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This is the destiny to struggle

1. Course code: 8618 ( School Leadership)

2. This course tells the learner about educational leadership and to help them how they perform as a leader in future. This Course includes the theoretical concept and implication of the educational leadership. Educational leader not only top and middle managers but school heads play an important role in the school. Leadership styles and strategies vary from situation to situation. So, The student of educational planning and management needs to know about professional and practical knowledge and skills to handle the responsibility of School. Introduction of the Course

3. After completing this course, the learners will be able to: acknowledge and apply the knowledge about leadership in their practices identify the role significance of educational leadership use the leadership skills to develop effective learning environment in and around the educational institutions lead the field of education to a better tomorrow LEARNING OUTCOMES OF COURSE

4. After completing this Unit, the learners will be able to to understand the concept and process of leadership. to know the needs and scope of leadership. to understand different levels of leadership. to differentiate between management and leadership UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO LEADERSHIP

5. The term leadership has been defined by researchers in different ways. According to Yukl (2009) Leadership is the behavior of individuals directing their followers towards shared goal. The person who is assigned the specialized role of leadership is called leader and the other members are called followers. leadership is a multifaceted phenomenon consisting of leaders , followers , and the situation . There three terms common in most of the leadership definition; influence, goal, and followers. Leader influences the behavior of the followers. For example a principal as a leader can change teachers’ behavior to control absenteeism and improve teaching and learning. Concept and Definition of Leadership

6. Influence (B) Followers (C) Goals 1. Influence: Leaders influence follower through power. According to Lunenburg (2012) , Leaders have some power. There are two sources of power for leaders; personal, and organizational . Leader has one thing common i.e. they have vision to achieve goal. Vision is intrinsic power to attract and energies of followers to create meaning in workers' lives, establishes a standard of excellence, bridges the present to the future, and transcends the status quo. Leaders of different styles possess different types of personal powers to influence people. Charismatic leaders have power of charisma to influence their followers. Transformational leaders influence their subordinate from their expertise, strength of relationships Common terms in the definitions of Leadership

7. There are five sources of power within organization. Legitimate, reward, and coercive Legitimate power: It is a formal authority of persons due to their positions in an organization. E.g. policeman can arrest a citizen, and a teacher assigns grades. Influence due to this power is weak and narrow. Leaders who rely mostly on formal authority are not very influential and can create conflicts . Reward: Promotions, pay increases, working on special projects, training and developmental opportunities, attractive assignments are the incentives. Leaders can use these incentives to influence co-workers. This is effective as long as workers consider it a reward . Coercive: Warnings, undesirable work assignments, withholding key information, demotion, suspension, and dismissal are the examples of coercive influence. Autocratic leaders use frequently this organizational power. SOURCES OF POWERS

8. Expert: Knowledge, experience, and skills are personal sources of power of leaders to influence followers. Leaders having the expert power can influence followers, even if they are not a high rank position . Referent: The referent power is related to personality of a leader. Charismatic leaders are role models for their followers. The followers follow, even imitate them. Such leaders can influence deeply. SOURCES OF POWERS

9. Followers : In the process of leadership leaders exert influence on followers. In an organization formal group are lead by leaders while in informal leadership the followers are not the subordinates. The followers are influenced by leader due to some special skills, and personality traits. The followers are influenced by leader due to some special skills, and personality traits. According to Whitlock (2013), the employees in an organization must have appropriate skills for optimized performance . C. Goal: Leaders influence followers to change their behavior for the purpose of attainment of a goal. Leaders and their followers focus on goal attainment. For example one of the goals of a school could be to inculcate cultural value in children. For attainment of this goal principals influence teachers and other stakeholders, changing their behavior.

10. In our society we face many problems, conflicts, and challenges. We seek guidance formally or informally. We look for people who are able to influence and solve the problem, in other words to achieve the objectives. If you feel that there are numerous problems we are facing, or you feel that there is a need to achieve goals then there is an intense need of leadership. Organizations achieve their goals by providing effective leadership. Leaders give vision to their followers and align followers’ thoughts with the vision, and translate vision into goals. Leithwood , Seashore, Anderson, & Wahlstrom (2004) identified the following areas, for goal setting, for school leaders Creating and Sustaining a Competitive School: District educational leaders should set goals for school leaders , to make their school competitive with other institutions . Such goals motivate principals , teachers, and students to improve learning environment for better results . Need and Scope of Leadership

11. Empowering Others to Make Significant Decisions : This goal is achieved by empowering stakeholders. Achieving this goal will improve monitoring and accountability of schools. The administrator should have the ability to delegate powers and guide their followers align their actions with the goal. Teachers should empowered and involved all types of activates related with school. Providing Instructional Guidance: Principals set goals for improvement of teaching and learning. Principals ’ instructional leadership skills will help in achieving this goal . They will coordinate and communicate effectively with teacher to improve teachers ’ instructional practices.

12. Developing and Implementing Strategic and School-Improvement Plans: School improvement plan is a comprehensive and documented strategy. It is a cyclic process, implemented for improvement of every department of a school. It requires competencies and experties in field, like financing and budgeting, professional development, resources management, implementation, and evaluation.

13. Maxwell (2011) described five levels of leadership. These levels are Position, Permission, Production, People Development, and Pinnacle . It is a road map for those who want to reach the highest level of leadership. It gives learning path. It gives a clear picture of leadership . THE 5 LEVELS OF LEADERSHIP . Level 1 — Position. The lowest level of leadership—the entry level, if you will—is Position. ... Level 2 — Permission. Level 2 is based on relationship. ... Level 3 — Production. ... Level 4 — People Development. ... Level 5 — Pinnacle. Levels of Leadership

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