831564928-1-Introduction-to-Research-Methodology-pptx.pptx

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Introduction to Research Methodology

2. Objectives By the end of this Lecture the Candidate must Know: Definitions of Research Types of Research Important of Research How to Identify Good Research problem How Select Good Research Topic How to Analyze Research Problem 2 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

3. Definition of Research Literally: Investigation undertaken in order to discover new facts or get additional information. To search again. Scientifically: The systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data to answer certain question or solve a problem. 3 Answer question Or Solve problem 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

4. Terminology A thesis or dissertation is a research submitted for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research. "Thesis“ is used for part of a bachelor’s or master’s course "Dissertation" is normally applied to a doctorate 10/28/2025 Research Methodology 4

5. Research Purpose Generates new knowledge (basic research) Identifies priority problems Evaluates polices (applied research). 5 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

6. Classification of research Basic research Applied research Qualitative research Quantitative research 10/28/2025 Research Methodology 6

7. Basic research & Applied research 1. Basic Research Generating new knowledge and technologies to deal with major unresolved issues. 2. Applied Research Identification of priority problems Design, implement and evaluate policies and programmes of benefit 7 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

8. Steps of Developing a Research What is the problem and why should it be studied? ( Statement of the Problem ) What information is already available? ( Literature Review ) Why do we want to carry out the research? What do we hope to achieve? ( Objectives ) What data needed? ( Methods and Tools ) How much is needed? How to collect? How to process and analyze? Who will do what, when and where? How to manage the project? What resources are needed for carrying out the study? 10/28/2025 Research Methodology 8

9. Problems identification & selection 10/28/2025 Research Methodology 9

10. Introduction Problem is a discrepancy between what should be and what exists . Finding a problem is not hard but identifying one for research is not always easy. A well-defined problem leads to good statement of research problem, hypothesis, and definition of key variables and selection of appropriate methodology. 10 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

11. Source of problem Real life ( observation ) Reading published papers Professors and Seniors Note: Problem analysis helps in finding a topic 10/28/2025 Research Methodology 11

12. Types of Problems Community based health problems such as: harmful practices, unsafe water, poor basic sanitation … Hospital based problems such as: Diseases Health Services problems Such as: (money, materials, manpower, management) 12 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

13. Criteria for selecting a problem Important health problem Have some chance of being solved Feasible within the available resources Be one that require reasonable resources The research should be cost/effective 13 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

14. 1.Important Health Problem Statistical data. Epidemiological data Discussions with key personnel, decision-makers, academicians and experienced researchers in the various fields may facilitate for the researchers to identify priority problems 14 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

15. 2.Have Some Chance Of Being Solved Unreasonable to select a problem not amenable for solution. Explore & review available literature. 10/28/2025 Research Methodology 15

16. 3.Feasible Within The Available Resources Is the available time enough to complete the research if such problem is selected? Will the research objectives be achieved within the available time? Will the research results be of value if the research is carried within the available time? 16 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

17. 4.Be One That Require Reasonable Resources Examine the available and potential resources at local, national and international levels 17 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

18. 5.The Research Should Be Cost/Effective Simple cost/effectiveness analysis. Is it cost /effective to conduct a research? Is it going to produce fruitful results? Will the expected results solve the problem ? How the research outcome will contribute to general knowledge? 18 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

19. Prioritizing problems Criteria for Selecting best research title

20. Prioritizing problems Relevance Avoidance of duplication Feasibility Political acceptability Applicability Urgency Ethical acceptability 20 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

21. Relevance Topic chosen should be a priority problem Questions to consider include How large or widespread is the problem? Who is being affected? How severe is the problem? Who perceives the problem to be important? If a topic is not relevant drop it out 21 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

22. Avoidance of duplication Has the topic been investigated before? Are there other studies that have similar results? Results should be reviewed to explore whether major questions that deserve further investigations remained unanswered 22 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

23. Feasibility How easy is it to implement this research problem? Do I have the resources? Thought should be given on Personnel Time Equipment and money locally available 23 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

24. Political Acceptability Always research on a topic that has the interest of the authorities. Increases the chance that the results of the study will be implemented At times you might need to show that certain government policy needs adjustment Involve the policy makers concerned at an early stage to limit confrontation 24 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

25. Applicability Is it likely that the recommendations from this study will be applied ? Depends on the blessing of the authority Depends on the availability of resources to implement the recommendations Opinion of potential recipients and responsible staff influence the implementation too. 25 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

26. Urgency How urgently are the results needed for making decision? Which research should be done first and which one can be done later ? 26 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

27. Ethical acceptability Are you not inflicting harm on others while carrying out research? Review your research with the view of ethics in whatever you are doing 27 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

28. Scales for Rating of research topics Each of the 7 criteria is rated on a 3-point scale to identify priority problems Rating Scale 1.Low (1-2) 2.Medium (3-5) 3.High (above 5) 28 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

29. Criteria For Prioritizing A Research Problem 1. Relevance: Not relevant = 0 Relevant = 1 Very relevant = 2 2. Avoidance of duplication: Sufficient information already available = 1 Some information available = 2 No information available = 3 29 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

30. Cont. Criteria for prioritizing a research problem 3. Feasibility: Study not feasible = 1 Study feasible = 2 Study very feasible = 3 4. Political acceptability : Topic not accepted to policy makers = 0 Topic more or less accepted = 1 Topic fully accepted = 2 30 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

31. cont. Criteria for prioritizing a research problem 5. Applicability: No chance of recommendations being implemented = 1 Some of the recommendations being implemented = 2 Good chances of recommendations being implemented = 3 31 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

32. cont. Criteria for prioritizing a research problem 6. Urgency: Information not urgently needed = 1 Information is needed but delay is acceptable = 2 Information very urgently = 3 7. Ethical acceptability: Not ethically accepted = 0 Minor ethical problem = 1 No ethical problem = 2 32 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

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34. Problem analysis Identify factors that may have contributed to the problem. Clarify the relationship between the problem and the contributing factors. Problem analysis diagram helps to visualize the interrelationship between the problem and the contributing factors. 34 10/28/2025 Research Methodology

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36. e.g. 10/28/2025 Research Methodology 36

37. Assignments Select Topic/s Periodizing it Using above Table Deadline for Submission: Next Week 10/28/2025 Research Methodology 37

38. Thank you Ref: Research Guidelines Mamoun H. Research Methods Handout Email: [email protected] 38 10/28/2025 Research Methodology