630180889-Concept-characteristics-and-forms-of-stratification-pptx.pptx

understanding culture and society

1. Concept, characteristics and forms of stratification Understanding culture, society & politics

2. What pressing concern issues have you observed in the contemporary world today ?

3. Social Stratification Sociologists use the term “social stratification” to describe the system of social standing.

4. It refers to what sociologists call it as “ institutionalized inequality” of individual or “social injustice” due to social categories ( Ariola , 2012). It is an institutionalized pattern of inequality in which social categories are ranked on the basis of their access to scarce resources Brinkerhoff & White, 1988).

5. It is the way people are ranked and ordered in society (Cole, 2019). It is a system whereby people rank and evaluate each other as superior or inferior and, on the basis of such evaluation, unequally reward one another with wealth, authority, power, and prestige. One result of each differentiation is the creation of a number of levels within the society. ( Hebding & Glick, 1992)

6. The classification of people into socioeconomic class, based upon their occupation and income, wealth and social status. This is the relative social position of people within a social group, category, geographic, religion or social unit.

7. Social Desirables are resources considered valuable by societies These resources may be tangible or intangible. Sociologist may focus on any of these resources as the basis of their theoretical perspective on social inequality. In short, the recognition of the existence of these social desirables is what brings together the sociological camps.

8. Social mobility This refers to changes of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between social class in a society. It is a change in social status relative to one's current social location within a given society.

9. Types of social mobility Horizontal Vertical Upward Downward Inter-generational Intra-generational

10. Horizontal mobility This happen when a person changes their occupation but their overall social standing remains unchanged.

11. Vertical mobility It is a change in the occupational, political, or religious status of a person that causes a change in their societal position. A person or social object moves from one social class to another.

12. Upward mobility It is when a person moves from a lower position in society to a higher one. It can also include people occupying higher positions in the same societal group. However, upward mobility, while seen as a good thing, can also come at a cost for individuals.

13. Downward mobility It takes place when a person moves from a higher position in society to a lower one. It happen when someone is caught performing a wrongful act that can result in the loss of the position they currently hold.

14. Inter-generational mobility This happen when the social position changes from one generation to another. The change can be upward or downward.

15. intra-generational mobility Change in societal position occurs during the lifespan of a single generation. It can also refer to a change in position between siblings. One way is when a person climbs up the corporate ladder in their career.

16. Categories of social mobility Social mobility Geographical mobility Role mobility Upward/downward Vertical/horizontal

17. Social mobility refers to the movement upward or downward among the social positions in any given social stratification.

18. Geographical Mobility This is otherwise known as physical mobility. It may be a voluntary movement of people from one geographical area to another due to change in residence, commuting from home to office, making business trips, and voluntary migration from one country to another.

19. Role Mobility is the individual’s shifting from role to role.

20. Types of Social Stratification and their Characteristics Open system Closed system Ethnic system Sociologist Anthropologist

21. Open system It encourages people to strive and achieve something. People belonging to one social class have similar opportunities, similar lifestyles, attitudes, behavior and possibly similar socio-economic positions. People have equal chance to succeed. Whether people do something to improve their lives or not this greatly depends on them.

22. Closed system Closed system accommodates little change in social position. They do not allow people to shift levels and do not permit social relationships between levels. Caste system Estate system

23. Ethnic system This type of social stratification is based on national origin, language and religion. Ethnicity sets segments of society apart and each group has a sense of identity. People interact more freely with those people belonging to the same ethnic category.

24. Categories of open system Upper class Middle class Lower class Upper-middle Lower middle Upper-lower Lower-lower

25. Upper class They have high reputation in terms of power and prestige. They live in exclusive residential area, belong to exclusive private clubs, and may have strong political influence in the system of government. They own several cars and properties and their children may study in exclusive schools.

26. Middle class the people in this class may belong to the upper-middle class which is often made up of highly educated business and professional people with high incomes, such as doctors, lawyers, stockbrokers, and CEOs or to the lower-middle class often made up of people with lower incomes, such as managers, small business owners, teachers, and secretaries.

27. Lower Class The lower class is typified by poverty, homelessness, and unemployment. The people in this class belong to the bottom of socio-economic ladder. In the upper-lower class, people are considered as the working class or laborers. in the lower-lower class are unemployed, or no source of income except by begging or dependent from private and government relief.