457548852-Antenna-design for -ppt-pdf.pdf

antenna design

1. ANTENNA
DESIGN AND
DEVELOPMENT
DR.SWETHAAMIT,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
DEPT OF ELECTRONICS &
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG,
RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
BANGALORE

2. AGENDA
vWhat is antenna?
vWorking of antenna
vSpecifications
vParameters related to antenna design
vOverview of micro-strip antennas
vFeeding methods
vBasic principles of operation
vDesign of a Patch antenna in HFSS2

3. WHATISAN ANTENNA??
•Device which radiates, receives radio waves.
Is Antenna Active Or Passive Device
Also,
Accentuate the radiation energy in
some directions and suppress it in
others
Hence,
antenna must also serve as a directional
device in addition to a probing device.
3

4. Principals of Radiated electromagentic (EM) fields
Two laws (from Maxwell Equation)
1. A Moving Electric Field Creates a Magnetic (H) field
2. A Moving Magnetic Field Creates an Electric (E) field
4

5. HOW DOES AN ANTENNA WORK?
•Antennasaredevicedesignedto
radiateelectromagneticenergy
efficientlyinaprescribedmanner.
•Itisthecurrentdistributionsonthe
antennasthatproducetheradiation.
Usuallythesecurrentdistributionsare
excitedbytransmissionlinesor
waveguides.
5

6. Omni-directional to a Directional antenna
How to increase the Radiation??
6

7. SPECIFICATIONS TO DESIGN
ANTENNA
•Frequency
•Radiation pattern
•Gain-Arrays
•Polarization
•Linear
•Circular
•Elliptical7

8. RADIATION PATTERN
8

9. DESIGN
PARAMETERS
uVSWR
uImpedance Matching –50Ω
uS-Parameter
uPower Constraints
uNear field and Far field
9

10. ØTypes of antennas
ØWire antenna
ØAperture antenna
ØMicro-strip antenna
What should be the shape of antenna??
10

11. HOW DOES IT WORK? –
RADIATION
11

12. HOW DOES IT WORK? –
RADIATION
12

13. HOW DOES IT WORK? –
RADIATION
13

14. HOW DOES IT WORK? –
RADIATION
14

15. HOWDOES IT WORK? –
RADIATION
B
A
Sphere grows with
time (i.e. delay
increases with
distance)
15

16. HOW DOES IT WORK? –
RADIATION
16

17. HOW DOES IT WORK? –
RADIATION
17

18. ANTENNAS –
TV AERIAL
•Radiation of power in space can be
controlled by carefully arranging the
patterns of electron motion
•This is the same as their sensitivity to
received signals from different
directions in space
18

19. FREQUENCYSELECTION
uResonant
uUWB
uMulti-resonant
Which is more
advantageous in
Mobile
Communication???
19

20. 20
Polarization

21. •EM field is composed of electric & magnetic lines of force that are
orthogonal to each other
•Edetermines the direction of polarization of the wave
vertical polarization: electric force lines lie in a vertical direction
horizontal polarization: electric force lines lie in a horizontal
direction
circular polarization: electric force lines rotate 360°every cycle
Polarization
21

22. Directivity & beam width
•acceptable lobes
•maximum gain
•bandwidth
•radiation angle
Bandwidth Issues
High Bandwidth Antennas tend to have less gain than
narrowband antennas
Narrowband Receive Antenna reduces interference from adjacent
signals & reduce received noise power
Main Trade-offs for Antenna Design
22

23. FRIISTRANSMISSIONFORMULA
23

24. NEAR FIELD/FAR FIELD
24

25. DAY 2
MICROSTRIP
ANTENNA
25

26. ANTENNAINCELLPHONES
26

27. PLANARSTRUCTURES
27

28. MICROSTRIP LINES
28

29. STRIPLINES
29

30. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MICROSTRIP
AND STRIPLINE
30

31. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MICROSTRIP
AND STRIPLINE
31

32. MICROSTRIPANTENNAS
32

33. MICROSTRIPANTENNAS
33

34. WORKING
34

35. RADIATIONMECHANISM
35

36. EQUATIONS
36

37. EQUATIONS
37

38. EQUATIONS
38

39. EQUATIONS
39

40. CALCULATIONS FOR A CHOSEN FREQUENCY
Frequency 2.4GHz
FR-4 : dielectric constant : 4.4
Thickness : 1.57mm
40

41. Hammerstad formula:
( )
( )
0.30.264
/0.412
0.2580.8
eff
r
eff
r
W
h
Lh
W
h
e
e
éù æö
++
ç÷êú
èø
êúD=
æöêú
-+
ç÷
êú
èøëû
1/2
11
112
22
eff rr
r
h
W
ee
e
-
éù+-æö æö
=++
ç÷ç÷ êú
èøèø ëû
Note:Even though the Hammerstad formula
involves an effective permittivity, we still use
the actual substrate permittivity in the resonance
frequency formula.
10
1
22
r
c
f
LLe
æö
=
ç÷
+Dèø
Basic Principles of Operation
Resonance Frequency of Dominant Mode
41

42. Note:
0.5LhD»
This is a good “rule of thumb” to give a quick estimate.
Resonance Frequency of Dominant Mode
42

43. Overview of Microstrip Antennas
Also called “patch antennas”
§One of the most useful antennas at microwave frequencies (f > 1 GHz).
§It usually consists of a metal “patch” on top of a grounded dielectric
substrate.
§The patch may be in a variety of shapes, but rectangular and circular
are the most common.
Microstrip line feedCoax feed
43

44. Common Shapes
RectangularSquareCircular
Elliptical
Annular ring
Triangular
44

45. x
y
h
L
W
Note:The width Wis usually chosen to be larger than
L(to get higher bandwidth). However, usually W<2L
(to avoid problems with the (0,2) mode).
er
Rectangular patch
W=1.5Lis typical.
Js
Note:
The fields and current
are approximately
independent of yfor the
dominant (1,0) mode.
45

46. Circular Patch
x
y
h
a
er
The location of the feed determines the direction of current
flow and hence the polarization of the radiated field.46

47. Advantages of Microstrip Antennas
ØLow profile (can even be “conformal,” i.e. flexible to conform to
a surface).
ØEasy to fabricate (use etching and photolithography).
ØEasy to feed (coaxial cable, microstripline, etc.).
ØEasy to incorporate with other microstripcircuit elements and
integrate into systems.
ØPatterns are somewhat hemispherical, with a moderate directivity
(about 6-8 dB is typical).
ØEasy to use in an array to increase the directivity.
ØMechanically robust
47

48. Disadvantages of Microstrip Antennas
ØLow bandwidth. Bandwidth is roughly proportional to the substrate
thickness and inversely proportional to the substrate permittivity.
ØEfficiency may be lower than with other antennas. Efficiency is limited
by conductor and dielectric losses*, and by surface-wave loss**.
ØCannot handle extremely large amounts of power (dielectric
breakdown).
* Conductor and dielectric losses become more severe for thinner substrates.
** Surface-wave losses become more severe for thicker substrates (unless air or
foam is used).
48

49. Applications
§Satellite communications
§Microwave communications
§Cell phone antennas
§GPS antennas
49

50. Microstrip Antenna Integrated into a System: HIC Antenna Base-Station for 28-43 GHz
Filter
Diplexer
LNA
PD
K-connector
DC supply Micro-D
connector
Microstrip
antenna
Fiber input with
collimating lens
(Photo courtesy of Dr. Rodney B. Waterhouse)
50

51. Arrays
Linear array (1-D corporate feed)
2´2 array
2-D 8X8 corporate-fed array4´8 corporate-fed / series-fed array
51

52. ARRAY OF POINT SOURCE
52

53. Wraparound Array (conformal)
The substrate is so thin that it can be bent to “conform” to the surface.
53

54. Coaxial Feed
Note:
A feed along the centerline at y= W/2
is the most common
(this minimizes higher-order modes
and cross-pol).
x
y
L
W
Feed at (x0, y0)
Surface current
x
r
eh
z
Feeding Methods
54

55. Advantages:
ØSimple
ØAllows for planar feeding
ØEasy to use with arrays
ØEasy to obtain input match
Disadvantages:
ØSignificant line radiation for thicker substrates
ØFor deep notches, patch current and radiation pattern may show distortion
Inset Feed
Microstrip line
55

56. Advantages:
ØAllows for planar feeding
ØLess line radiation compared to microstrip feed
ØCan allow for higher bandwidth (no probe inductance, so
substrate can be thicker)
Disadvantages:
ØRequires multilayer fabrication
ØAlignment is important for input match
Patch
Microstrip line
Proximity-coupled Feed
(Electromagnetically-coupled Feed)
Top view
Microstrip
line
56

57. Advantages:
ØAllows for planar feeding
ØFeed-line radiation is isolated from patch radiation
ØHigher bandwidth is possible since probe inductance is
eliminated (allowing for a thick substrate), and also a double-
resonance can be created
ØAllows for use of different substrates to optimize antenna and
feed-circuit performance
Disadvantages:
ØRequires multilayer fabrication
ØAlignment is important for input match
Patch
Microstrip line
Slot
Aperture-coupled Patch (ACP)
Top view
Slot
Microstrip
line
57

58. Comparison of feeds
58

59. ØSurface-wave power is more important for thicker substrates or for
higher-substrate permittivities. (The surface-wave power can be
minimized by using a thin substrate or a foam substrate.)
§For a foam substrate, a high radiation efficiency is obtained
by making the substrate thicker (minimizing the conductor
and dielectric losses). There is no surface-wave power to
worry about.
§For a typical substrate such as er= 2.2, the radiation
efficiency is maximum for h / l0 »0.02.
Radiation Efficiency (cont.)
59

60. x
y
L
W
E plane
H plane
Edge diffraction is the most serious in the E plane.
General Characteristics
Radiation Patterns
Space wave
cosE
q
fvariesas
Js
60

61. -90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
-40
-30
-30
-20
-20
-10
-10
E-plane pattern
Red:infinite substrate and ground
plane
Blue:1 meter
ground plane
Note:The E-plane pattern “tucks
in” and tends to zero at the
horizon due to the presence of
the infinite substrate.
Radiation Patterns
61

62. Red: infinite
substrate and
ground plane
Blue:1 meter
ground plane

-90
-45
0
45
90
135
180
225
-40
-30
-30
-20
-20
-10
-10
H-plane pattern
Radiation Patterns
62

63. Directivity
ØThe directivity is fairly insensitive to the substrate
thickness.
ØThe directivity is higher for lower permittivity,
because the patch is larger.
63

64. ANTENNA DESIGN APPROACH
64

65. 65
ANTENNASDESIGNEDINHFSS
•Patch Antenna : Rectangular, Triangular,Circular
•Wearable Antenna/ Textile Antenna
•Wearable Metamaterial Reflectors
•Metamaterial Radomes
•Frequency Selective Surface structures in wearable devices
•SAR analysis on Human phantom for the designed antenna
•MIMO antenna
•Fractal Antenna (Sierpienski, spidron arm)
•Liquid Antenna

66. PUBLICATIONS BY USING HFSS
1.SwethaAmit,TRRamya,VandanaS,PoojaCR,“UltraWideBandSymmetricSlotsAntennaforWearable
Applications”,IEEE4thInternationalConferenceonCommunicationandElectronicsSystems(ICCES2019),
July17-19,2019,PPGInstituteofTechnology,Coimbatore,India.[ScopusIndexed]
2.SwethaAmit,ViswanathTalasila,PrasadShastry,“ASemi-CircularSlotTextileAntennaforUltra-Wideband
Applications”,2019IEEEInternationalSymposiumonAntennasandPropagationandUSNC-URSIRadio
ScienceMeeting,Atlanta,Georgia,USA,7-12July2019.pp.249-250.[SJRIndexed]DOI:
10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2019.8889148
3.AshwiniKS,PanchamiPrabhu,ShreyasSNayak,SwethaAmit,“Miniaturisedrectangularpatchantennausing
defectedgroundplane”,5thNationalConferenceonAdvancementsinInformationTechnologyNCAIT-2019,10th
and11thApril2019,JSSAcademyofTechnicalEducation,Bangalore.
4.RakshanTA,SyedFauzan,SwethaAmit,“StudyandAnalysisinreductionofSpecificAbsorptionRate(SAR)in
HumanbodyusingWearableAntennaforBANApplications”,20194thIEEEInternationalConferenceon
RecentTrendsonElectronics,Information,Communication&Technology(RTEICT-2019),MAY17th&18th
2019.[ScopusIndexed]
5.SreepriyaS,NikhilGeorge,Dr.SwethaAmit,“AMulti-ResonantMicrostripPatchAntennawithFractalDefected
GroundStructure”,IEEEFirstInternationalConferenceonAdvancedTechnologiesinIntelligentControl,
Environment,Computing&CommunicationEngineering(ICATIECE-2019),19thand20thMarch2019,
Bangalore,India[ScopusIndexed]

67. 6.AkshayKM,SwethaAmit,“AnalysisandDesignofaPhasedArrayAntennausingCircular
MicrostripPatchElementswithBSTTechnologyforX-bandApplication”,11thInternational
Conference-AntennaTest&MeasurementSociety(ATMS),5thto7thFebruary2018,Pune,India.
7.DivyashreeJ,AshleshaBhalareShivananda,SwethaAmit,“DesignandDevelopmentof
MetamaterialAntennasondifferentSubstratesforitsPerformanceEvaluation”,11thInternational
Conference-AntennaTest&MeasurementSociety(ATMS),5thto7thFebruary2018,Pune,India.
8.PallaviTN,MalaJ,SwethaAmit,“AnalysisanddesignofHexagonalShapeFractalWideband
Antenna”,11thInternationalConference-AntennaTest&MeasurementSociety(ATMS),5thto7th
February2018,Pune,India.
9.SwethaAmit,OshinSP,“Design,ImplementationandPerformanceanalysisofahighgainUWB
SlotWearableAntennawithHumanPhantomforMedicalApplication”,2017IEEEInternational
ConferenceonAntennaInnovations&ModernTechnologiesforGround,AircraftandSatellite
Applications(iAIM),24thto27thNovember,2017,BangaloreDOI:10.1109/IAIM.2017.8402601
[Scopus indexed] .
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8402601&isnumber=8402513&tag=1
PUBLICATIONS BY USING HFSS

68. 10.OshinSP,SwethaAmit,“DesignandanalysishighgainUWBtextileAntennaforwearableapplications”,IEEE
InternationalConferenceonRecentTrendsinElectronicsInformationCommunicationTechnology(RTEICT-
2017),Bangalore,May2017,INDIADOI:10.1109/RTEICT.2017.8256585[Scopusindexed]
11.SwethaAmit,NishaSL,“DesignandDevelopmentofPrintedDipoleAntennawithArrayConfigurationfor
GPSapplication”,IEEE2016InternationalConferenceonCircuits,Controls,CommunicationsandComputing
(I4C),4thto6thOctober2016atMSRamaiahInstituteofTechnology,Bangalore.
DOI:10.1109/CIMCA.2016.8053279[Scopusindexed]
12.ThalathFarheenKhanum,SwethaAmit,“AcompactWidebandSierpinskiAntennaloadedwithMetamaterial”,
IEEE2016InternationalConferenceonElectrical,Electronics,andOptimizationTechniques(ICEEOT),DMJ
CollegeofEngineering,Chennai,TamilNadu,Indiaduring3rdto5thMarch2016.
DOI:10.1109/ICEEOT.2016.7755338[Scopusindexed]
13.ThalathFarheenKhanum,SwethaAmit,“DesignandAnalysisofMultibandSymmetricalMLAwithFractal
Metamaterial“IEEE2016InternationalConferenceonElectrical,Electronics,andOptimizationTechniques
(ICEEOT),DMJCollegeofEngineering,Chennai,TamilNadu,Indiaduring3rdto5thMarch2016.
DOI:10.1109/ICEEOT.2016.7755204[Scopusindexed]
14.ThalathFarheenKhanum,SwethaAmit,“DesignandSimulationofSymmetricalMLA-PIFAwith
Metamaterial",2016IEEEInternationalConferenceonRecentTrendsinElectronics,Information&
CommunicationTechnology(RTEICT),SriVenkateshwaracollegeofEngineering,Bangalore,Karnataka,India
during20thand21stMay-2016.DOI:10.1109/RTEICT.2016.7808006
PUBLICATIONS BY USING HFSS

69. 16.SwethaAmit,"Designofcompactbentdipoleantennaanditsarraywithhighgain
performanceforGPSapplication,"20168thInternationalConferenceonCommunicationSystems
andNetworks(COMSNETS),5thto10thJanuary2016,Bangalore,India.
DOI:10.1109/COMSNETS.2016.7439935[Scopusindexed]
17.SwethaAmit,ChinmoyKumarPR,NayanaArvindLaxmeshwar,SaurabhRBadenkal,“A
SpidronFractalArrayAntennawithEnhancedImpedanceMatchingforMultipleFrequencies”,
IEEEInternationalConferenceonIMPactofE-TechnologyonUS(IEEEIC-IMPETUS),10thand
11thJanuary,2014.
18.SwethaAmit,ChinmoyKumarPR,NayanaArvindLaxmeshwar,SaurabhRBadenkal,“A
NovelSwastikShapedSpidronFractalArrayAntennaforS-BandApplications”,7thInternational
Conference,AntennaTestandMeasurementSociety(ATMS),INDIA,11thand12thFebruary
2014,Chennai.
19.SwethaAmit,ChinmoyKumarPR,NayanaArvindLaxmeshwar,SaurabhRBadenkal,“A
SpidronFractalAntennawithEnhancedImpedanceMatchingforWidebandApplications”,9th
InternationalConferenceonMicrowaves,Antenna,PropagationandRemotesensing(ICMARS)
December11thto14th2013,InternationalCenterforRadioSciences,Jodhpur,Rajasthan,India.
PUBLICATIONS BY USING HFSS

70. 20.SwethaAmit,“AFlexibleLowProfileSymmetricSlotsAntennaforWearableApplications”,ControlandData
Fusione-Journal:CADFEJLVol.2,No.4,pp.32-37,Jul-Aug2018.ISSN:2581-5490.
https://www.cadfejl.com/phocadownload/CADF%20JulAug%202018%2003%20SA%20Antenna.pdf
21.SwethaAmit,“DesignandImplementationofPrintedFoldedDipoleAntennaforGPSApplication”,
InternationalJournalforScientificResearchandDevelopment(IJSRD),Volume3,Issue5,July2015,ISSN:
23210613.http://www.ijsrd.com/articles/IJSRDV3I50181.pdf
22.KadamAstikM,SwethaAmit,“DesignandImplementationofQuasiLandstorferAntennaforWireless
Communication”,InternationalResearchJournalofEngineeringandTechnology(IRJET),Volume2Issue4,
July2015,e-ISSN:2395-0056,p-ISSN:2395-0072.https://www.irjet.net/volume-2-issue-4
23.Sangeetha.G,SwethaAmit,“DesignandimplementationofNovelNineshapedMIMOAntennaforLTE
Applications”,InternationalJournalofAdvancedResearchinComputerandCommunicationEngineering
(IJARCCE),Vol.3,Issue5,May2014,ISSN:2278-1021,PP:2319-5940.https://ijarcce.com/wp-
content/uploads/2012/03/IJARCCE5E-a-swetha-amit-Design-and-implementation.pdf
24.Sangeetha.G,SwethaAmit,“DesignofaNovelNineShapedTri-BandMIMOAntennaforLTE
Applications”,InternationalJournalofInnovativeResearchinTechnology&Science(IJIRTS),Vol.2,Issue3,
May2014,ISSN:2321-1156.http://ijirts.org/volume2issue3/IJIRTSV2I3054.pdf
PUBLICATIONS BY USING HFSS

71. ANY QUERIES:
PLEASE REACH ME @
[email protected]