620-8-2 Models & Principles of Social Movements

Some examples of social movements globally. These demonstrate patterns of confronting oppression within societies, representing the pain and truama of those oppressed, and seeking justice through public confrontation with the powers. They begin in multiple points of pain wihtina. society, bitternesses, trauma, till these reach tipping points. The open society, civic society permits non-violent opposition, thus opening the way for dialogues between movements and leadership

1. Models of Social Movements Viv Grigg Occasional serial social activist, with help from students Theological Defn : The Spirit of Creation moving through common grace in the secular structures of society to bring about paradigmatic changes.

2. 1. The role of the thinker, the man of words, the writer, the passionate journalist (Charismatic Leadership) A n important person, achievement or event that catalyzes one into passionate communication A paradigm shift for its time Understand the issues of the times Writer, renaissance man, Rizal, Mangalwadi

3. Principle: Information Flow The Break: “Here is Your Centre of Communication” A scholarship, then became a University Professor ( Wangaari Mathai) A place of communication A place of conversation A place of dissemination A paradigmatic breakthrough in 30’s and a second in 50’s/60’s Information Flow from a Base: Publish, publish much (Luther video) Into A Place of Influence

4. 2. The Role of the Fanatic Not the Philosopher Doesn ’ t think of the philosophic nuances Simply thinks of how to make it work Not loyal to the man of words, and his/her strategy - only the bigger vision Does not write Structurer of Momentum (administrator but not of institutions) Creates patterns of work for the common ( wo )man – everyone knows what to do Creates progressions of leadership/statuses Get the army working

5. 3. The Role of the Institutionalizer Institutionalizes the new paradigm into the structures of society. After the movement has acceptance

6. Death can come anytime Movement Leader Timeline

7. Character & Competency Networking Alliance-building Opposition winning High Production of Writing Multiplying ideas Confrontational when Need be Being a hero (How do you handle it?) Handling Suffering (Ma Teresa) Respectful and submissive (Ma Teresa ) Character & Competency

8. 8 Principles from Wangari’s Maathai P R I NC I P L E B OO K Q U O T E M AA T H A I ’ S AC TI O N S     L oca l O w n er s hip “I l ea r ne d t ha t if y o u d o no t h av e l oca l p e op le w h o a r e co mmitt e d to t h e p r o c e s s an d w illi n g to w o r k w ith t he ir co mm un iti e s , t h e p r o j ec ts w ill no t s u r v i ve ” (p . 132 ) • L ear n e d f r o m m i s t a k e s a n d i n i ti a l f a i l u re s • R eq u i re d l oca l i n v e s t m e n t a n d l eader sh ip       B r id g ing t he G a p “T h e G r ee n Be lt M ove m en t ha d p r ov i d e d a l abo r a t o r y o f s o r ts to expe r im en t w ith a ho li s tic app r oa c h to deve l op m en t t h a t dea lt w ith p r ob l e ms o n t h e g ro un d bu t a l s o exa mi ne d a n d add r e ss e d t he ir i nd i v i dua l an d s y s t e m a tic cau s e s . ” (p . 2 5 5 ) • A ddre ss e d u r g en t n eed s o f p o o r co mm un iti e s a s w e ll a s s ys t e m a tic i n j us ti c e s a g a i n s t t h e poo r • K n e w h o w to ‘s pea k t h e l a n gua g e ’ o f t h e poo r a n d t h e p o w erf u l • Utili ze d n e t w ork s to acce s s po w er s       C o m m i t m e nt t o N o n v i o l e n c e   “ W e bega n to o r gan i z e t h e v i c tims o f t h e v i o l ence . W e he ld s e mi na rs , u s ua lly in l oca l chu r che s , w he r e w e w ou ld a p pea l to p e op le n o t to eng a g e in r e t a li a t o r y a tt ac k s . ” (p . 23 8 ) • B e li e v e d c h an g e w a s po s s i b le w i t h o u t v i o l e n t re t a li a ti o n • R e m a i n e d n o n - v i o l e n t, e v e n w h e n bea t e n a n d j a il e d • H e ld p u b li c , n on -v i o l e n t e v e n t s ( i .e . ca n d le li g h t v i g il)     Cul t u ra l S e n s i t i v i t y “ A s pec ts o f peop l e’ s li ve s s uc h a s cu lt u r e a r e ve r y im po r t an t: Y o u m a y t h i n k yo u a r e d o i n g t h e r i gh t t h i ng , b u t in t h e l oca l c o n t ex t, yo u a r e co m p l e t e ly o ff t r ack. ” (p . 1 33 ) • L ear n e d a n d l i s t e n e d be f or e ac ti o n • Utili ze d l oca l l eader s • A dap t e d to c u lt u ra l t rad iti o n s a n d i n d i g e n ou s f eedbac k

9. Wangari’s Maathai ( contd )       Willin g n e s s t o Ri s k “T h e f ea r o f po liti ca l v i o l enc e o r dea t h , w he t he r t h r oug h d i r ec t a ss a ss i na ti on s o r t a r ge t e d ‘acc i den t s ’ is con s t an t . ” ( p 2 06 )   “ W e r i s k ou r r e l a ti on s h i p s w i t h f r i end s an d f a mil y . T he y m a y no t li k e t h e d i r ec ti o n w e hav e t aken. ” (p . 13 9 ) • F o ll o w e d l a w s a n d r u l e s a s mu c h a s po ss i b l e , b u t rea li ze d t h a t i n j ur y a n d dea th w er e a po ss i b il it y w h e n c h a ll e ng i n g p o w er s • A ccep t e d t h a t o t h er s m a y n o t un der s t a n d h e r ca ll i n g   M ot i v a te d by O pp o s i t i o n “ W he n p r e ss u r e is app li e d to me un f a i r l y , I t en d to d ig my hee ls a n d s t an d my g r oun d – p r ec i s e ly t h e op p o s ite o f w ha t t ho s e a pp l y i n g t h e p r e ss u r e hop e o r e x pec t . ” (p . 15 8 ) • Utili ze d t i m e i n j a il to re f oc u s a n d s t ra t e g i z e • R e m a i n e d per s e v er a n t a n d per s i s t e n t t h rou g h a ll c h a ll e n g e s     E va lu at i o n “ A s w e w en t a l ong , w e c o n s t an tly exa mi ne d w ha t w e w e r e do i ng , l ook i n g t o ch a ng e w ha t d i d n’ t w o r k a s w e ll a s it cou ld an d r e fi n e w ha t d id a n d m ak e it eve n m o r e e ff ec ti ve. ” (p . 1 3 6 ) • C rea t e d a 10 -s t e p proce s s f o r h e r pro g ra m s t h a t a ll o w e d f o r re gu l a r e v a l u a ti o n a n d a m e t h o d b y w h i c h to de t ec t corr u p ti o n     T ra in t he T ra in e r “ A ft e r t h e w o m e n ha d p l a n t e d s eed li ng s o n t he ir o w n f a r m s , I s ugge s t e d t ha t t h e y g o to s u rr ound i n g a r ea s a n d c o nv i n c e o t he r s to p l an t t r ee s .. . I n t h is w ay , s t e p b y s t ep , t h e p r oce s s r ep li ca t e d it s e lf s eve r a l t hou s an d tim e s . ” (p . 1 37 ) • T ra i n e d p oo r v ill a g e w o m e n t o t ra in o t h e r poo r v ill a g e w o m e n to i m pro v e l i v e l i h oo d a n d t h e co mm un i t y • R e s u lt - m u lti p lying gro u p s

10. Dobson on Social Movements There are 3 factors critical to social movements: Political Opportunity Organization Capacity Framing Ability Let’s look at some principles to establish a social movement

11. Dobson on Social Movements 1. An educated leader or spokesperson for the movement. Someone who can unite people (Dobson points out that most leaders MLK Jr , Ghandi , etc. have been well educated) 2. Access to money. Support from people with money? (Funds will be necessary to support the social movement) 3.Proximity (Dobson points out that the Civil Rights Movement followed mass migration of blacks from dispersed rural settlement to concentrated urban centers in the US south) 4.Presence of previous community organizing and grassroots movements 5. Solidarity 6. Optimism 7. the people need to be available 8. Often a sudden imposed grievance. This could be a nuclear accident, serious government misconduct, or violence against dissenters. 9. Focused on obtaining one goal - Civil Rights, Women’s Rights, maybe this is why the Occupy movement has not been successful they have too many goals they want to accomplish. They need to take these one at a time. 10. Access to media (helps raise awareness and support ) (Summary by Lindsey McDonald)

12. Lessons from Biographies Ryan Hernandez Writing and writing often –extremely valuable in shaping ideology of followers,“ waking ” up target groups (Davey) Support from spouse/partner/number 2 – When Kagawa was imprisoned his wife assumed his duties as movement leader (Davey) Influence through speaking out – May not have to be the best public speaker but openly speaking with conviction on the movement's principles. (Davey) Risk looking foolish and/or condemnation – Kagawa was not able to get everybody to understand his reasoning for freedom from oppressive government as it was a new idea for people that had accepted their fate (Davey) Maintaining control through exemplary lifestyle – Kagawa saw that non-violence was best for protest but when followers started using violence he had to step up and not only speak out against retaliation but practice it as well (Davey) “ Kindle in small groups” - a movement gains momentum by starting with a few members that understand and are willing to promote the cause. Influence small and get help in movement promotion. (Dobson) “ Solidarity instead of free-riding” - Exemplifying and demanding/expecting solidarity for a movement's cause is crucial for active participation. Fail to do this and free-riding becomes the norm, which can stalemate a cause as people are likely to flee should the movement face trials. (Dobson) Sacrifice – A movement depends on the sacrifice or other whether it be possessions, time or life. A leader in a social movement may find themselves as beneficiaries of the sacrifice of others, like Mandela or sacrificing something for the sake of the movement themselves. (Mandela) Don't expect it to be easy – Social movements come at a great cost. There is always opposition and sometimes that opposition is stronger than the social movement but it pays to be unwavering through the tumultuous times. (Mandela )

13. Lessons from Biographies (2) Grecia R eyes Dobson  Solidarity   Optimistic expectations -Movements need enthusiastic leaders that can inspire others and think positive. This includes believing in the purpose of the movement and expecting that it will be successful and people will be driven to act and mobilize.  Capable leaders —social movement leaders must be individuals with integrity, commitment, inspirational, passionate, and with good charisma.  A co- optable communications network —this speeds ad spreads the movement  Time —providing time that allows multiple people groups to participate is essential.  Mandela  Commitment and responsibility —Mandela had a commitment to bring liberation. He believed that every individual had the right to live with dignity and freedom. According to Mandela, “every man has an obligation to his people, community, and country” (p. 749).  He describes that in every movement, the road towards freedom or change is long. Along the way, there will be mistakes, exhaustion, and greater battles to fight.   Humility – This may be one of the hardest elements to take on but it takes humility despite elevation and attention to garner the support of the masses. Shallowness or vanity is not sustainable as people participating in social movements especially social movements against injustice expect genuineness .

14. Lessons from Biographies (3) Grecia R eyes Gandhi   Non Violence - The principle of Satyagraha or non violence resistance was Gandhi’s primary method during his movements in South Africa and India. He believed that violence would never end the struggle. Through non-violence, he organized marches and strikes but never resisted to public arrest. He urged his followers to hold back against violent actions. Servitude - India was his service—his community, roots, and where he felt a deep connection to. Injustice agitated him and so he became absorbed in serving the poor, the sick, and the lepers. Gandhi describes the principle of servitude as follow: "Service can have no meaning unless one takes pleasure in it. When it is done for show or for fear of public pleasure in it, it stunts the man and crushes his spirit. Service which is rendered without joy helps neither the servant nor the served. But all other pleasure s and possessions pale into nothingness before service which is rendered in a spirit of joy (p. 175)." Erickson  Trustworthiness . Face to face interaction with community members establishes trust and builds a better network for social movement. This includes creating common meeting places, making it easier for groups to have open discussions, share ideas, and mobilize.  Access to media/internet —this could spread information faster and recruit people.