6. Depression.pptx Psychology lecture for undergraduate

Depression

1. Depression Group 6 19060-19070

2. Overview Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease your ability to function at work and at home.

3. Content

4. Authors احمد عبد الحميد محمد شكري 19060 احمد عبدالعال السيد محمد عبداللطيف19062 احمد عبد العظيم عبدالخالق السيد19063 احمد عبد العليم ابراهيم محمد19064 احمد عبد القادر عطيه حسن 19065 احمد عبدالكريم الصادق19066 احمد عبدالله محمد عبدالعال19067 احمد عثمان عبدالمعطي عبدالمعطي19068 احمد عطالله عبدالعاطي علي19069 احمد علاء الدين ناصر19070

5. Definition mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest Also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems

6. Epidemiology Depression is common
-Lifetime prevalence (Kessler et al., 2005):
•16.2% MDD
•2.5% Dysthymia
-Twice as common in women as in men
-Three times as common among people in poverty

7. Etiology 1 Neurologic factors •Ge netic -Heritability estimates: *37% MIDD *93% Bipolar Disorder -Much research in progress to identify specific genes involved but the results of most studies have not been replicated •DRD4.2 gene, which influences dopamine function, appears to be related to MIDD

8. 2 Psychologic factors -Cognitive (Beck's Theory) Negative view of the sell, of the world and of the future -Psychodynamic: Depression can be linked to real or imagined object [ os ) due to disturbance in the infant- mother relationship during the oral phase . - Behavloral theory; Learned helplessness

9. • Neurotransmitters (NTs): norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin Original models focused on absolute levels of NTs * MDD Low levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin *Mania High levels of norepinephrine and dopamine, low levels of serotonin However, medication alters levels immediately, yet relief takes 2-3 weeks • New models focus on sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors Dopamine receptors may be overly sensitive in BD but lacksensitivity in MDD Depleting tryptophan,a precursor of serotonin, causes depressive in symptoms Individuals with personal family history of Depression individuals who are valnerable to depression may have less sensitive serotonin receptors ( Sobezak et al., 2002)

10. Risk factors •Sex :Women >Men (2:1) due to several factors, such as hormonal differences •Age: Onset is 40 years •Family history of deprèssion . •Exposure to stressors.

11. Diagnosis History of one or more major depressive episode (MDE) with(absence of a previous, manic Gypomanic, or mixed episode (pure depression). 

12. Diagnostic Criteria of Major Depressive Episode according to DSM-5. 1) At leastS of the following symptoms present for 2 weeks, one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest. • Depressed Mood  •Loss of Interest •Significant weight loss or weight gain or decreased or increased appetite •Insomnia or hypersomnia  •Psychomotor agitation or retardation. •Fatiguefor loss of Energy.  •Guilt or feeling of worthlessness •Decreased Concentration or difficulty making decisions •Recurrent thoughts of(death or SuicidaDideation.  2)Symptoms cause significant social or occupational impairment/distress 3)Not attributed to the physiological effect of a(substance or another medical condition

13. Subtypes

14. Treatment Many mothers may be reluctant to take medication if breastfeeding
At present ho evidence that medication is superior to psychotherapy in non-psychotic
PPD
Short-term safety of maternal(SSRIy for breastfeeding infants established? Long-term effects unknown
Supportiva, non-directive counselling by trained home visitors shown to be effective if depression severe consider (ECT)
Treatment of motheDimproves outcome for child at 13 months

15. MCQ 1-What is depression? a) A temporary feeling of sadness b) A persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest c) A normal part of life d) A type of anxiety disorder 2-Which of the following is a common symptom of depression? a) Increased energy and motivation b) Excessive laughter and euphoria c) Loss of appetite and weight loss d) Heightened concentration and focus 3-How is depression diagnosed? a) Through blood tests b) Through physical examinations c) Through self-reporting of symptoms and clinical assessment d) Through brain imaging scans 4-What is a potential cause of depression? a) Lack of willpower b) Personal weakness c) Genetic and biological factors d) Excessive happiness 5-Which of the following is a type of depression? a) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) b) Bipolar disorder c) Panic disorder d) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

16. 6-How is depression typically treated? A) With medication only b) With therapy only c) With a combination of medication and therapy d) With lifestyle changes only 7-Can depression be prevented? A) Yes, by avoiding all stressful situations b) Yes, by always maintaining a positive attitude c) No, it cannot be prevented d) Yes, by engaging in self-care activities and seeking support 8-Is feeling sad the same as having depression? A) Yes, they are synonymous b) No, feeling sad is a normal emotion while depression is a persistent condition c) Yes, feeling sad is a milder form of depression d) No, feeling sad is a symptom of depression 9-How long does a depressive episode typically last ? A) A few days b) One to two weeks c) Several months d) It varies from person to person 10-What should someone do if they suspect they or someone they know has depression? A) Ignore it, as it will go away on its own b) Encourage self-isolation to cope with the symptoms c) Seek professional help and support d) Provide unsolicited advice and quick-fix solutions

17. MCQ answers 1-b
2-c
3-c
4-c
5-a
6-c
7-d
8-b 9-d
10-c

18. References Oxford textbook of psychiatry 2009 Mayo clinic : Depression (major depressive disorder)Oct. 14, 2022 https://www.psychdb.com/Depressive Disorders

19. Regards,