6. Glycoside, introduction and chemical tests d.pptx

General introduction of glycoside, identification test, properties, evaluation of tannins

1. Glycosides are organic compound from plant or animal sources. On enzymatic or acid hydrolysis yields one or more sugar moieties glycone and non sugar moiety aglycone. Aglycone part-Responsible for chemical and therapeutic property . Glycone part — Responsible for facilitates absorption of glycosides and helps in transportation of aglycone portion at the site of action . Chemically they are acetals or sugar ethers , formed by the interaction of hydroxyl group each of sugar and non sugar moiety with loss of water molecule. Sugar is mostly β- D-glucose others are galactose, mannose, rhamnose, digitoxose , cymarose etc. Linkage between aglycone and glycone is called as glycosidic linkage and on the basis of this linkage α and β stereoisomer is assigned. GLYCOSIDES

2. Properties Most glycosides are Colorless, Crystalline. Anthraquinone- Red or Orange in color. Flavone glycoside- Yellow in color. Glycosides are solubule in water, alcohol but insolubule in chloform and ether . The glycosides are extracted by using stas -otto method. GLYCOSIDES Sugar linkage Chemical nature of sugar Type of Sugar CLASSIFICATION O – Glycoside S- – Glycoside N – Glycoside C – Glycoside Alcohol Aldehyde Anthraquinone Cardiac Coumarin Cyanogestic Glucose Rhamnose Pentose Digitoxose Rhamno -glucoside Flavonoid Isothiocynate Miscellaneous Phenol Saponin Steroid

3. The drug should be coarsely powdered for extraction purpose. The temperature should not exceed 45°C for thermolabile drugs Powdered drug Packed in Soxhlet apparatus using alcohol as solvent and Maintain temperature below 45°C. Extract (Glycosides and other compounds) Eliminate other compounds Addition of lead acetate (for separation of tannins) Precipitation of tannins (non glycosidal impurities also removed) Separate the non glycosidal impurities Pass H 2 S gas for the removal of excess lead acetate Excess lead sulphide Eliminates Crude extract Purification of compound Characterization of isolated compound Stas - Otto method for extraction of Glycoside

4. SENNA Biological source : Senna is obtained from leaflets and pods of Cassia anguistifolia and Cassia acutifolia . Family : Leguminaceae Synonym : Indian Senna, European Senna Macroscopy : Isobilateral leaf-typical histological character of senna. In Indian variety less hair is present as compared to European senna. Active constituents are present in epicarp of leaf and pericarp of pods. It is a leguminous plant so add nitrogen soil at regular interval. Microscopy : Epidermis shows presence of unicellular, conical thick – walled trichomes. Microscopically two varities of senna are distinguished by Vein-islet number and stomatal index. Stomata type - Paracytic . Presence of clusture sheath and collenchyma are imp. characteristic feature of senna leaves CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS 1. Anthraquinones glycoside a. Sennosides A, B, C, D b. Emodin, Chrysophenol , Aloe emodin, Rhein 2. Two naphthalene glycoside – 6 – hydroxymusizin glycoside ( Alexanrian senna); Tinnevellin glycoside 3 . Other– flavanol, kaempferol 4. Phytosterol and its glycoside – Mucilage, Resin, Calcium oxalate. Sennidin : Only dimer aglycone moiety, sugar is absent. Sennosides : Are dianthrone derivative of aglycone with glycone part of two identical compound. Uses : Acting as a purgative by increasing peristalsis movement of intestine

5. Alexandrian senna 1. Greyish green Yellowish green 2. More asymmetric at base 3. More broken and curled at edges 4. Stomatal index is about 10-15 usually 12.5 5. Vein islet no is about 25-29.5 6. Most stomata have two subsidiary cell 7. Hair more numerous 8. Pink colour daylight, 9. Pale greenish orange in filtered UV Indian senna Tinnevelly senna 1. Greyish green Yellowish green 2. Less asymmetric at base 3. Seldom broken and usually flat 4. Stomatal index is about 14-20 usually 17.5 5. Vein islet no is About 19.5- 22.5 6. Most stomata 2-3 subsidiary cells 7. Hair Less numerous 8. Orange colour in daylight 9. Yellowish green in filtered UV

6. Biological source : Aloe is obtained from the dried juice of leaves of aloe species. Aloe barbendis ( Curaco aloe), Aloe ferox (Cape aloe), Aloe perryi ( Scortine aloe), Aloe vera (Indian aloe). Family : Liliaceae ALOES Synonym : Ghritkumari , Korphad Form Colour Fracture Curacao Opaque masses Yellow brown to chocolate brown Waxy like Cape Transparent and glassy Dark brown to Greenish brown Smooth and gloosy Scotrine Opaque Reddish-black to brownish black Conchoidal Zangibar Opaque Liver brown Smooth and even fracture Chemical Constituents – Principle active constiyuents of aloe is aloin and aloin is a mixture of three isomer Barbaloin , β- barbaloin, and iso –barbaloin. Among all barbaloin is the main constituents. Proportion of barbaloin varies in different variety of aloe. Aloe barbendis ( Curaco aloe)- 22% Aloe vera ( Indian aloe) - 3.5-4% Aloesin - Resin present which also gives purgative action. Aloctine - Increase removal of dead cells from skin.

7. Microscopy :  T.S of leaf shows outermost cuticle followed by epidermis, palisade cells, mucilaginous parenchyma. Aloe juice present in pericycle fibre . Aloe gel present in Mucilaginous cell. Calcium oxalate crystals are present in parenchyma

8. Chemical Test: Borax test: Aloe solution + water (1%) Boil and cool , + Kieselguhr to it filter. a. Take 10 ml filtrate, + 0.25gm borax heat till it dissolves. Then pour some dark fluid into water till green fluorescence produce . The green fluorescence is formed due to the hydrolysis of barbaloin which produces aloe emodin anthranol . 2. Bromine test: To above filtrate + saturated bromine solution. A yellow precipitate observes due to the formation of tetrabromaloin . 3. Nitric acid test: To above filtrate + 2 ml nitric acid. A vivid green colour Cape aloes, A deep brownish red colour Curacao aloes A pale brownish yellow colour Socotrine aloes .

9. Uses: 1. aloes have purgative action anthraquinone glycosidal 2. Improves digestion drugs. 3. In topical preparations and cosmetics. 4. Good moisturing property, 5. Anti-inflammatory property, 6. Anti wrinkle property, 7. Protective etc. 8. Fresh gel in burns and wounds.

10. Biological source : Bitter almond is dried ripe seeds of plant Prunus amygdalus & Prunus communis Family : Rosaceae BITTER ALMOND Synonym : Amygdala amara , Badam Uses : Sedative and O il is used in skin lotion as demulcent in skin lotion. Flavoring agent. Chemical Constituents – Fixed oil (40-50 percent), Protein (20 percent), enzyme emulsin and bitter glycoside amygdalin (1-3 percent). volatile oil (0.5 percent). Amygdalin benzaldehyde & hydrocyanic acid upon hydrolysis . It shows 80 % benzaldehyde 2-6 % hydrocyanic acid