4D ENVIRONMENT ETHICS 2024.ppt for sciencex

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1. ENVIRONMENTAL Ethics Ahmad Kipacha 2024

2. ‘environment’ Includes: The physical factors of the surroundings of human beings, including air , land , water , climate , sound , light , odour , taste , micro-organism , T he biological factors of animals and plants , cultural resources and the social economic ; The aesthetic factors that include both the natural and the built environment and the way they interact.

3. One of the most important political issues of the late 20th and early 21st centuries has been environmental protection and the rise of the environmental movement . This movement has sought to control the introduction of toxic and unnatural substances into the environment, to protect the integrity of the biosphere , and to ensure a healthy environment for humans .

4. D ue to the increasing and unintended consequences of human economic activity and rapid population growth, unprecedented environmental changes took place in the first 21st century. These changes include depletion of natural resources and widespread pollution such as air, water, soil, and noise pollution. These changes have an unprecedented effect on the planet's climate and life systems.

5. We face: an environmentally dangerous period, like pesticides, ozone depletion, and increasing extinction rates in groundwater.

6. environment the term "environment" is "the sum total of all surroundings of a living organism, including natural forces and other living things, which provide conditions for development and growth as well as of danger and damage . The relationship between and among water, air, and land, as well as between people, other living things, plants, microorganisms, and property, are all components of the environment

7. toxic organics Over 1000 organics( micropollutants ) in con<1microg/l Toxic or carcinogenic (cancer causing) Produce odors or tastes, sometimes after reacting with chlorine Toxic (herbicides, fungicides, insecticides and molluscides )

8. Environmental Ethics (EE) Is the study of ethical questions regarding human interactions with the environment which help to differentiate right from wrong . is a subfield of ethics that looks at how humans interact with their natural surroundings. It is a comprehensive way to deal with understanding and assessing our ethical commitments to secure and save the climate

9. EE Environmental ethics is defined by a number of different ethical theories: virtue ethics, Consequentialism, and utilitarianism. These ethical theories offer a framework for comprehending our moral responsibilities to the environment and the actions we ought to take to preserve it. E

10. EE EE is a relatively new branch of applied ethics. The study of how humans, as moral agents, ought to live their lives in their respective environments to their best advantage is called environmental ethics. Included are the studies of people, the environment, and their connection to one another.

11. History of the term The term "environment" was first used around 1600 to describe the natural conditions under which a person or thing lives. In 1956, the phrase "specialized ecology sense" was first utilized. The word "environment" comes from the French word " Environia ," which means "to surround." We know that "climate" alludes to the encompassing region. All of the physical and biological factors that affect an organism's existence are included in its environment.

12. Why studying EE… ( EE) is getting more attention to find a proper solution for extensive environmental dégradation The environmental crises endanger human being and other living organisms. The human power with legendary progress in science and technology is a major threat to stability of the environment. . Deforestation Depletion of natural resources Depression of species Depletion of habitats Environmental destruction

13. State of the art Many people believe that we have entered an era characterized by global change that stems from interdependence between human development and the environment. They argued that self conscious, intelligent management of the earth is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity as we begin the twenty first century. To meet this challenge, they believe a new environmental ethic must evolve.

14. Principles of Environmental Ethics Minimum harm Distributive Justice Fair compensation Right equality Coordination Cooperation Proportionality Moderate consumption

15. Mahatma Ghandi • “The Earth provides enough to satisfy every person’s need but not every person’s greed ”. Since there is enough food in the world to feed everyone adequately, it is unethical to allow some people to starve, while the other have more than enough. But majority don’t feel morally bound to share what they have with the others.

16. Global Environmental ethics Much of the current environmental crisis is rooted in and exacerbated by widening gaps between the rich and poor nations. Industrialized countries contain only 20% of the world population but they control 80% of the world’s goods and create most of its pollution and the developing countries are hardest hit by overpopulation, malnutrition and diseases.

17. Global efforts The United Nation Conference on Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972. A second world environmental conference was held in 1992 in Brazil A major world conference on climate change was held in Kyoto, Japan in 1997 USA rejoined environmental club in 2021

18. Theories in environmental ethics A nthropocentrism (speciesism) Biocentrism Ecocentrism

19. anthropocentric Western ethical tradition is anthropocentric, meaning that only human beings have moral standing. Animals and plants are important only in respect to their usefulness to humans. This type of thinking is often evident even within the environmental movement when a case is sometimes made for the protection of rare plants based on their potential for providing new medicines. If animals, trees, and other components of the environment have no moral standing, then we have no ethical obligations toward them beyond maintaining their usefulness to humans.

20. Anthropocentrism (human centered-ness ) Argued that only human being have intrinsic value and moral standing and the rest of the natural world has instrumental value to them, Considers interests of human as the highest standards to judge above everything else, Suggest that the human have the fundamental right to freely treat the natural anyhow for personal interests, Believe that progress of human civilization is evolved from natural yield.

21. Bio-centrism (non human-centered) Argued that all living beings have intrinsic value and hence ethical standing. Humans are not superior to other life forms nor privileged, and therefore other living beings (non human) must be given equal respect and inherent worth / value of their own Encourage humans to minimize harm and interference with nature for benefits of others .

22. Eco-centrism : (ecosystem- centered) Argues that individuals human being must be concerned about environment and community affairs because all non humans within the ecosystem have intrinsic or fundamental value and hence they deserve respect. Thus humans should make more effort towards preserving the ecological balance and stability

23. Eco-ethics It is time to enlarge the classic anthropocentric concepts of ethics to include eco-ethics , i.e. to ask not only what is good or bad in human societies but also what is good or bad for the total system 'humanity plus nature '. Homo sapiens is not the center of the earth, and the earth is not the center of the universe. H. sapi ens is one species among millions and part of the life process-just as a dolphin, a mouse or a virus. Earth is a planet among billions in our galaxy, and there are billions of such galaxies . Ecologists have, time and again, warned decision makers, journalists and the general public that there is something awfully wrong with the way modern industrial societies behave.

24. eco-ethics We will be punished severely unless we establish a new balance between our modern ways and those of our ecosystem past. We need a new concept of environmental protection that encompasses ecological knowledge and ecological thinking. W e need to develop and to enforce new values, such as self-restriction, modesty, responsibility, honesty ; to formulate aims, such as peace, freedom, dignity , justice, human rights; to further ideals, such as virtue , altruism, help & love. Nature evolves through harsh conflicts. Human societies must avoid harsh conflicts by reconciling economy and ecology. H uman face misery of wars, hunger, poverty , and disease that threaten the existence of Homo sapiens on earth.

25. 3 Environmental Attitudes There are 3 different attitudes about the environment: ( a)The development ethic, ( b)The preservation ethic & ( c)The conservation ethic

26. ( a)The development ethic It is based on individualism or egocentrism . It assumes that human race is and should be the master of nature and that the earth and its resources exist for our benefit and pleasure. This view is reinforced by the work ethic, which dictates that humans should be busy creating continual change and that things that are bigger, better and faster represent progress.

27. b)The preservation ethic It considers nature special itself. Preservationists have diverse reasons for wanting to preserve nature. Some hold an almost religious belief regarding nature. They have a reverence for life and respect the right of all creatures to live.

28. (c ) The conservation ethic It recognizes the desirability of decent living standard but it works toward a balance of resource use and resource availability. The goal of conservation ethic is one people living together in one world.

29. Questions “ Will all nations around the world set aside their political differences to work toward environmental course of actions ?” In what ways environmental ethics contribute to the sustainable development ? Conservation of natural resources Preservation of biodiversity Mitigation of environmental impacts Promotion of environmental justice Long-term thinking and intergenerational equity