702_Person-centered Therapy.pptagagagagaggax

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1. Ms. Edmarie Janaban PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY

2. “He who knows others is wise; he who knows himself is enlightened.” - Lao Tzu

3. Client-centered therapy , also known as person-centered therapy or Rogerian therapy , is a non-directive form of talk therapy developed by  humanist psychologist  Carl Rogers.

4. PROPONENT

5. Carl Rogers Carl Ransom Rogers was born on January 8, 1902, in Oak Park, Illinois, the fourth of six children. Rogers considered psychology to be a way to continue studying life's many questions without having to subscribe to a specific doctrine. He decided to enroll in the clinical psychology program at Columbia and completed his doctorate in 1931.

6. Carl Rogers It was during this time that Rogers developed his approach to therapy, which he initially termed "nondirective therapy." In 1946 , Rogers was elected President of the American Psychological Association. Rogers wrote 19 books and numerous articles outlining his humanistic theory. Among his best-known works are  Client-Centered Therapy  (1951),  On Becoming a Person  (1961), and  A Way of Being  (1980).

7. BASIC PHILOSOPHIES

8. The humanistic influence on person-centered therapy The person-centered approach was developed from the concepts of humanistic psychology. The humanistic approach “views people as capable and autonomous, with the ability to resolve their difficulties, realize their potential, and change their lives in positive ways” (Seligman, 2006)

9. Actualization People have the tendency to work towards self-actualization. Self-actualization refers to developing in a complete way. It occurs throughout the lifespan as the individual works Page 4 of 9 towards “intrinsic goals, self-realization and fulfilment, involving autonomy and self-regulation” (Seligman, 2006)

10. Conditions of Worth Conditions of worth influence the way in which a person’s self-concept is shaped from important people in his or her life. Conditions of worth refer to judgmental and critical messages from important people that influence the way the individual acts and reacts to certain situations.

11. The fully functioning person The fully functioning person is an individual who has “ideal emotional health” (Seligman, 2006). Generally, the fully functioning person will be open to experience, lives with a sense of meaning and purpose, and trusts in self and others

12. Phenomenological perspective The phenomenological approach refers to the unique perception by each individual of his or her own world. The individual experiences and perceives own world and reacts in an individual way.

13. KEY CONCEPTS

14. Person -centered therapy operates according to three basic principles or core conditions that reflect the attitude of the therapist to the client: The therapist is  congruent  with the client. The therapist provides the client with  unconditional positive regard . The therapist shows an  empathetic  understanding to the client.

15. Congruence - T he counsellor is genuine and real . - This condition is important as it allows the client to build a trusting relationship with the counsellor. - The counsellor’s congruence can also help defeat negative attitudes or  conditions of worth  that others may have placed on the client.

16. Unconditional Positive Regard - Rogers believed that for people to grow and fulfill their potential it is important that they are valued as themselves.  - This refers to the therapist's deep and genuine caring for the client.  - The therapist may not approve of some of the client's actions, but the therapist does approve of the client.

17. Empathy - It is the ability to understand what the client is feeling.  - This refers to the therapist's ability to understand sensitively and accurately (but not sympathetically) the client's experience and feelings in the here-and-now.  - An important part of the task of the person-centered counselor is to follow precisely what the client is feeling and to communicate to them that the therapist understands what they are feeling.

18. GOALS OF THERAPY

19. These general goals are to (Buhler, 1971): Facilitate personal growth and development Eliminate or mitigate feelings of distress Increase self-esteem and openness to experience Enhance the client’s understanding of him- or herself

20. THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP

21. The relationship between client and therapist is everything in person-centered therapy. The relationship is characterized by equality . According to Rogers, the therapist acts as a facilitator , assisting the client in his or her personality change process and down the path to congruence and self-actualization. It is also important to note that through the therapeutic relationship, the therapist often grows and changes as much as the client. Thus, the power of the relationship that Rogers describes influences both the therapist and the client (Corey, 1986).

22. DIAGNOSIS & ASSESSMENT

23. Carl Rogers used electronic recording method in counselling that made easy to examine change in the client. The detailed study is possible due to recordings. Every counselling approach gives importance to relationship between client and counsellor, but this approach overemphasized relationship. It assumes that the proper relationship makes changes in the client rather than the technique. Client must find out the solution of his problem hence he gets more satisfaction than getting a ready-made answer. Unconditional positive regard of counselor for client develops feeling of self respect in the client.

24. THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES

25. The only technique recognized as effective and applied in client-centered therapy is to listen nonjudgmentally. That’s it! In fact, many client-centered therapists and psychologists view a therapist’s reliance on “techniques” as a barrier to effective therapy rather than a boon.

26. While active listening is one of the only and most vital practices in client-centered therapy, there are many tips and suggestions for client-centered therapists to facilitate successful therapy sessions. In context, these tips and suggestions can be considered client-centered therapy’s “techniques.” Saul McLeod (2015) outlines 10 of these “techniques”:

27. 1. Set Clear Boundaries. Boundaries are vital for any relationship, but they are especially important for therapeutic relationships. Both the therapist and the client need healthy boundaries to avoid the relationship becoming inappropriate or ineffective, such as ruling out certain topics of discussion.

28. 2. Remember – the client knows best. As mentioned earlier, this therapy is founded on the idea that clients know themselves and are the best sources of knowledge and insight about their problems and potential solutions.

29. 3. Act as a sounding board. Active listening is key, but it’s also useful to reflect what the client is saying back to them. Try to put what they are telling you into your own words. This can help the client clarify their own thoughts and understand their feelings better.

30. We can use the following methods: Body language Reflection Paraphrase Tone Open-ended questions Affirmations

31. 4. Don’t be judgmental. Another vital component of client-centered therapy is to refrain from judgment. Clients are often already struggling with feelings of guilt, low self-worth, and the belief that they are simply not good enough.

32. 5. Don’t make decisions for your clients. In client-centered therapy, it is not seen as helpful or appropriate to give advice to clients. Only the client should be able to make decisions for themselves, and they have full responsibility in that respect.

33. 6. Concentrate on what they are really saying. Sometimes a client will feel uncomfortable opening up at first, or they will have trouble seeing something just below the surface. In these situations, be sure to listen carefully and keep an open mind – the problem they come in with may not be the real problem.

34. 7. Be genuine. In order for the client to share personal details about their own thoughts and feelings, they must feel safe and comfortable with you. Present yourself as you really are and share both facts and feelings with the client.

35. 8. Accept negative emotions. To help the client work through their issues and heal, it is vital to let them express their emotions – whether positive or negative. The client may even express anger, disappointment, or irritation with you at one point or another.

36. 9. How you speak can be more important than what you say. Your tone of voice can have a huge impact on what the client hears, understands, and applies. Make sure your tone is measured, and make sure it matches your non-judgmental and empathetic approach.

37. 10. “I may not be the best person to help” Remember, there is no shame in recognizing that the scope of a specific problem or the type of personality you are working with is out of your wheelhouse.

38. CRITICISMS

39. The approach may lead therapists to just be supportive of clients without challenging them (Corey, 2005). Could be an ineffective way to facilitate therapy if the therapist is non-directive and passive (Corey, 2005). Simplistic and unrealistically optimistic (Seligman, 2006). Lacks techniques to help clients solve problems (Seligman, 2006).

40. SIMULATION

41. Conclusion As Mearns and Thorne (1988) point out, we cannot understand person-centered counseling by its techniques alone.  The person-centered counselor has a very positive and optimistic view of human nature. The philosophy that people are essentially good, and that ultimately the individual knows what is right for them, is the essential ingredient of a successful person-centered therapy as “all about loving”.

42. “We think we listen, but very rarely do we listen with real understanding, true empathy. Yet listening, of this very special kind, is one of the most potent forces for change that I know.” Carl Rogers