408127507-Surface-Anatomy-of-Hheart.pptx

Surface Anatomy

1. Surface anatomy (also called superficial anatomy and visual anatomy) is the study of the external features of the body.   These are the form and proportions of the human body and the surface landmarks which correspond to deeper structures hidden from view, both in static pose and in motion. SURFACE ANATOMY

2. Clavicles.  Course transversely along the superior portion of the chest wall from the manubrium to the acromion of the scapula and, therefore, are easily palpable. However, the clavicle, overly rib 1, which makes rib 1 impalpable . Jugular notch of the sternum.  Located between the medial ends of the clavicles. Bony land marks of thorax

3. Sternal angle (of Louis).  Articulation between the manubrium and sternal body. The sternal angle serves as the location for the articulation of rib 2 with the sternum at the T4–T5 vertebral level. The sternal angle is often visible and palpable and serves as an important surface landmark for several underlying structures. Xiphoid process.  An inferior pointed projection of the sternal body. The xiphoid process lies at the level of the T9 vertebral body. Costal margins.  Formed by costal cartilages 7–10

4. Thorax is mapped out by arbitary lines which are as follows: Midsternal The middle line of the sternum Mammary , or Midclavicular Runs vertically downward from a point midway between the center of the jugular notch and the tip of acromion. LINES OF THORAX

5. Lateral sternal Along the sternal margin Parasternal Midway between the lateral sternal and mammary lines.

6. Anterior and Posterior axillary lines Vertically down from the corresponding axillary folds. Midaxillary line Runs downward from the apex of the axilla . Scapular line Drawn vertically through the inferior angle of the scapula.

7. The heart is demarcated by : A point 9 cm to the left of the midsternal line (apex of the heart) The seventh right sternocostal articulation The upper border of the third right costal cartilage 1 cm from the right sternal line The lower border of the second left costal cartilage 2.5 cm from the left lateral sternal line. Borders of heart

8. Pulmonary valve Upper level of 3 rd left costal cartilage Aortic valve At the level of 3rdcostal cartilage, medial and below the pulmonary valve Cardiac valves

9. Mitral valve (left AV valve) 4 th costal cartilage Tricuspid valve (right AV valve) 4 th costal cartilage on the right s.

10. pulmonary valve : junction of superior and middle thirds of body of sternum and slightly to the left side; near to left third costal cartilage aortic valve : just below and to the right of the pulmonary valve on left side of middle third of sternum; level with the third intercostal space tricuspid valve : median plane in the inferior third of the sternal body; opposite the fourth costal cartilage mitral valve : overlapping tricuspid area but more superior and to the left of sternal body

11. Pulmonary valve A horizontal line (2.5 cm long) behind the medial end left 3rd costal cartilage and adjoining part of the sternum. Aortic valve A lightly oblique line (2.5 cm long) behind the left half of the sternum opposite the 3rd intercostal space Surface marking of valves

12. Mitral valve An oblique line (3 cm long) behind the left half of the sternum opposite the left 4th costal cartilage. Tricuspid valve Nearly vertical oblique line (4 cm long) behind the right half of the sternum opposite the 4th and 5th intercostal spaces

13. Second left intercostal space near the sternum. Second right intercostal space near the sternum Left 5th intercostal space 3U inches (9 cm) from midline, i.e., over apex beat Right half of the lower end of the body of the sternum