4.-WHAT-SHOULD-WE-CONSIDER-WHEN-LOOKING-AT-ARGUMENTS.pptx

To help anothers who need this

1. WHAT SHOULD WE CONSIDER WHEN LOOKING AT ARGUMENTS OR OPINIONS?

2. FALLACY - arguments that are based on faulty reasoning.

3. TYPES OF FALLACY:

4. AD HOMINEM - attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself.

5. “Of course, he believes that the government is flawed, he is a rebel and a communist! ”

6. APPEAL TO FORCE - using the threat of force or undesirable event to advance an argument.

7. “If this peace agreement will not be signed by the Government, then we will have no recourse but to go to war .”

8. APPEAL TO EMOTION - using emotions such as pity or sympathy.

9. “All these charges are baseless; this is just plain harassment- can't you see how this is affecting my family ?.”

10. APPEAL TO THE POPULAR - the idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it .

11. “Every boy your age has a girlfriend, you should go find one!”

12. APPEAL TO TRADITION - the idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time .

13. “Marriage should be between a man and a woman. It has been so for long time in this country; it should remain so today and in the future .”

14. PETITIRO PRINCIPI - assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as “ circular argument ”.

15. “You must obey the law because it is illegal to break the law.”

16. CAUSE-AND-EFFECT - assuming a “cause-and-effect relationship between unrelated events .

17. “Ever since you brought that sweater, everything has been going wrong in your life. You should get rid of it.”

18. FALLACY OF COMPOSITION - assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole .

19. “These cases of robbery in this district have convinced me that the city has become a den of thieves and criminals.”

20. FALLACY OF DIVISION - assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts .

21. “You come from a family of doctors and intellectuals! Surely you can do better in this course!”

22. BIAS - refer to tendencies or influences which affect the views of people.

23. TYPES OF BIAS:

24. CORRESPONDENCE BIAS OR ATTRIBUTION EFFECT - tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her actions, without regard for external factors or influences.

25. “These soldiers who fought in the war are all bloodthirsty murderers!”

26. CONFIRMATION BIAS - tendency to look for the readily accept information which fits one’s own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it.

27. “How can I accept his view that there is no GOD? I am Christian!’’

28. FRAMING - focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects.

29. “ A salesperson promoting a product would much rather claim '85% of customers were satisfied with the product' than admit '15% of customers were dissatisfied .”

30. HINDSIGHT - the tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events.

31. “After attending a baseball game, you might insist that you knew that the winning team was going to win beforehand .”

32. CULTURAL BIAS - analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standard.

33. “I do not agree with this Western practice of placing aged parents into retirement homes . We Filipinos take care of our family members.”

34. CONFLICT OF INTEREST - a person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed .

35. “ As a daughter of the accused, I believe I have the right to express my opinion on the issue of this alleged corrupt practices .”

36. -END-