7LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION T. Rumen function test (2).pptx

LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTILECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TON LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FULECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TFUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FULECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TFUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FULECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TFUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TLECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FULECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION LECTURE ABOUT KIDNE FUNCTION TTLECTURE

1. Rumen Function Tests By: Kibruyesfa B.

2. Rumen Function Tests Introduction The main function of rumen is to mediate fermentation of roughages and concentrate feeds => intermediate metabolites => milk, meat, energy and other products. Hence optimal meat and milk production and draft output from ruminants depends on the normal function of rumen . By: Kibruyesfa B.

3. Rumen disorders Indigestion : it is characterized by dysfunction of reticulorumen. Indigestion could emanate from: 1. Abnormal motor function of reticulorumen (impedance to innervations) TRP, bloat, ruminitis, vagal indigestion, etc. 2. Fermentative disorders (biochemical / microbial disorders) Inactivity of rumen flora (due to poor quality feeds), rumen acidosis. 3. Secondary indigestion (secondary to systemic diseases) Endotoxaemia, Fever, etc. By: Kibruyesfa B.

4. Rumen function tests are performed to assess the status of ruminal conditions before provision of feeds and to establish differential diagnosis of indigestion . By: Kibruyesfa B.

5. Rumen Function Tests Evaluation of the rumen fluid characteristics is an essential procedure in establishing the cause of indigestions of abnormal fermentation . Oral or nasal passage of a collection tube ( stomach tube ) produces sufficient fluid volume with no risk of peritoneal contamination unlike paracentesis, But increased saliva contamination. This can alter the consistency and pH of the rumen fluid. By: Kibruyesfa B.

6. The sample should be examined as soon as possible to avoid the effect of cooling and air exposure on protozoan activity and pH. For other elaborate chemical examination it can be stored at room temperature for 9 hours. By: Kibruyesfa B.

7. Color The normal color of rumen fluid varies depending on the nature of the feed. Animals on hay/dry roughages => brownish green rumen fluid, those on green grass => a deeper green color while those on grain or silage => yellowish-brown fluid. By: Kibruyesfa B.

8. Interpretations Fluid from cattle with acidosis reveal milky–grey. Fluid from animals with prolonged rumen stasis or decomposition show darker greenish–black color. By: Kibruyesfa B.

9. Consistency Normal rumen fluid has slightly viscous consistency . When the microfloras are inactive as in the case of acidosis, the rumen fluid becomes more watery. In case of frothy bloat there will be foamy consistency . Excessive saliva contamination produces greater viscosity . By: Kibruyesfa B.

10. Odour The rumen fluid has atypical odor that has been called “aromatic”/ “ Prominent ” under normal conditions. The odor is less prominent when the microfloras are inactive . Abnormal odors include: acidic smell when there is lactic acidosis , Foul odor when there is protein decomposition and ammonia smell when there is urea poisoning . By: Kibruyesfa B.

11. pH The pH depends on the type of feeds and fermentation pattern. Physiologic rumen fluid typically ranges between 6 and 7 in animals on a mostly forage diet but lower in animals kept on grain diet (5.5-6.5) . Saliva contamination is always likely. But the effect of saliva can be minimized by taking larger volume of (100 to 200ml). Rumen pH values of 7-7.5 are common in animals with a nnorexia, simple indigestion (inactivity of microflora by indigestible roughages). By: Kibruyesfa B.

12. Higher pH values occur due to: - Rumen alkalosis - Putrefaction of rumen ingesta. Lower pH results from: - Engorgement and lactic acidosis - Abomasal reflux - Intestinal obstruction - Vagal indigestion - etc By: Kibruyesfa B.

13. Sedimentation / Flotation Test Sedimentation/flotation test provides a rapid evaluation of microflora activity. The fluid is allowed to stand in a test tube and the time for completion of sedimentation and flotation of the solid particle is measured. Normally fine particles settle to the bottom while the coarser particles float, buoyed by the gas bubbles of fermentation. Some of the fine particles sink and rise again when the fermentation is very active. By: Kibruyesfa B.

14. The normal time for completion of this activity is 4-8 minutes . Inactive fluid shows very rapid sedimentation and none of the particles may float. This occurs with rumen acidosis , prolonged anorexia and inactive microflora due to indigestible roughage. When the material is frothy (frothy bloat) there may be no appreciable sedimentation or flotation. By: Kibruyesfa B.

15. Redox Potential The redox potential (reduction-oxidation potential) of rumen fluid is a biochemical characteristic that reflects the anaerobic fermentative metabolism of the bacterial population. Can be achieved by measuring the time required by rumen fluid to decolorize methylene blue dye . A mixiture of 1ml of 0.03% methylene blue with 20 ml of rumen fluid at normal body temperature is observed in a tube and compared for color with another unaltered sample of the fluid . By: Kibruyesfa B.

16. With a highly active microflora from an animal on a hay and grain diet, the initial dark blue color of the mixture decolorizes within 3 minutes , leaving a narrow blue ring at the top of the decolorized sample. Reduction times > 15 minutes occurs with diets of indigestible roughages , in anorexia and after rumen acidosis . Thus the methylene blue reduction time provides an assessment of the degree of bacterial fermentation activity . By: Kibruyesfa B.

17. Cellulose Digestion Time This is a simple test that is used to assess the proper functions of cellulytic bacterial populations. For this purpose about 10 ml of rumen fluid is mixed with 0.3 ml of 10 % glucose solution. Cotton thread is suspended into the fluid and the fluid incubated at 37 o C for 48 hours. If the rumen flora is active , the thread will be broken down but if the there is problem in rumen bacterial population, the thread will remain intact. By: Kibruyesfa B.

18. Microscopic Examination Evaluation of the number and activity of protozoa in the rumen fluid provides a sensitive indicator of the normality of the sample. The importance of these protozoa from a clinical view point is their sensitivity to abnormalities in the fluid. This is easily accomplished by exam. a drop of fresh, warm fluid under a microscope using low magnification (40x to 100x). No special stain. By: Kibruyesfa B.

19. Microscopically both ciliates and flagellates of varying size and shape can be observed, with ciliates (Entodinium) usually out-numbering the flagellates. Normal animals should show a wide variety of sizes of protozoa , in large numbers (about 6-7 protozoa per field ) that are easy to see and with active motility. Reduced numbers occur in inactive fluid samples . The larger species are more susceptible to abnormalities; thus a predominance of only small protozoa would suggest indigestive disturbances. By: Kibruyesfa B.

20. Examination of air-dried, gram stained smear of rumen fluid should contain a variety of morphologically distinguishable bacterial forms, with a predominance of gram negative organisms. After the over consumption of readily digestible carbohydrates ( grain engorgement ), a population of Streptoccoci and Lactobaccili proliferates as rumen lactic acidosis develops. By: Kibruyesfa B.