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1. Publication ethics

2. Ethical Issues in Publication Duplicate Publication Authorship and Order Scientific Misconduct (including plagiarism) Conflict of interest

3. Duplicate Publication Not republishing the same findings Not submitting the same manuscript to two or more journals at once Not dividing one research project into many little papers (“salami slicing”)

4. Authorship Who can be an author? Authorship order Issues and problems with authorship

5. Authorship International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) at http://www.icmje.org/ states authorship is based on: 1) substantial contributions to the conception and design of a paper, or acquisition of data or analysis and interpretation of data, and, 2) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content and final approval of the version to be published.

6. Best Practices for Authorship Discuss the order of authorship at beginning Revisit decisions on authorship during project – especially if responsibilities changes Disclose if any writing done by professional writers Document everything in writing All authors take responsibility for content

7. Plagiarism Plagiarism ranges from the unreferenced use of others’ published and unpublished ideas, including research grant applications to submission under “new” authorship of a complete paper, sometimes in a different language. It may occur at any stage of planning, research, writing, or publication: it applies to print and electronic versions.

8. What is Fraud? Fabrication : Invention of data or cases Falsification : Wilful distortion of data Ignoring outliers Not admitting that some data are missing. Not including data on side effects in a clinical trial

9. What is Conflict of Interest? Conflict of interest a set of conditions in which professional judgement concerning a primary interest (such as the validity of a research study) tends to be unduly influenced by a secondary interest (such as financial gain). .... or may give that impression

10. Other Conflicts of Interest Strong personal beliefs – in papers related to emotionally charged areas such as stem cells, abortion, or evolution Other scientific conflicts of interest Studies so closely related to your own that you are in competition with the authors Labs/groups with ongoing real or apparent competitions in a general area of research

11. Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Founded in 1997 as a response to growing anxiety about the integrity of authors submitting studies to medical journals. Founded by British Medical Journal & Lancet editors