40b45c84-d130-45c1-b939-12117f621191-.pptx

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1. Types of cables

2. TWISTED PAIR CABLE

3. Coaxial cable

4. OPTICAL CABLES

5. RJ-45 The RJ-45 is the most common network connector. it is an eight-pin connector that's used to connect computers and other network devices in a local area network. The RJ-45 is used with an unshielded twisted pair cable. The twisted-pair cable has eight wires and these wires are arranged in a certain order and then the wires are inserted into an RJ-45 connector and then are crimped on both ends using a wire crimper.   After that one connector would be plugged into the  computer's network  card and then the other end would plug into a device, such as a switch, modem, or router. Then once that is done, the computer will be able to connect to a network. The RJ-45 has a single locking tab that locks itself into place.

6. STUDY OF IP ADDRESS CONFIGURATION (CLASSIFICATION OF ADDRESS, STATIC, DYNAMIC)

7. An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local network. IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the format of data sent via the internet or local network. IP addresses are the identifier that allows information to be sent between devices on a network: they contain location information and make devices accessible for communication IP addresses are expressed as a set of four numbers - range from 0 to 255. IP addresses are not random. They are mathematically produced and allocated by the  Internet Assigned Numbers Authority  (IANA), a division of the  Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers  (ICANN).

8. The process works like this: Your device indirectly connects to the internet by connecting at first to a network connected to the internet, which then grants your device access to the internet. When you are  at  home, that network will probably be your Internet Service Provider (ISP). At work, it will be your company network. Your IP address is assigned to your device by your ISP. Your internet activity goes through the ISP, and they route it back to you, using your IP address. Since they are giving you access to the internet, it is their role to assign an IP address to your device. However, your IP address can change. For example, turning your modem or router on or off can change it. Or you can contact your ISP, and they can change it for you. When you are out and about – for example, traveling – and you take your device with you, your home IP address does not come with you. This is because you will be using another network (Wi-Fi at a hotel, airport, or coffee shop, etc.) to access the internet and will be using a different (and temporary) IP address, assigned to you by the ISP of the hotel, airport or coffee shop.

9. Types of IP addresses

10. IPV4  IPv4 was the primary version brought into action for production within the ARPANET in 1983. IP version four addresses are 32-bit integers which will be expressed in decimal notation. 

11. Version  − Version no. of Internet Protocol used (e.g. IPv4). IHL  − Internet Header Length; Length of entire IP header. DSCP  − Differentiated Services Code Point; this is Type of Service. It is  a mechanism used for classifying network traffic on IP networks .  ECN  − Explicit Congestion Notification; It carries information about the congestion seen in the route. Total Length  − Length of entire IP Packet (including IP header and IP Payload). Identification  − If IP packet is fragmented during the transmission, all the fragments contain same identification number. to identify original IP packet they belong to. Flags  − As required by the network resources, if IP Packet is too large to handle, these ‘flags’ tells if they can be fragmented or not. In this 3-bit flag, the MSB is always set to ‘0’.

12. Fragment Offset  − This offset tells the exact position of the fragment in the original IP Packet. Time to Live  − To avoid looping in the network, every packet is sent with some TTL value set, which tells the network how many routers (hops) this packet can cross. At each hop, its value is decremented by one and when the value reaches zero, the packet is discarded. Protocol  − Tells the Network layer at the destination host, to which Protocol this packet belongs to, i.e. the next level Protocol. For example protocol number of ICMP is 1, TCP is 6 and UDP is 17. Header Checksum  − This field is used to keep checksum value of entire header which is then used to check if the packet is received error-free. Source Address  − 32-bit address of the Sender (or source) of the packet. Destination Address  − 32-bit address of the Receiver (or destination) of the packet. Options  − This is optional field, which is used if the value of IHL is greater than 5. These options may contain values for options such as Security, Record Route, Time Stamp, etc.

13. IPV6

14. Version  (4-bits): This represents the version of Internet Protocol, i.e. 0110. Traffic Class  (8-bits): These 8 bits are divided into two parts. Most significant 6 bits are used for Type of Service, which tells the Router what services should be provided to this packet. Least significant 2 bits are used for Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN). Flow Label  (20-bits): This label is used to maintain the sequential flow of the packets belonging to a communication. The source labels the sequence which helps the router to identify that this packet belongs to a specific flow of information. This field helps to avoid re-ordering of data packets. It is designed for streaming/real-time media. Payload Length  (16-bits): This field is used to tell the routers how much information this packet contains in its payload. Payload is composed of Extension Headers and Upper Layer data. With 16 bits, up to 65535 bytes can be indicated but if Extension Headers contain Hop-by-Hop Extension Header than payload may exceed 65535 bytes and this field is set to 0.

15. Next Header  (8-bits): This field is used to indicate either the type of Extension Header, or if Extension Header is not present then it indicates the Upper Layer PDU. The values for the type of Upper Layer PDU is same as IPv4’s. Hop Limit  (8-bits): This field is used to stop packet to loop in the network infinitely. This is same as TTL in IPv4. The value of Hop Limit field is decremented by 1 as it passes a link (router/hop). When the field reaches 0 the packet is discarded. Source Address  (128-bits): This field indicates the address of originator of the packet. Destination Address  (128-bits): This field provides the address of intended recipient of the packet.

16. BRIDGES

17. SWITCHES

18. ROUTERS