9_Breeds_of_horse,_zoological_classification,_common_terminology.pptx

It's about the breeds of horses

1. Breeds of horse, zoological classification, common terminology LPM 122 (Monogastric animals)

2. Zoological classification Horse Donkey Kingdom Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordate Chordate Class Mammalian Mammalian Sub-class Eutheria Eutheria Order Ungulate Ungulate Sub-order Perissodactyla Perissodactyla Family Equidae Equidae Genus Equus Equus Species Caballus Asinus Zoological name Equus caballus Equus asinus

3. Mule Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Perissodactyla Family: Equidae Genus: Equus Species: E. caballus + E. asinus

4. Common terms and definitions Equine The species equine includes horses, mules, donkeys and zebras. Stallion or entire An adult male horse used for breeding purpose, over 4 years of age Mare An adult female horse used for breeding Brood mare A female horse used for breeding purpose Geld or gelding A castrated male horse

5. Stallion

6. Brood mare

7. Foal at foot mare

8. Foal at foot mare

9. Mare in heat

10. Broken horse A well trained horse Unbroken horse An untrained horse Cob A short legged stocky horse Aged horse The horse is said to be aged when it is about 8 years old Pony Horse having a height less than 14 hands (1 hand = 4 inches) Common terms and definitions

11. Foal A young one of either sex under 1 year of age Colt foal A male young one under 1 year of age Filly foal A female young one under 1 year of age Colt A young immature male horse over 1 year old Filly A young immature female horse over 1 year old Yearling A horse over 1 year and under 2 years of age Rig A male horse of 12 months or older in which one or both the testicles has been retained in the abdomen. Single rig or monorchid, double rig or cryptorchid. Common terms and definitions

12. Thoroughbred horse Horses whose 8 immediate ancestors are registered with stallion and mare’s record. Half bred horses It is also a race horse with no pedigree sheet, not eligible for entry in the herd or stud book Pure-bred horses Entered in a stud or herd book maintained by the breeding society Blood horse It is usually meant to indicate a horse of pure breeding of either thoroughbred or Arab breed. Common terms and definitions

13. Mule Hybrid progeny of female horse (mare) crossed with male donkey, the resultant offspring mule is a sterile progeny. Jennet/ Jenny/Hinny/ genet Hybrid progeny of male horse (stallion) crossed with she donkey Foaling The act of giving birth to young one Pack/herd Group of animals Covering Act of mating Common terms and definitions

14. BREEDS OF HORSE ( EQUUS CABALUS ) In India, there are 6 well known distinct breeds of horses. These include Marwari, Kathiawari, Spiti, Zanskari, Manipuri and Bhutia. Besides these, the FAO has also recognize 3 more breeds, namely Chummarti, Deccani and Sikang. These breeds have distinct breeding tracts in various parts of the country including northern, north-west and North-East India.

15. Marwari horse Origin in the Marwar and Mewar region of Rajasthan These horses are mainly reared for riding, sports and safari. The Marwari horse measures in height from 142-169 cm. Face is finally chiselled, slightly longish, pointed with round nostrils and large expressive eyes. Ears are at 90º axis and can rotate at 180º angle. Ear tips are pointed and curved inward like a sickle. The ears meet or overlap each other when the animal rotates them.

16. Marwari horse Ear tips are pointed and curved inward like a sickle

17. Marwari horse The animal have fine coat. The predominate body colours are chestnut, liver chestnut, black, brown, piebald and skewbald. Marwari horses are docile, beautiful and known for endurance, speed and adaptability under adverse climatic conditions and scanty feed and fodder. The Marwari horse described as “as a fine horse, as any other in the world” by General Tweedie, a British Cavalry Officer.

18. Marwari male horse

19. Marwari female horse

20. Kathiawari horse The breeding tract of Kathiawari horses is erstwhile Saurashtra province of Gujarat. The breed is believed to have evolved from the wild horses of Kathiawar of Gujarat State and Arabian horses which happened to land on seashore after the crash of a ship in Arabian sea. Common body colours observed are chestnut, bay, grey and dun.

21. Kathiawari horse

22. Kathiawari female

23. Kathiawari male

24. Kathiawari horse The ears are upright on 90º axis and can rotate at 180º. As compared to Marwari breed, the ears are smaller in length and less in width. The forehead and poll gives a triangular appearance. Other features are long neck like a cock, short legs and squared quarters. The height is 130-150 cm.

25. Spiti horse Spiti ponies have their origin in Tibet and are found in Pin valley of Spiti Division of Himachal Pradesh. These strong and hardy ponies are adapted to cold desert regions and capable of thriving under adverse condition of nutrition, food scarcity, low temperatures and longer journey at high altitude. These are mainly used as pack animal and for riding. The average height is 120-122 cm. Predominant body colour includes gray, black, brown and dun. The neck is short with a long and thick mane.

26. Spiti horse

27. Spiti male horse

28. Zanskari horse Zanskari breed of horses is available in Laddakh area of Jammu and Kashmir. Common body colour are gray, black and copper. These horses are known for their hardiness and ability to work at high altitude. The animals are alert, well build, medium in size. The height ranges between 132-147 cm. The tail is long and heavy, almost touching the ground. These horses are used for draught, transport, riding and polo.

29. Zanskari horse

30. Zanskari male horse

31. Manipuri horse Manipuri ponies are found in Manipur and Assam. These alert ponies are known for beauty, fastness and are famous for polo and riding purpose. The animals are of medium built standing 112-132 cm at withers. The common body colours include bay, brown, gray or chestnut. The ears are alert and almond shaped .

32. Manipuri horse

33. Bhutia horse These horses are distributed in Sikkim and Darjeeling. Predominant body colour are gray and bay. Height at withers is from 130-132 cm. These are mainly used as pack and riding animals in hilly terrains. Strong legs and long hairs on neck and tail are characteristic features of this breed.

34. Bhutia horse

35. Chummarti horse This breed is found in the Chummarti valley of Tibet. In India, these horses are available in Himachal Pradesh. This breed is very similar to Spiti. Height at withers is 127-129 cm.

36. Exotic breeds Thoroughbred horses Thoroughbred horses are who’s 8 immediate ancestors are known The have been developed by crossing warm-blooded Arabian horses with cold blood heavy breed European horses. These are maintained by the private breeders. Registration of individual thoroughbred stallion and brood mares is governed by Stud book authority of India which is a part of Royal Western India Turf Club Limited, Pune, Ministry of Agriculture undertake registration of studs. Indian Army and Paramilitary forces and police use thoroughbred horses for their requirements. Most of the stallion are yet imported for breeding activity by Indian army and thoroughbred industry. Distinctive feature Long fore arm and lesser thigh, long distance from hip to hock, long smooth muscling. The rear quarters are highly powerful.

37. Arabian horse The head is relatively small, dished, and triangular with small muzzle, wide set eyes. The neck is distinctive, it is long arched and set high on the shoulder. The tail is often arched above the croup level while the horse is walking or trotting.

38. Arabian horse The head is relatively small, dished, and triangular with small muzzle, wide set eyes The neck is distinctive, it is long arched and set high on the shoulder The tail is often arched above the croup level while the horse is walking or trotting

39. Arabian horse

40. Pony breeds Welsh or welsh mountain pony : is ideal for young children as play and pet animal Connemara : largest of pony breed Miniature horse : the maximum high for registration by the international miniature horse registry is 32 inches only. Eg. Tom Thumb (23”), Cactus (26”), Flabella (15”)

41. Welsh or welsh mountain pony

42. Miniature horse

43. ASS OR DONKEY The asses are believed to be of African and Asian origin. They differ from horses by many ways. The most noticeable characteristic is large and much longer ear. The hairs on mane and tail are very scanty and there is a brush like switch at the end of the tail. The FAO has reported three distinct types of Indian assess namely, Indian donkeys, Indian wild ass and Kiang. There are three types of donkeys available in India. Small size dark grey Large sized light grey to white Large size dark brown colour with long hair.

44. ASS OR DONKEY

45. ASS OR DONKEY

46. ASS OR DONKEY In India there is an organized exotic donkey breeding farm at National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar and Bikaner, which is able to proved donkey semen for mule production as well as for upgrading of indigenous donkeys. During the recent past, China has utilized the potential of donkeys with special breeding programme. Presently, china has raised about 10 million high bred donkeys for carting. Donkey carts in China carry about 400 kg loads. (Indian wild ass is found in Little Rann of Kutch (Gujarat) and Kiang in Ladakh, Kiang is largest and heaviest of all the Asiatic wild Ass.)

47. ASS OR DONKEY

48. 3 months old

49. Mule These are hybrid born out of donkey stallion and the horse mare. The production of mules involves three steps including breeding of jack stock for use as stallion, breeding of the horse mares and crossing of jack with mare. One of the difficulties in mule production is to locate a fertile jack that can serve the horse mare.

50. Mule The mules are usually produced for draught purposes. The mules are most useful as draught, pack and transport animals particularly in difficult terrains including hills. The mule combines some of the superior qualities of both the species. It has size, speed, strength and spirit of the horse and surefooted-ness, lack of excitability, endurance and ability to thrive on poor food of donkey. The draught mules stand from 155-172 cm in height and weigh from 450-650 kg.

51. Types of mule in India There are two distinct types of mules, namely, Mountain Artillery (MA) and General Service (GS) kept by Indian Army. Mountain Artillery mules are used for carrying heavy load and artillery in mountain region General services mules are used for general transportation.

52. The mules have to go through a rigorous selection procedure They have their own Mule in Indian army

53. Characteristics of mule With its short thick head, long ears, thin limbs, small narrow hooves, and short mane, the mule shares characteristics of a donkey In height and body, shape of neck and croup, uniformity of coat, and teeth, it appears horse-like The mule comes in all sizes, shapes and conformities. There are mules that resemble quarter horses, huge draft mules, fine-boned racing mules, shaggy pony mules and many more types. A mule does not sound exactly like a donkey or a horse. Instead, a mule makes a sound that is similar to a donkey's but also has the whinnying characteristics of a horse (often starts with a whinny, ends in a hee-haw).

54. Characteristics of mule Sometimes, mules whimper. The coats of mules come in the same varieties as those of horses. Common colors are bay, black, and grey. Less common are white, roans (both blue and red), dun The mule possesses the sobriety, patience, endurance and sure-footedness of the donkey, and the vigour, strength and courage of the horse.

55. Characteristics of mule Operators of working animals generally find mules preferable to horses: mules show less impatience under the pressure of heavy weights, and their skin, harder and less sensitive than that of horses, renders them more capable of resisting sun and rain. Their hooves are harder than horses', and they show a natural resistance to disease and insects. Mules exhibit a higher cognitive intelligence than their parent species - horses and donkeys. This is believed to be the result of hybrid vigor, similar to how mules acquire greater endurance than either parent.

56. Characteristics of mule Mules are highly intelligent. They tend to be curious by nature. A mule generally will not let the rider put it in harm's way. However, the stereotype of the mule as being stubborn is somewhat unfair and inaccurate.

57. population The population trend indicates continuous decline in equine population from 1951 to 2003 for horse, ponies and donkeys except for mules which have shown a steady increase.

58. Year Horses and ponies Donkeys Mules 1951 1514 1249 61 1956 1484 1057 39 1961 1327 1096 53 1966 1148 1054 75 1972 942 994 75 1977 916 917 89 1982 900 1024 131 1987 784 960 169 1992 800 1000 200 1997 800 900 200 2003 800 700 200

59. Of the total equine population in India, donkey, horses/ponies and mules constitute 50.24%, 40.93% and 8.83% respectively. The population of horses and ponies is 24988 and donkeys is 25779. The world’s horse population is 55.5 million, mule 12.8 million and donkeys 40.3 million.