60 States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain.pptx

CNS PHYSIOLOGY. SLEEP. EPILEPSY. SCHUZOPHRENIA. ALZHYMER'S.

1. Circadian rhythms Diurnal nocturnal changes

2. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS TIME ACTIVITY 2.00 am Deep sleep 4:30 am Lowest body temperature 6:45 am Blood pressure rises 8:30 am Bowel movements 10:00 am Highest alertness 2:30 pm Best coordination 3:30 pm Fastest reaction time 5:00 pm Muscles most efficient 6:30 pm Highest blood pressure 7:00 pm Highest body temperature 10:30 pm Bowel movements suppressed

3. Bilateral lesions involving the ventromedial hypothalamus will lead to which of the following deficits? A) Decreased eating and drinking B) Loss of social drive C) Excessive eating, rage and aggression, hyperactivity D) Uterine contractility, mammary gland enlargement E) Obsessive compulsive disorder

4. Bilateral lesions involving the ventromedial hypothalamus will lead to which of the following deficits? A) Decreased eating and drinking B) Loss of social drive C) Excessive eating, rage and aggression, hyperactivity D) Uterine contractility, mammary gland enlargement E) Obsessive compulsive disorder C) Lesions involving the ventromedial hypothalamus lead to excessive eating (hyperphagia), excessive drinking, rage Aggression hyperactivity

5. Which structure is an important pathway for communication between the limbic system and the brainstem? A) Mammillothalamic tract B) Fornix C) Anterior commissure D) Indusium griseum E) Medial forebrain bundle

6. Which structure is an important pathway for communication between the limbic system and the brainstem? A) Mammillothalamic tract B) Fornix C) Anterior commissure D) Indusium griseum E) Medial forebrain bundle 98.E) The medial forebrain bundle extends from the septal and orbitofrontal regions of the cerebral cortex downward through the center of the hypothalamus to the brainstem reticular area. This structure serves as an important communication system between the limbic system and the brainstem

7. Which statement concerning memory processing in the brain is correct? A) The brain forms positive memory through facilitation of synaptic circuits, but is unable to form negative memory by learning to ignore irrelevant information B) Short-term memory is considered to be a list of 7–10 discrete facts that can be recalled within a period of a several hours C) It appears that rehearsal and repetition of information is not advantageous in converting short term memory to long-term memory D) Lesions involving the hippocampus cause a profound deficit in short-term memory E) No morphologic or structural changes occur in the process of long-term memory formation

8. Which statement concerning memory processing in the brain is correct? A) The brain forms positive memory through facilitation of synaptic circuits, but is unable to form negative memory by learning to ignore irrelevant information B) Short-term memory is considered to be a list of 7–10 discrete facts that can be recalled within a period of a several hours C) It appears that rehearsal and repetition of information is not advantageous in converting short term memory to long-term memory D) Lesions involving the hippocampus cause a profound deficit in short-term memory E) No morphologic or structural changes occur in the process of long-term memory formation D)Hippocampal lesions interfere with the formation and conversion of short-term memory to long term memory. These patients retain previously formed long-term memory but are unable to form new long-term memory and are said to exhibit anterograde amnesia. The brain is able to form both positive and negative memories. The duration of short-term memory is a matter of seconds to minutes. Rehearsal and repetition are helpful in forming long-term memories. Certain structural changes in neurons and synaptic boutons may contribute to long-term memory formation and storage.

9. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall long-term memories from the past. When damaged, which of the following brain regions leads to retrograde amnesia? A) Hippocampus B) Dentate gyrus C) Amygdaloid complex D) Thalamus E) Mammillary nuclei of hypothalamus

10. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall long-term memories from the past. When damaged, which of the following brain regions leads to retrograde amnesia? A) Hippocampus B) Dentate gyrus C) Amygdaloid complex D) Thalamus E) Mammillary nuclei of hypothalamus D) Lesions involving the thalamus lead to retrograde amnesia, because they are believed to interfere with the process of retrieving long-term memory stored in other portions of the brain

11. Which structure connects the hippocampus to the limbic system? A) Mammillothalamic tract B) Fornix C) Anterior commissure D) Medial forebrain bundle E) Arcuate fasciculus

12. Which structure connects the hippocampus to the limbic system? A) Mammillothalamic tract B) Fornix C) Anterior commissure D) Medial forebrain bundle E) Arcuate fasciculus B. the fornix connects the hippocampus to the anterior thalamus, hypothalamus, and the limbic system.

13. Stimulation of the punishment center can inhibit the reward center, demonstrating that fear and punishment can take precedence over pleasure and reward. Which of the following cell groups is considered the punishment center? A) Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei B) Periventricular hypothalamus and midbrain central gray C) Supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus D) Anterior hypothalamic nucleus

14. Stimulation of the punishment center can inhibit the reward center, demonstrating that fear and punishment can take precedence over pleasure and reward. Which of the following cell groups is considered the punishment center? A) Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei B) Periventricular hypothalamus and midbrain central gray C) Supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus D) Anterior hypothalamic nucleus B. The punishment center is primarily localized to the periventricular hypothalamus and the midbrain central gray.

15. Role of Orexin Neurons in Arousal and Wakefulness.

16. Neurotransmitters in sleep

17. narcolepsy, a sleep disorder overwhelming daytime drowsiness sudden attacks of sleep that can occur, even when a person is talking or working sudden loss of muscle tone (cataplexy) that can be partial or even severe enough to cause paralysis during the attack.

18. Cataplexy

19. Functions of sleep neural maturation facilitation of learning or memory targeted erasure of synapses to “forget” unimportant information that might clutter the synaptic network Cognition Clearance of metabolic waste products generated by neural activity in the awake brain conservation of metabolic energy

20. Two types of sleep

21. Parameter Non REM REM Brain activity Decreases Increases Heart rate Decreases Increases Blood pressure Decreases Increases Sympathetic nerve activity Decreases Increases Blood flow to brain Decreases Increases Breathing Rate Decreases Increases Body temperature Regulated Not regulated Muscle tone No change Decreases Eyes movements None Rapid

22. Parameter Non REM REM Dreaming Dreamless Dreamful % 75% 25% Duration 5 to 30 minutes every 90 minutes bodily muscle movements Inactive active Awaken difficult to arouse spontaneously Other name Deep slow wave sleep Paradoxical sleep EEG Delta Beta

23. Parameter Non REM REM Brain activity Decreases Increases Heart rate Decreases Increases Blood pressure Decreases Increases Sympathetic nerve activity Decreases Increases Blood flow to brain Decreases Increases Breathing Rate Decreases Increases Body temperature Regulated Not regulated Muscle tone No change Decreases Eyes movements None Rapid Parameter Non REM REM Dreaming Dreamless Dreamful % 75% 25% Duration 5 to 30 minutes every 90 minutes bodily muscle movements Inactive active Awaken difficult to arouse spontaneously Other name Deep slow wave sleep Paradoxical sleep EEG Delta Beta

24. Normal sleep cycles

25. Stage Waves 1 Alpha, beta 2 3 delta 4

26. EEG ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM Electrical recordings from the surface of the brain or even from the outer surface of the head demonstrate that there is continuous electrical activity in the brain.

27. EEG. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM Wave Hertz State Beta 14 to 30 Awake. Active. Alpha 8 to 13 Awake. Resting. Theta 4 to 7 Sleep. Disappointment. Frustration. Emotion. Delta 3 to 5 Deep sleep

28. CLINICAL USES OF THE EEG localizing pathologic processes diagnosing and localizing conditions such as subdural hematomas. Lesions in the cerebral cortex cause local formation of transient disturbances in brain activity, marked by high voltage abnormal waves that can be recorded with an EEG. Seizure activity can occur because of increased firing of neurons that are excitatory ( eg , release of glutamate) or decreased fi ring of neurons that are inhibitory ( eg , release GABA)

29. Administration of a drug that blocks serotonin production will have which of the following effects on sleep? Sleep induction will be almost immediate Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep will be blocked Sleep induction will be significantly prolonged or blocked REM sleep will be immediately induced

30. Administration of a drug that blocks serotonin production will have which of the following effects on sleep? Sleep induction will be almost immediate Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep will be blocked Sleep induction will be significantly prolonged or blocked REM sleep will be immediately induced C) Stimulation of the raphe nuclei in the caudal pons and medulla causes a very strong induction of sleep

31. Which brain structure serves as the major controller of the limbic system? Hypothalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Mammillary body Fornix

32. Which brain structure serves as the major controller of the limbic system? Hypothalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Mammillary body Fornix A) The hypothalamus, despite its small size, is the most important control center for the limbic system. It controls most of the vegetative and endocrine functions of the body and many aspects of behavior.

33. Lesions of which of the following areas of the brain would have the most devastating effect on verbal and symbolic intelligence? Hippocampus Amygdala Wernicke’s area on the non-dominant side of the brain Broca’s area Wernicke’s area on the dominant side of the brain

34. Lesions of which of the following areas of the brain would have the most devastating effect on verbal and symbolic intelligence? Hippocampus Amygdala Wernicke’s area on the non-dominant side of the brain Broca’s area Wernicke’s area on the dominant side of the brain E) The somatic, visual, and auditory association areas all meet one another at the junction of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. This area is known as Wernicke’s area. This area on the dominant side of the brain plays the single greatest role for the highest comprehension levels we call intelligence.

35. The two hemispheres of the brain are connected by which nerve fibers or pathways? Lateral lemniscus Corticofugal fibers Corpus callosum Arcuate fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus

36. The two hemispheres of the brain are connected by which nerve fibers or pathways? Lateral lemniscus Corticofugal fibers Corpus callosum Arcuate fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus C) The corpus callosum is the main fiber pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the brain

37. Broca’s area is a specialized portion of motor cortex. Which of the following conditions best describes the deficit resulting from damage to Broca’s area? Spastic paralysis of the contralateral hand Paralysis of the muscles of the larynx and pharynx Inability to use the two hands to grasp an object Inability to direct the two eyes to the contralateral side. Inability to speak whole words correctly

38. Broca’s area is a specialized portion of motor cortex. Which of the following conditions best describes the deficit resulting from damage to Broca’s area? Spastic paralysis of the contralateral hand Paralysis of the muscles of the larynx and pharynx Inability to use the two hands to grasp an object Inability to direct the two eyes to the contralateral side. Inability to speak whole words correctly E) Broca’s aphasia typically involves an inability to speak words correctly in the absence of any true paralysis of the laryngeal or pharyngeal musculature

39. Which of the following neurotransmitters is used by the axons of locus ceruleus neurons that distribute throughout much of the brain? Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine

40. Which of the following neurotransmitters is used by the axons of locus ceruleus neurons that distribute throughout much of the brain? Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine A) Neurons in the locus ceruleus utilize the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in their widespread projections throughout the brain.

41. In an otherwise normal individual, dysfunction of which brain area will lead to behavior which is not appropriate for the given social occasion? Ventromedial nuclei of hypothalamus Amygdala Corpus callosum Fornix Uncus

42. In an otherwise normal individual, dysfunction of which brain area will lead to behavior which is not appropriate for the given social occasion? Ventromedial nuclei of hypothalamus Amygdala Corpus callosum Fornix Uncus B) The amygdala seems to function in behavioral awareness at a semiconscious level. The amygdala also is thought to project into the limbic system the individual’s current status with respect to their surroundings. Therefore, the amygdala is believed to help pattern behavior appropriate for each occasion.

43. UHS SEQs Describe seizures Describe epilepsy Differentiate between seizures and epilepsy Show the EEG sequence from alert to deep sleep Show the EEG sequence from open eyes to close eyes Show the EEG sequence from low to high frequency Show the EEG sequence of various types of epilepsy Describe the different types of epilepsy

44. Seizures

45. UHS SEQs Describe seizures Describe epilepsy Differentiate between seizures and epilepsy Show the EEG sequence from alert to deep sleep Show the EEG sequence from open eyes to close eyes Show the EEG sequence from low to high frequency Show the EEG sequence of various types of epilepsy Describe the different types of epilepsy

46. epilepsy جھٹکوں کی بیماری ۔۔۔۔دورہ پڑنا

47. UHS SEQs Describe seizures Describe epilepsy Differentiate between seizures and epilepsy Show the EEG sequence from alert to deep sleep Show the EEG sequence from open eyes to close eyes Show the EEG sequence from low to high frequency Show the EEG sequence of various types of epilepsy Describe the different types of epilepsy

48. What is the difference between seizure and epilepsy? seizure Cause may be inside brain or outside brain an excessive surge of electrical activity. a ‘one off’ event, an isolated event does not run a chronic course Is controlled when the factor causing it is controlled epilepsy Only BRAIN pathology is involved two or more unprovoked seizures that occur more than 24 hours apart long term recurring. Chronic course over years

49. UHS SEQs Describe seizures Describe epilepsy Differentiate between seizures and epilepsy Show the EEG sequence from alert to deep sleep Show the EEG sequence from open eyes to close eyes Show the EEG sequence from low to high frequency Show the EEG sequence of various types of epilepsy Describe the different types of epilepsy

50. Alert wake (beta) Quiet, wake (alpha REM (beta) Stage 1 sleep NREM (spindles) Stages 2 & 3 sleep NREM (theta) Stage 4slow wave deep sleep NREM (delta)

51. UHS SEQs Describe seizures Describe epilepsy Differentiate between seizures and epilepsy Show the EEG sequence from alert to deep sleep Show the EEG sequence from open eyes to close eyes Show the EEG sequence from low to high frequency Show the EEG sequence of various types of epilepsy Describe the different types of epilepsy

52. UHS SEQs Describe seizures Describe epilepsy Differentiate between seizures and epilepsy Show the EEG sequence from alert to deep sleep Show the EEG sequence from open eyes to close eyes Show the EEG sequence from low to high frequency Show the EEG sequence of various types of epilepsy Describe the different types of epilepsy

53. A, Propagation of seizures from focal regions of the cortex can occur through fibers in the same cerebral hemisphere or fibers that connect to the contralateral cortex

54. B, Secondary generalization of a focal seizure can sometimes occur by spread to subcortical areas through projections to the thalamus, resulting in activation of both hemispheres

55. Primary generalized seizure spreads rapidly and simultaneously to both cerebral hemispheres through interconnections between the thalamus and cortex

56. UHS SEQs Describe seizures Describe epilepsy Differentiate between seizures and epilepsy Show the EEG sequence from alert to deep sleep Show the EEG sequence from open eyes to close eyes Show the EEG sequence from low to high frequency Show the EEG sequence of various types of epilepsy Describe the different types of epilepsy

57. UHS SEQs Describe seizures Describe epilepsy Differentiate between seizures and epilepsy Show the EEG sequence from alert to deep sleep Show the EEG sequence from open eyes to close eyes Show the EEG sequence from low to high frequency Show the EEG sequence of various types of epilepsy Describe the different types of epilepsy

58. Generalized epileptic seizures diffuse, excessive, and uncontrolled neuronal discharges that at the outset spread rapidly and simultaneously to both cerebral hemispheres through interconnections between the thalamus and cortex idiopathic, which means that the cause is unknown

59. Treatment of epilepsy

60. Show the relationship of excess or lack of a neurotransmitter and a brain disorder

61. Name Cause Parkinson's disease Loss of Dopamine Secreting neurons Huntington's disease loss of GABA-secreting neurons and acetylcholine-secreting neurons Mental depression psychosis Loss of norepinephrine and/or serotonin secreting neurons Schizophrenia Over secretion of Dopamine

62. Describe the cause and features of Depression and Manic-Depressive Psychoses

63. What is the function of the norepinephrine and serotonin systems?

64. Describe the cause and signs and symptoms of Schizophrenia

65. Describe the mesolimbic dopaminergic system

66. What are the observations that suggest Schizophrenia is caused by excess production of dopamine?

67. Schizophrenia is caused by excess production of dopamine drugs that are effective in treating schizophrenia decrease secretion of dopamine at dopaminergic nerve endings drugs that are effective in treating schizophrenia decrease the effect of dopamine on neurons the hippocampus is often reduced in size, especially in the dominant hemisphere

68. Describe the clinical features and pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease

69. Schizophrenia is caused by excessive production and release of which of the following neurotransmitter agents? A) Norepinephrine B) Serotonin C) Acetylcholine D) Substance P E) Dopamine

70. Schizophrenia is caused by excessive production and release of which of the following neurotransmitter agents? A) Norepinephrine B) Serotonin C) Acetylcholine D) Substance P E) Dopamine

71. Amyloid plaques and abnormality of a gene that controls apolipoprotein E are found in which disease? Parkinson’s disease Schizophrenia Grand mal epilepsy Alzheimer's disease Manic Depression Psychoses

72. Amyloid plaques and abnormality of a gene that controls apolipoprotein E are found in which disease? Parkinson’s disease Schizophrenia Grand mal epilepsy Alzheimer's disease Manic Depression Psychoses