7. building components

7. building components

1. COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING STRUCTURE PRESENTATION TOPIC

2. COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING STRUCTURE A building has two basic parts:  ( i )  Substructure or foundations, and  (ii)  Supers1ructure.  SUB-STRUCTURE OR FOUNDATION   is the lower portion of the building, usually located below the ground level, which transmits the loads of the super-structure to the supporting soil. A foundation is therefore that part of the structure which is in direct contact with the ground to which the loads are transmitted.

3. COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING STRUCTURE SUPER-STRUCTURE is  that part of the structure which is above ground level, and which serves the purpose of  its intended use. A part of the super-structure, located between the ground level and (he floor level is known as plinth.  Plinth is therefore defined as the portion of the structure between the surface of the surrounding ground and surface of the floor, immediately above the ground.

4. A building has the following components   1. Foundations.  2. Masonry units : wall and columns .  3. Floor structures.  4. Roof structures.  5. Doors, windows and other openings.  6. Vertical transportation structures, such as stairs, lifis , ramps etc.  7. Building finishes.

5. The basic function of a foundation is to transmit the dead loads, live loads and other loads to the subsoil on which it rests in such a way that  (a)  settlements are within permissible limits, without causing cracks in the super-structure and   (b)  soil does not fail in shear. Since remains below the ground level, the signs of failure of foundations are not notice able till it has already affected the building. It should therefore be designed very carefully. Various types of foundations and their design principles have been discussed in other parts. .   1. Foundations .

6. TYPES OF FOUNDATION  

7. 2. Masonry units : wall and columns .  Masonry   may be defined as the construction of building units bonded together with mortar. These building units, commonly known as masonry units may be stones, bricks or precast blocks. Masonry is used for the construction of foundation walls, columns and other similar structural components. The construction with stone units, bonded with mortar is known as stone masonry, while the construction with brick units, bonded with mortar is known as brick masonry. A masonry may use different types of building units for the construction.  A  column   is an isolated vertical load bearing member, the width of which is neither less than its thickness nor more than four times its thickness. A pier is a member similar to a column except that it is bonded into load bearing wall at the sides to form integral part and extends to the full height of the wall. A pier is used to increase the stiffness of the wall to carry additional load or to carry vertical concentrated load.

8. Walls   are the most essential components of a building. The primary function of the wall is to endose or divide space of the building to make it more functional and useful. Walls provide privacy, afford security and give protection against heat, cold, Sun and ram. Walls may be either load bearing or non-load bearing. Load bearing walls are those which are designed to carry the super-imposed loads (transferred through roofs), in addition to their own (self) weight. Non-load bearing walls carry their own load only. They generally serve a divide walls. Wall may be of several types, such as cavity walls, party walls, partition walls, dwarf walls, retaining walls 

9. Floors are the horizontal elements which divide the building into different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation within a restricted space one aboye the other and provide support for the occupanis , furniture and equipment of a building.  The floor of a building immediately above the ground is known as ground floor. All other floors which are above the ground floor are known as the upper floors. The floors of the first storey is known as the first floor and that of the second storey is known as the second floor etc, etc. In case, part of the building is constructed below the ground level, or the building has the basement, the floor is known as basement floor. Floors

10. A roof is the upper most part of a building. It is a covering provided on the top of the building with a view to keep out ram, snow, Sun and wind and to protect the building from their adverse effects. Just as a floor, a roof consists of two components ( i )  The roof decking and  (ii)  the roof coverning . Roof decking is a structural component which supports the roof coverning . Roof decking may be either flat or sloping, and may be in the form of flat slab, dome, truss, portal or shell. The roof covering is provided on the roof deck to safeguard the building against weather effects. These may be in the form of tiles, thatch covering, slates, flag slone coverníng , and corrugated sheets of galvanised iron or asbestos cement. ROOF

11. A  door  is a movable barrer provided in the opening of a wall, to provide access to various spaces of a building. A door is a frame work of wood, steel etc. secured in the wall opening for the purpose of providing access to the users of the building. Simílarly , a window may be defined as an opening made in ( wall be ¡he purpose of providing day light, vision and ventílation . Windows are also made of frame work of wood, steel, aluminium etc., provided with shutters.  Sometimes, an arch may be provided to span the opening, in the place of a lintel. An arch is a structure consisting of a number of small wedge-shaped units and jointed together with moflar , which is constructed to bridge across any opening in the wall. The arch may also be constructed in R.C.C.  DOOR , WINDOW & OTHER OPENING

12. These nsists of stairs, ramps, ladders, lifts and escalators etc, to afford acces between various floors. Out of these, stairs are the most ammon . A srair may be defined as series of steps suitably arranged for the purpose of connecting different floors of a building. Alternatively, a stair may be defined as an arrangement of treads, risers, stringers, newel posts, hand rails and balustrades so designed and constructed as lo provide an easy, safe and quick access to the users of diffcrent floors. Stairs may be constructed of different materlais such as timber, stone, reinforced concrete or steel.  VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION STRUCTURES, SUCH AS STAIRS, LIFIS, RAMPS ETC

13. Building finishes are used to give protective covering lo various building components, and at the same time, they provide decorative effects. Building finishes consists of the following items: ( i ) Plasterning   (ii) Pointing  (iii) Painting  (iv) Varnishing and polishing  (v) White washing  (vi) Distempering  (vii) Colour washing or colounn .  Plastening consist of providing plastic materials such as cement mortar, lime mortar etc. on walls, columns and other surfaces. Pointing is the process of finishing of mortar joins brick or stone manosary . Painting varnishing and polishing is normally done on doors, windows and other timber and steel components White washing & distempering and coIour washing etc. are done on plastered surfaces, to safeguard them against weathering effects and to improve the appearance. 7. BUILDING FINISHES .