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1. Department of Civil Engineering Course Code-18CVP84 Project Phase 2 Presentation on, IMPACT OF RICE HUSK ASH ON PROPERTIES OF STABILIZED MUD BLOCKS. (Batch :- A5) TEAM MEMBERS: BEIPAZILAI KIBBY (1DA19CV012) DARSHAN K B (1DA20CV407) HARSHITHA G (1DA20CV409) N B VIVEK (1DA20CV416) RAHUL (1DA20CV420) 6/13/2023 1 GUIDED BY: Mrs. MADHU K S Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Dr. AIT, Bengaluru-560056

2. Content Introduction Aim and Objectives of the study Literature Review Materials and Methodology Basic Tests Conducted on Materials Mix Design Experimental Programme Methods - Flow Chart Proportioning of Ingredients for Making Mud Blocks Preparation of Mud Blocks Water Content for Preparation of Blocks Tests on Mud Blocks References 6/13/2023 2

3. I. INTRODUCTION In developing countries like India there is acute shortage of housing units. More than 60% of its population is living in sub standard houses and there are huge demands for low cost building units. One of the factors which contribute to the problem is the high cost of building materials and there are huge demands for low cost building units. Soil blocks improves thermal control in a building and provide high efficiency to users. Therefore soil are used in mud blocks. This stabilized mud block are used in wall for the filling of gap of reinforced beam and column. This stabilized mud block also known as mud bricks. 6/13/2023 3 Fig 1:- Stabilized Mud Blocks

4. Paddy is a monocot plant and rice obtained from it is the staple food for a large portion of population leading to a large amount of paddy production and resulting in generation of large quantities of waste, known as Rice Husk . Rice husk wastes are used as animal feed ,fertilizer and fuel for small-scale energy production, but little work has been reported on the use of RHA in the production of brick-blocks. For every 1000kg of paddy milled, about 220kg(22%) of husk is produced, and when this husk is burnt in the boilers, about 55kg of ash (i.e., RHA) is generated of the 220kg (25%) of rice husk, resulting in an annual production of 120 million tons of RHA worldwide. Generation of huge quantity of ash causes air pollution and other environmental impacts to nature when disposed off or unscientifically dumped into landfills. Hence there is a strong need to utilize ash in construction applications, effect of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) in Stabilized Mud Blocks (SMB) are investigated in this present study. 6/13/2023 4 Fig 2:- Rice Husk Ash

5. II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To minimize the environmental degradation by using renewable or recycle materials in building construction such as stabilized soil. To investigate local soils to identify their suitableness in stabilized earth block production. Study the effect of variation of pozzolanic material i.e., Rice Husk Ash (RHA) content with variation in combination of conventional stabilizer content (i.e., cement). 6/13/2023 5

6. III. LITERATURE REVIEW SL NO JOURNAL NAME AUTHOR AND YEAR FINDING 1. A Study on the efficiency of rice husk ash as a full replacement for clay in brick-blocks Bandaru Sri Sai Shanmukh (2020) All the mixes investigated, brick-block with 50:20:30 (Rice Husk Ash: M-sand: Cement) proportions is considered better of all, as it resulted in the highest compressive strength. However, this mix resulted in a higher water absorption value, more than the permissible value of 20%. Hence, these brick-blocks may be used for unimportant works, such as compound walls, parapet walls, gardening blocks etc., as they belong to Class 3 as per IS 12894:2002. 6/13/2023 6

7. SL NO JOURNAL NAME AUTHOR AND YEAR FINDING 2. Soil stabilization using lime and rice husk ash Shafi Kamal Rahman. (2020) It was mixed with 5, 10, 15 &20% of RHA. It was compacted with water content of 5% and above that of optimum moisture content (OMC). The tests such as California bearing ratio (CBR) & unconfined compressive strength (UCS) were conducted on the soil. It showed the significant improvement in CBR & UCS values of the replaced soil compared to the original soil. By replacing soil with lime and RHA,there was increase in optimum moisture content (OMC) of lime mixed soil & decrease in maximum dry density (MDD). For 15% lime & 10% RHA combination gave the maximum value of UCS (530KN/m 2 ). 6/13/2023 7

8. SL NO JOURNAL NAME AUTHOR AND YEAR FINDING 3. Compressive strength of stabilized interlocking bricks with rice husk and sawdust ashes as pozzolans. Ogundipe (2019) Generally, this research shows that bricks with both Rice Husk Ash and Saw Dust Ash as pozzolans has their compressive strengths increasing as their ages increase. Though it can be deduced that Rice Husk Ash shows sign of being more pozzolanic than Saw Dust Ash , bricks made with both pozzolans still met the Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute’s minimum standard of 1.65 N/mm2 . 6/13/2023 8

9. SL NO JOURNAL NAME AUTHOR AND YEAR FINDING 4. Stabilization of soil using rice husk ash Rathan Raj, Banupriya & Dharani February – 2016 The liquid limit and the free swell Index of the soil decreased steeply with the increase in the % of Rice Husk Ash. In case of alluvial soil the liquid limit decreased from a value of 59% to 19.2% for the same quantum of addition of Rice Husk Ash . The decrease in the free swell Index was from 59% to 13.6%. The shrinkage limit of soil increased to 23.7 and 24.2% respectively for alluvial soil and clay soil from 12% initially for virgin soil. 6/13/2023 9

10. SL NO JOURNAL NAME AUTHOR AND YEAR FINDING 5. An Experimental Study on use of Rice Husk Ash in Stabilized Mud Blocks Harsha H N (2016) Compressive strength values gradually decreases with every percentage replacement of cement by RHA due to reduction of cement content. Selected combination C4W4A4 (40%) gives a wet compressive strength of 3.39 N/mm2 and dry compressive strength of 7.08 N/mm2 . Blocks produced with this combination come under class 30 grade of soil based blocks as specified in IS: 1725-1982. 6/13/2023 10

11. IV. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY Materials used Soil. Rice Husk Ash as a Stabilizer. Cement. Water. Methodology : Selection and procurement of materials. Evaluation of material properties . Rice husk ash is added in the following percentage i.e.0%, 20%, 40%,and 60% of cement and dry mix is carried out. Casting of blocks. Basic Tests conducted on soil Determination of grain size distribution of soil. Determination of specific gravity. Determination of liquid limit. Determination of Plastic limit. Determination of optimum moisture content and corresponding maximum dry density. 6/13/2023 11 Fig 3:- ASTRA ( Compressed Earth Block machine)

12. Tests conducted on Rice Husk Ash Initial Setting time Final setting time Standard Consistency Specific Gravity Tests conducted on Cement. Initial Setting time Final setting time Standard Consistency Specific Gravity Tests conducted on Mud Blocks. Compressive strength Initial Water Absorption Test Dimensionality test Effloresence test 6/13/2023 12

13. V. BASIC TEST RESULT 1. The Moisture Content is 17.4% . 2. Grain size distribution of soil , Type of soil = Well graded soil 3. The specific gravity of soil fraction is 2.69 4. A. Casagrande liquid limit Liquid Limit = 51% Flow Index (FI) = 13.80 B. Cone penetration method Liquid Limit is 49.09% 5. Plastic limit of the soil is 24.95% 6. The Shrinkage limit obtained is 21.77% 7. Optimum moisture content = 24% 8. Maximum dry density = 1.8 g/cc 6/13/2023 13

14. VI.EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME The main objective of the experimental program was to understand the effect of pozzolanic material Rice Husk Ash (RHA) along with conventional stabilizer (cement) on the properties of stabilized mud blocks. This chapter presents the proportioning of various ingredients used in the preparation of the mud blocks, trials carried out to prepare blocks before arriving at the optimum water content and various combinations of admixtures and ingredients. It also presents the various tests planned to carry on mud blocks to assess their engineering properties and durability. 6/13/2023 14

15. i . MOULD USED FOR PREPARING MUD BLOCKS Compressed Earth Block had very limited use prior to the 1980s. It was known in the 1950s in South America, where one of the most well-known presses , the Cinva Ram, was developed by Raul Ramirez in the Inter-American Housing Center (CINVA) in Bogota, Colombia. The Cinva Ram is a single-block, manual-press that uses a long, hand-operated lever to drive a  cam , generating high pressure. Here for preparing the stabilized mud block, Astra Machine was used. Fig 4.1 shows the Astra Machine used, having dimensions (230 x 190 x 110 mm). 6/13/2023 15 Fig 4.1: Astra Machine

16. 6/13/2023 16 VII. METHODS - FLOW CHART EVALUATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL RED SOIL DECIDING ON OPTIMUM WATER CONTENT FOR DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS (SERIES) BY PERFORMING TRAIL MIXES EVALUATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF STABILIZED MUD BLOCKS CURING OF MUD BLOCKS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS RESEARCH CONCLUSION AND OUTCOME EVALUATION OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES (i.e., CEMENT, RHA, etc.) PREPARATION OF STABILIZED MUD BLOCKS WITH ASTRA MACHINE

17. 6/13/2023 17 VIII . WATER CONTENT FOR PREPARATION OF BLOCKS TRIAL MIXES From the literatures it was found generally soil used to prepare mud blocks shall have about 10%-15% clay content and about 8-10% binder content with about water content slightly more than the optimum moisture content (OMC) of the natural soil. This is obvious because water up to OMC is required for soil to form a cohesive mix and further moisture content is required for hydration of the binder (OPC and RHA). Based on the results obtained from trail mixes, the water content needed to be added for preparation of blocks was decided and gives the water content used during preparation of different proportions of stabilized mud blocks. Water content adopted was 12%.

18. IX. PROPORTIONING OF INGREDIENTS FOR MAKING MUD BLOCKS For preparing the stabilized mud blocks of desired properties, it was found absolutely necessary to proportion the various ingredients used for preparing stabilized mud blocks of desired variation in combination with the stabilizers and also to study the effect of these variations on the properties of stabilized mud blocks. The blocks prepared in the present study with three varying percentage of stabilizer contents i.e., cement and Rice husk ash content cases are named as below: 100% soil + 0 % stabilizer 100 % soil + 8 % stabilizer 100 % soil + 8 % stabilizer 20% RHA 80% cement 100 % soil + 8 % stabilizer   40 % RHA 60% cement 100 % soil + 8 % stabilizer   60 % RHA 40% cement 6/13/2023 18

19. Table 4.1: Various combinations of stabilized mud blocks studied TRIAL NO TRIAL/SERIES NAME SOIL (kg) CEMENT (kg) RHA (kg) WATER (ml) 1 100%S+0% stabilizer 9 1200 2 100 % S+ 8 % stabilizer 9 0.72 1200 3 100 % S+ 8 %stabilizer (20 % RHA & 80% C) 9 0.576 1200 4 100 % S+ 8 %stabilizer (40 % RHA & 60% C) 9 0.432 0.288 1200 5 100 % S+ 8 %stabilizer (60 % RHA & 40% C) 9 0.288 0.432 1200 6/13/2023 19 Total combinations = 5 combination = 9x5=45 Blocks. Total No. of curing periods (studied) = 3, 7 and 28 days. S= SOIL C= CEMENT R= RICE HUSK ASH

20. X. PREPARATION OF MUD BLOCKS 6/13/2023 20 Fig 5.1: Batching Soil Fig 5.2: Addition of cement Fig5.3 : Addition of RHA Fig 5.4:Dry mixing of batched material Fig 5.5: Addition of required quantity of water Fig 5.6: Thorough wet mixing by manual mixing

21. Fig 5.7: Oiling of mould 6/13/2023 21 Fig 5.8: Filling & compacting the soil by hand Fig5.9 : Ejecting of mud block from the mould . Fig 5.10: Freshly prepared mud blocks.

22. XI. TESTS ON MUD BLOCKS Mud blocks of various proportions were prepared and tested for number of tests after 3 days,7 days and 28 days of curing period. i . Dry Compressive Strength (DCS) Compressive strength of a block can be evaluated under both wet and dry condition; however, the behaviour of the block under wet (saturated) condition will be worst, hence the load carrying capacity under saturated condition. The stabilized mud blocks prepared were cured for 3,7 and 28 days. The blocks which has completed specific curing period then they were taken out then the surface was wiped and tested for compressive strength in universal testing machine (UTM), specimen being kept between steel Figs for uniform distribution of load applied Fig 4.6(a). Equation 1: WCS ( Mpa ) =Max. Load at Failure/Area of block Load . 6/13/2023 22

23. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST ON MUD BLOCKS 6/13/2023 23 Fig 6 : Block Placed For Wet Compressive Strength Test Fig7: Failure Of Specimen Under Compression

24. Result of dry Compressive strength 6/13/2023 24 3 days 7 days 28 days

25. ii. DIMENSIONALITY TEST The dimensionality test was conducted as per the IS: 1077-1992 (Reaffirmed 2011) & IS: 1725-2013. The overall distance of the assembled blocks was measured using a steel tape along the length, breadth and height of the stabilized mud blocks and tabulated. The dimensions tolerances of blocks are calculated by Equation 4. The result obtained from the test was compared with the code provisions of IS: 1077-1992 (Reaffirmed 2011). Result of Dimensionality Test Length (mm) =2320mm (As per IS code the length should be 2250 ± 180) Breadth (mm) =1920mm (As per IS code the length should be 1900 ± 90) Height (mm) =1070mm (As per IS code the length should be 1100 ± 60) Equation 3: Length, Breadth, Height(mm) = Total measurement in respective alignment/ no. of units Taken 6/13/2023 25

26. 6/13/2023 26 Fig 8.1: Width measurement Fig 8.0: Length Measurement Fig 8.2: H eight measurement

27. iii. EFFLORESCENCE TEST It is evident that all the series of blocks used in the present study has no deposits of white patch on the surface. so, one can infer the blocks are not susceptible to efflorescence and are suitable for construction activities. 6/13/2023 27 Fig 10: Blocks placed for Efflorescence test

28. iV . WEIGHT ANALYSIS OF STABILIZED MUD BLOCKS From Table 5.2 it can be concluded that, cost of SMBs will be reduced with the addition of RHA in SMBs. Therefore it prove to be economical building material. 6/13/2023 28 Table 5.2 : Weight analysis of Stabilized Mud Blocks   CASE SOIL(Kg) CEMENT(Kg) RHA(Kg) COST( Rs ) A 9 18.00 B 9 0.72 23.76 C 9 0.576 0.144 22.86 D 9 0.432 0.288 22.03 E 9 0.288 0.432 21.17

29. V . COST ANALYSIS OF STABILIZED MUD BLOCKS From Table 5.3 it can be concluded that, weight of SMBs will decrease with the addition of RHA and cement. Therefore the dead weight will be reduced when used in the construction.   6/13/2023 29 Table 5.3 : Cost analysis of Stabilized Mud Blocks     CASE   TRIAL   WEIGHT IN KG   AVERAGE   A 1 10.05   10.03 2 10.10 3 9.95   B 1 9.92   9.79 2 9.65 3 9.82   C 1 9.42   9.436 2 9.35 3 9.54   D 1 8.34   8.823 2 9.01 3 8.62   E 1 7.65   7.586 2 7.40 3 7.71

30. XII. CONCLUSION Based on the results obtained it has been found that , Case 3 has resulted better compressive strength of 6.01N/mm 2 compared to Case 1 and Case 2 and the results satisfies Class 30 grade of soil based blocks as specified in IS 1725-1982. It is possible to utilize Rice Husk Ash (RHA) in the production of stabilized mud blocks having better engineering properties and also durable compared to blocks prepared without RHA and Cement.. Mud blocks prepared with RHA has better green rating of the blocks and consequently adding to the advancement of economical building materials. Utilization of RHA in production of Stabilized mud blocks (SMBs) will result in SMBs of relatively light weight by The cost and technical performance has revealed that stabilized mud block is interesting by the social and economic impact it will bring to local people. Better compaction could generally improve behaviour of blocks moisture because, the press used was manual and required a lot of effort to compact the blocks at their maximum density. Stabilization of mud block using Portland cement and Rice husk ash fulfils a number of objectives that are necessary to achieve a long lasting structure from locally available soil. 6/13/2023 30

31. XIII. REFERENCES Poorveekan , K., Ath , K.M.S., Anburuvel , A. and Sathiparan , N., 2021. Investigation of the engineering properties of cementless stabilized earth blocks with alkali-activated eggshell and rice husk ash as a binder.  Construction and Building Materials ,  277 , p.122371. Ayite , Y.M.X.D., Pachoukova , I., Agbo , K.E. and Bedja , K., 2017. Study of improvement of mud bricks by addition of rha .  Research Journal of Material Sciences ,  5 (7), pp.1-4. E. E. J. Kamang, “Strength Properties of Compressed Earth Brick with Earthworm Cast as Stabilizers,” Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 1 (2), pp. 65-70, 1998 Asha, P., Johnson, K., Sachin , C.M., Vetrivel, V. and Prasanna, E., 2020. Performance of Compressed Stabilised Earth Blocks with Rice Husk Ash.  Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ,  39 (25), pp.143-153. Janbuala , S., Wasanapiarnpong, T. (2015). Effect of Rice Husk and Rice Husk Ash on Properties of Lightweight Clay Bricks. Key Engineering Materials,659, 74–79.https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.65974. Gidde, M.R., Jivani, A.P. (2007). Waste to Wealth,Potential of Rice Husk in India a Literature Review.Proc. International Conference on Cleaner Technologies and Environmental Management, 586-590. An Experimental Study on use of Rice Husk Ash in Stabilized Mud Blocks, Harsha H N S. Krishnaiah , and P. S. Reddy, “Effects of Clay on Soil Cement Block,” The 12 th International Conference of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG) October 2008, Goa, India. pp. 4362-4368, 2008 E. E. J. Kamang , “Strength Properties of Compressed Earth Brick with Earthworm Cast as Stabilizers,” Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 1 (2), pp. 65-70, 1998 T. Morton, “Earth Masonry Design and Construction Guidelines,” Berkshire: Construction Research Communications Limited, 2008 6/13/2023 31

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