining molasses or jaggery 10 g/l and one of the insecticides,
fenthion 100 EC 1 ml/l, malathion 50 EC 2 ml/l, dimethoate 30 EC 2 ml/l, carbaryl 50
WP 4 g/l, two rounds at fortnight interval before ripening of fruits.

73. Hairy caterpillar, Metanastria hyrtaca
F: Lasiocampidae; O: Lepidoptera
•Larva feeds on leaves irregularly and causes defoliation.
•Larva is greyish brown, stout and hairy. Adult is stout greyish brown
moth.
•Male is with pectinate antenna and chocolate brown patch in the
middle of forewings.
•Female is bigger in size than male and has wavy transverse bands
on wings.

74. Leaf twisting weevil, Apoderus tranquebaricus,
F: Curculionidae; O: Coleoptera
•The grub rolls leaf terminal results in drying.
•Grub is yellowish and apodous.
•Adult is reddish brown weevil.

75. Leaf miner, Acrocercops syngramma
F: Gracillaridae; O: Lepidoptera
•Mining of tender leaves in whitish blotches is the symptom of damage.
Larva is reddish brown and minute.