A Bibliography of Studies on Egyptian-Mesopotamian Relations.pdf
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1
A Bibliography of Studies on Egyptian-Mesopotamian Relations (1st ed.)
by Mattias Karlsson
Introductory remarks
This article presents a list of all scientific books and articles known to me that centre
on Egyptian-Mesopotamian relations. The purpose of this collection of literature is,
naturally, to facilitate further studies in this particular field of research.
1
First, I will state the principles used in the collecting process. The (later) Sudanese
kings of Egypt’s 25th dynasty were counted as “Egyptians” in the collecting process.
2
Only genuinely Mesopotamian polities were focused on in the collecting process.
3
Older works were also collected.
4
Mere publications of sources were only collected
selectively, while books of a textbook character that may include some lines or
paragraphs on the interaction between Egypt and Mesopotamia were excluded.
5
Returning to the first sentence of this article, “centre on” is about directness and
degree. Works that more or less directly centre on Egyptian-Mesopotamian relations
were collected. A work that more directly centres on the relations is e.g. the article by
Spalinger (1977) on Egypt and Babylonia, while an example of a work that less
directly centres on the relations is the article by Leahy (1993) on Egyptian onomastic
evidence in cuneiform texts. In the latter case, the issue of international relations
seems not to be the real focal point. Both works that completely deal with the relations
(e.g. Albright 1920) and those that to a significant degree, but not exclusively, explore
the relations (e.g. Emery 1961) were collected. While Albright discusses a (now
rejected) correlation between an Egyptian and Mesopotamian ruler, Emery deals only
partly with Mesopotamian influences on Egypt (through his “dynastic race”).
6
In the following, the list in question is presented. The relevant works are sorted
alphabetically and according to type of source, with the list being divided into
primary (source publications) and secondary (scholarly discussions) sources. After the
list, I will make some general remarks concerning the collected material with regard
to which time periods, which agents, and what topics the literature focuses on.
7
1
Although I have done my best, the list in question is bound to come short in some respects. Especially
literature on the Amarna letters and discussions proceeding from Biblical events are voluminous. I
welcome suggestions as to the revising of this list, not the least in the prospect of a possible update.
2
They were after all (Egyptianized) kings of Egypt. The rulers Shabaqa (c. 716-702), Shebitqu (c. 702-
690), Taharqa (c. 690-664), and Tanutamon (664-656) all interacted closely with Mesopotamia.
3
This criterion includes Mitanni (largely located between the twin rivers) and certainly Mari (by the
Euphrates) but excludes polities such as the Syrian Ebla, which by the way has attested Egyptian
connections (see e.g. G. Scandone Matthiae in Studi Eblaiti 3 (1979), pp. 33-43).
4
Including dated works from the 19th century. It goes without saying that these books and articles
should be used with caution. They were collected here out of a desire to make the list complete. I
refrained from listing works whose scientific statuses are seriously questionable, however.
5
Simply in order to make the collection process practically manageable. I do recognize that source
publications may include discussions and that textbooks may contain novel ideas. At the same time,
this type of literature may also simply publish sources and repeat generally held notions. In terms of
lexicons, only entries in the work “Reallexikon der Assyriologie” were considered.
6
Admittedly, the term significant (degree) opens up for different interpretations, but the alternative is
to have a criterion that is strict but totally off the mark (such as to include all titles that happen to have
the two toponyms in them). In some cases, I have not had access to the works in question, but I have
then made my evaluations based on the titles and reliable, additional information found elsewhere.
7
In the compiling of the list, I had much use of the two entries in the “Reallexikon der Assyriologie”
on Egypt and Mesopotamia (Opitz 1928, Röllig 1993-97). For details on studies on the second
A Bibliography of Studies on Egyptian-Mesopotamian Relations (1st ed.)
by Mattias Karlsson
Introductory remarks
This article presents a list of all scientific books and articles known to me that centre
on Egyptian-Mesopotamian relations. The purpose of this collection of literature is,
naturally, to facilitate further studies in this particular field of research.
1
First, I will state the principles used in the collecting process. The (later) Sudanese
kings of Egypt’s 25th dynasty were counted as “Egyptians” in the collecting process.
2
Only genuinely Mesopotamian polities were focused on in the collecting process.
3
Older works were also collected.
4
Mere publications of sources were only collected
selectively, while books of a textbook character that may include some lines or
paragraphs on the interaction between Egypt and Mesopotamia were excluded.
5
Returning to the first sentence of this article, “centre on” is about directness and
degree. Works that more or less directly centre on Egyptian-Mesopotamian relations
were collected. A work that more directly centres on the relations is e.g. the article by
Spalinger (1977) on Egypt and Babylonia, while an example of a work that less
directly centres on the relations is the article by Leahy (1993) on Egyptian onomastic
evidence in cuneiform texts. In the latter case, the issue of international relations
seems not to be the real focal point. Both works that completely deal with the relations
(e.g. Albright 1920) and those that to a significant degree, but not exclusively, explore
the relations (e.g. Emery 1961) were collected. While Albright discusses a (now
rejected) correlation between an Egyptian and Mesopotamian ruler, Emery deals only
partly with Mesopotamian influences on Egypt (through his “dynastic race”).
6
In the following, the list in question is presented. The relevant works are sorted
alphabetically and according to type of source, with the list being divided into
primary (source publications) and secondary (scholarly discussions) sources. After the
list, I will make some general remarks concerning the collected material with regard
to which time periods, which agents, and what topics the literature focuses on.
7
1
Although I have done my best, the list in question is bound to come short in some respects. Especially
literature on the Amarna letters and discussions proceeding from Biblical events are voluminous. I
welcome suggestions as to the revising of this list, not the least in the prospect of a possible update.
2
They were after all (Egyptianized) kings of Egypt. The rulers Shabaqa (c. 716-702), Shebitqu (c. 702-
690), Taharqa (c. 690-664), and Tanutamon (664-656) all interacted closely with Mesopotamia.
3
This criterion includes Mitanni (largely located between the twin rivers) and certainly Mari (by the
Euphrates) but excludes polities such as the Syrian Ebla, which by the way has attested Egyptian
connections (see e.g. G. Scandone Matthiae in Studi Eblaiti 3 (1979), pp. 33-43).
4
Including dated works from the 19th century. It goes without saying that these books and articles
should be used with caution. They were collected here out of a desire to make the list complete. I
refrained from listing works whose scientific statuses are seriously questionable, however.
5
Simply in order to make the collection process practically manageable. I do recognize that source
publications may include discussions and that textbooks may contain novel ideas. At the same time,
this type of literature may also simply publish sources and repeat generally held notions. In terms of
lexicons, only entries in the work “Reallexikon der Assyriologie” were considered.
6
Admittedly, the term significant (degree) opens up for different interpretations, but the alternative is
to have a criterion that is strict but totally off the mark (such as to include all titles that happen to have
the two toponyms in them). In some cases, I have not had access to the works in question, but I have
then made my evaluations based on the titles and reliable, additional information found elsewhere.
7
In the compiling of the list, I had much use of the two entries in the “Reallexikon der Assyriologie”
on Egypt and Mesopotamia (Opitz 1928, Röllig 1993-97). For details on studies on the second
2
Primary sources (selected source publications)
Albenda, P. 1986. The Palace of Sargon, King of Assyria. Synthèse 22. Paris: Éditions
recherche sur les civilisations.
Barnett, R. D. 1976. Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh.
London: Trustees of the British Museum.
Borger, R. 1996. Beiträge zum Inschriftenwerk Assurbanipals. Die Prismenklassen A,
B, C, K, D, E, F, G, H, J und T sowie andere Inschriften, mit einem Beitrag von
Andreas Fuchs. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Börker-Klähn, J. 1982. Altvorderasiatische Bildstelen und Vergleichbare Felsreliefs
I. Baghdader Forschungen 4. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.
Clay, A. T. 1912. Business Documents of Murashû Sons of Nippur Dated in the Reign
of Darius II (424-404 B.C.). University of Pennsylvania, Publications of the
Babylonian Section 2/1. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Cole, S. W. and P. Machinist. 1998. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Priests to
Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal. State Archives of Assyria 13. Helsinki: Neo-
Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
Fuchs, A. 1994. Die Inschriften Sargons II. aus Khorsabad. Göttingen: Cuvillier.
Grayson, A.K. 1975. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles. Texts from Cuneiform
Sources 5. Locust Valley: J.J. Augustin Publisher.
Grayson, A. K. 1991. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I (1114-859
BC). Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Assyrian Periods 2. Toronto, Buffalo, and
London: University of Toronto Press.
Grayson, A. K. 1996. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858-745
BC). Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Assyrian Periods 3. Toronto, Buffalo, and
London: University of Toronto Press.
Grayson, A. K. and J. Novotny 2012. The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of
Assyria (704-681 BC), Part 1. Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 3/1.
Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Helck, W. 1955-58. Urkunden der 18. Dynastie. Urkunden des aegyptischen
Altertums 4, Heft 17-22. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
Herrmann, G. and S. Laidlaw. 2009. Ivories from the North West Palace (1845-1992).
Ivories from Nimrud 6. London: British Institute for the Study of Iraq.
Hunger, H. 1992. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. State Archives of Assyria
8. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
Kinnier Wilson, J. V. 1972. The Nimrud Wine Lists: A Study of Men and
Administration in the Eighth Century B.C. Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud 1.
London: British Institute for the Study of Iraq.
Kitchen, K. A. 1975. Ramesside Inscriptions, Historical and Biographical I. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Kitchen, K. A. 1979. Ramesside Inscriptions, Historical and Biographical II. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Knudtzon, J. A. 1907-15. Die El-Amarna-Tafeln I-II. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
Langdon, S. 1912. Neubabylonische Königsinschriften. Vorderasiatische Bibliothek 4.
millennium BCE, I proceeded from the bibliographical notes in Liverani 2001 [1990]. For details on
studies on the first millennium BCE, I had the literature list in Onasch 1994 as a departure point. I also
used the bibliographical data in Spalinger 1974b, Spalinger 1977, Kahn 2001, and Zamazalová 2011 on
the first millennium BCE. In addition, I collected some works with the aid of search engines. An
alternative (but arguably less effective) way of collecting the works is, of course, to examine the
“Keilschrift Bibliographie Online” (1939-) and the “Online Egyptological Bibliography” (1822-).
Primary sources (selected source publications)
Albenda, P. 1986. The Palace of Sargon, King of Assyria. Synthèse 22. Paris: Éditions
recherche sur les civilisations.
Barnett, R. D. 1976. Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh.
London: Trustees of the British Museum.
Borger, R. 1996. Beiträge zum Inschriftenwerk Assurbanipals. Die Prismenklassen A,
B, C, K, D, E, F, G, H, J und T sowie andere Inschriften, mit einem Beitrag von
Andreas Fuchs. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Börker-Klähn, J. 1982. Altvorderasiatische Bildstelen und Vergleichbare Felsreliefs
I. Baghdader Forschungen 4. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.
Clay, A. T. 1912. Business Documents of Murashû Sons of Nippur Dated in the Reign
of Darius II (424-404 B.C.). University of Pennsylvania, Publications of the
Babylonian Section 2/1. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Cole, S. W. and P. Machinist. 1998. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Priests to
Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal. State Archives of Assyria 13. Helsinki: Neo-
Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
Fuchs, A. 1994. Die Inschriften Sargons II. aus Khorsabad. Göttingen: Cuvillier.
Grayson, A.K. 1975. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles. Texts from Cuneiform
Sources 5. Locust Valley: J.J. Augustin Publisher.
Grayson, A. K. 1991. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I (1114-859
BC). Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Assyrian Periods 2. Toronto, Buffalo, and
London: University of Toronto Press.
Grayson, A. K. 1996. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858-745
BC). Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Assyrian Periods 3. Toronto, Buffalo, and
London: University of Toronto Press.
Grayson, A. K. and J. Novotny 2012. The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of
Assyria (704-681 BC), Part 1. Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 3/1.
Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Helck, W. 1955-58. Urkunden der 18. Dynastie. Urkunden des aegyptischen
Altertums 4, Heft 17-22. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
Herrmann, G. and S. Laidlaw. 2009. Ivories from the North West Palace (1845-1992).
Ivories from Nimrud 6. London: British Institute for the Study of Iraq.
Hunger, H. 1992. Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. State Archives of Assyria
8. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
Kinnier Wilson, J. V. 1972. The Nimrud Wine Lists: A Study of Men and
Administration in the Eighth Century B.C. Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud 1.
London: British Institute for the Study of Iraq.
Kitchen, K. A. 1975. Ramesside Inscriptions, Historical and Biographical I. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Kitchen, K. A. 1979. Ramesside Inscriptions, Historical and Biographical II. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Knudtzon, J. A. 1907-15. Die El-Amarna-Tafeln I-II. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
Langdon, S. 1912. Neubabylonische Königsinschriften. Vorderasiatische Bibliothek 4.
millennium BCE, I proceeded from the bibliographical notes in Liverani 2001 [1990]. For details on
studies on the first millennium BCE, I had the literature list in Onasch 1994 as a departure point. I also
used the bibliographical data in Spalinger 1974b, Spalinger 1977, Kahn 2001, and Zamazalová 2011 on
the first millennium BCE. In addition, I collected some works with the aid of search engines. An
alternative (but arguably less effective) way of collecting the works is, of course, to examine the
“Keilschrift Bibliographie Online” (1939-) and the “Online Egyptological Bibliography” (1822-).
3
Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
Legrain, G. 1929. Les temples de Karnak: Fragment du dernier ouvrage de Georges
Legrain. Fondation égyptologique reine Élizabeth. Brussels: Vromant.
Leichty, E. 1986. Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Vol. VI,
Tablets from Sippar, I. London: Trustees of the British Museum.
Leichty, E. 2011. The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669
BC). Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 4. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Luukko, M. 2012. The Correspondence of Tiglath-pileser III and Sargon II from
Calah/Nimrud. State Archives of Assyria 19. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus
Project.
Onasch, H.-U. 2010. Ägyptische Alabastergefäße aus Assur. Wissenschaftliche
Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 128. Wiesbaden:
Harrassowitz.
Parpola, S. 1993. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. State Archives of
Assyria 10. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
Postgate, J. N. and B. K. Ismail. 1993. Texts from Nineveh. Texts in the Iraq Museum
11. Baghdad: Directorate General of Antiquities.
Sethe, K. 1906. Urkunden der 18. Dynastie: Historisch-biographische Urkunden.
Urkunden des aegyptischen Altertums 4/1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
Sethe, K. 1906. Urkunden der 18. Dynastie: Historisch-biographische Urkunden.
Urkunden des aegyptischen Altertums 4/2. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
Sethe, K. 1907. Urkunden der 18. Dynastie: Historisch-biographische Urkunden.
Urkunden des aegyptischen Altertums 4/3. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
Sethe, K. 1909. Urkunden der 18. Dynastie: Historisch-biographische Urkunden.
Urkunden des aegyptischen Altertums 4/4. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
Starr, I. 1990. Queries to the Sungod: Divination and Politics in Sargonid Assyria.
State Archives of Assyria 4. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
Tadmor, H. and S. Yamada. 2011. The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III (744-
727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726-722 BC), Kings of Assyria. Royal Inscriptions of
the Neo-Assyrian Period 1. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Weissbach, F. H. 1922. Die Denkmäler und Inschriften an der Mündung des Nahr el-
Kelb. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen des deutsch-türkischen
Denkmalschutz-Kommandos 6. Berlin and Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter.
Secondary sources (scholarly literature)
Albenda, P. 1982. Observations on Egyptians in Assyrian Art. Bulletin of the
Egyptological Seminar 4: 5-23.
Albright, W. F. 1920. Menes and Narâm-Sin. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 6: 89-
98.
Albright, W. F. 1921. Magan, Meluha and the Synchronism between Menes and
Narâm-Sin. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7: 80-86.
Albright, W. F. 1923. “The Epic of the King of Battle”: Sargon of Akkad in
Cappadocia. Journal of the Society for Oriental Research 7: 1-20.
Albright, W. F. 1926. The New Cuneiform Vocabulary of Egyptian Words. Journal of
Egyptian Archaeology 12: 186-90.
Albright, W. F. 1942. King Joiachin in Exile. Biblical Archaeologist 5: 49-55.
Albright, W. F. 1956. Further Synchronisms between Egypt and Asia in the Period
935-685 BC. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 141: 23-27.
Albright, W. F., S. Langdon, and A. H. Sayce. 1920. Menes and Narâm-Sin. Journal
Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
Legrain, G. 1929. Les temples de Karnak: Fragment du dernier ouvrage de Georges
Legrain. Fondation égyptologique reine Élizabeth. Brussels: Vromant.
Leichty, E. 1986. Catalogue of the Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Vol. VI,
Tablets from Sippar, I. London: Trustees of the British Museum.
Leichty, E. 2011. The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669
BC). Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 4. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Luukko, M. 2012. The Correspondence of Tiglath-pileser III and Sargon II from
Calah/Nimrud. State Archives of Assyria 19. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus
Project.
Onasch, H.-U. 2010. Ägyptische Alabastergefäße aus Assur. Wissenschaftliche
Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 128. Wiesbaden:
Harrassowitz.
Parpola, S. 1993. Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. State Archives of
Assyria 10. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
Postgate, J. N. and B. K. Ismail. 1993. Texts from Nineveh. Texts in the Iraq Museum
11. Baghdad: Directorate General of Antiquities.
Sethe, K. 1906. Urkunden der 18. Dynastie: Historisch-biographische Urkunden.
Urkunden des aegyptischen Altertums 4/1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
Sethe, K. 1906. Urkunden der 18. Dynastie: Historisch-biographische Urkunden.
Urkunden des aegyptischen Altertums 4/2. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
Sethe, K. 1907. Urkunden der 18. Dynastie: Historisch-biographische Urkunden.
Urkunden des aegyptischen Altertums 4/3. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
Sethe, K. 1909. Urkunden der 18. Dynastie: Historisch-biographische Urkunden.
Urkunden des aegyptischen Altertums 4/4. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
Starr, I. 1990. Queries to the Sungod: Divination and Politics in Sargonid Assyria.
State Archives of Assyria 4. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
Tadmor, H. and S. Yamada. 2011. The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III (744-
727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726-722 BC), Kings of Assyria. Royal Inscriptions of
the Neo-Assyrian Period 1. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Weissbach, F. H. 1922. Die Denkmäler und Inschriften an der Mündung des Nahr el-
Kelb. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen des deutsch-türkischen
Denkmalschutz-Kommandos 6. Berlin and Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter.
Secondary sources (scholarly literature)
Albenda, P. 1982. Observations on Egyptians in Assyrian Art. Bulletin of the
Egyptological Seminar 4: 5-23.
Albright, W. F. 1920. Menes and Narâm-Sin. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 6: 89-
98.
Albright, W. F. 1921. Magan, Meluha and the Synchronism between Menes and
Narâm-Sin. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7: 80-86.
Albright, W. F. 1923. “The Epic of the King of Battle”: Sargon of Akkad in
Cappadocia. Journal of the Society for Oriental Research 7: 1-20.
Albright, W. F. 1926. The New Cuneiform Vocabulary of Egyptian Words. Journal of
Egyptian Archaeology 12: 186-90.
Albright, W. F. 1942. King Joiachin in Exile. Biblical Archaeologist 5: 49-55.
Albright, W. F. 1956. Further Synchronisms between Egypt and Asia in the Period
935-685 BC. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 141: 23-27.
Albright, W. F., S. Langdon, and A. H. Sayce. 1920. Menes and Narâm-Sin. Journal
4
of Egyptian Archaeology 6: 295-96.
Artzi, P. 1978. The Rise of the Middle-Assyrian Kingdom according to El-Amarna
Letters 15 & 16. Bar-Ilan Studies in History 1: 25-41.
Artzi, P. 1997. EA 16. Altorientalische Forschungen 24: 320-36.
Artzi, P. 2000. The Diplomatic Service in Action: The Mitanni File. Pp. 205-11 in
Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, eds. G. N. Cohen
and R. Westbrook. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Barton, G. A. 1915. Tammuz and Osiris. Journal of the American Oriental Society
35: 213-23.
von Beckerath, J. 1992. Ägypten und der Feldzug Sanheribs im Jahre 701 v. Chr.
Ugaritische Forschungen 24: 3-8.
Bénédite, G. 1916. Le couteau de Gebel el-‘Arak: Étude sur un nouvel objet
préhistorique acquis par le Musée du Louvre. Monuments et Mémoires 22/1: 1-34.
Bénédite, G. 1918. The Carnarvon Ivory. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 5: 1-15.
Bilabel, F. and A. Grohmann. 1927. Geschichte Vorderasiens und Ägyptens vom 16.
Jahrhundert v. Chr. bis auf die Neuzeit. 2 volumes. Heidelberg: C. Winter.
von Bissing, F. W. 1940. Ägyptische und ägyptisierende Alabastergefäße aus den
deutschen Grabungen in Assur. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische
Archäologie 46: 149-82.
Boehmer, R. M. 1974. Orientalische Einflüsse auf verzierten Messergriffen aus dem
prädynastischen Ägypten. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 7: 15-40.
Boehmer, R. M. 1991a. Gebel-el-Arak und Gebel-el-Tarif-Griff: keine Fälschungen.
Mitteilungen des deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 47: 51-60.
Boehmer, R. M. 1991b. C-Daten aus Uruk und Abydos – Ägyptisches (?) im frühen
Nordsyrien, Sumer und Elam. Baghdader Mitteilungen 22: 223-30.
Boissier, A. 1908a. Nin Ḫarsag et Hâthor. Orientalische Literaturzeitung 11: 234-36.
Boissier, A. 1908b. Ninḫarsag-Ištar et Hâthor. Orientalische Literaturzeitung 11: 551-
52.
Borger, R. 1960. Das Ende des ägyptischen Feldherrn Sib’e = So’. Journal of Near
Eastern Studies 19: 49-53.
Bresciani, E. 1964. Der Kampf um den Panzer des Inaros (Papyrus Krall). MPER
Neue Serie 8. Vienna: G. Prachner.
Bright, J. 1949. A New Letter in Aramaic, Written to a Pharaoh of Egypt. Biblical
Archaeologist 12: 46-52.
Bryan, B. M. 2000. The Egyptian Perspective on Mitanni. Pp. 71-84 in Amarna
Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, eds. G. N. Cohen and R.
Westbrook. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Budka, J. 2000. Die Beziehungen Ägyptens zu Vorderasien im 4. Jahrtausende v. Chr.
Kemet 9: 18-20.
Burstein, S. M. 1984. Psametik I and the End of the Nubian Domination in Egypt.
Journal of the Society of the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 14: 31-34.
Campbell, E. F. 1964. The Chronology of the Amarna Letters, with Special Reference
to the Hypothetical Coregency of Amenophis III and Akhenaten. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press.
Capart, J. 1919. Le “Pseudo-Gilgamesh” figuré sur le couteau égyptien de Gebel el
‘Arak au Louvre. Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et
Belles-Lettres 1919: 404-25.
Christensen, D. L. 1989. The Identity of ‘King So’ in Egypt (2 Kings XVII 4). Vetus
Testamentum 39: 140-53.
Collins, P. 2008. From Egypt to Babylon: The International Age 1550-500 BC.
of Egyptian Archaeology 6: 295-96.
Artzi, P. 1978. The Rise of the Middle-Assyrian Kingdom according to El-Amarna
Letters 15 & 16. Bar-Ilan Studies in History 1: 25-41.
Artzi, P. 1997. EA 16. Altorientalische Forschungen 24: 320-36.
Artzi, P. 2000. The Diplomatic Service in Action: The Mitanni File. Pp. 205-11 in
Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, eds. G. N. Cohen
and R. Westbrook. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Barton, G. A. 1915. Tammuz and Osiris. Journal of the American Oriental Society
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Dalley, S. M. 1985. Foreign Chariotry and Cavalry in the Armies of Tiglath-Pileser
III and Sargon II. Iraq 47: 31-48.
Daressy, G. 1914. Le costumes d’Aménôthès III. Le Bulletin de l’Institut français
d’archéologie orientale 11: 25-28.
Deller, K. 1983. Die Affen des Schwarzen Obelisken. Assur 3/4: 31-32.
de Meulenaere, H. 1951. Herodotos over de 26ste Dynastie. Bibliothèque du Muséon
27. Louvain: Leuvense universitaire uitgave.
de Morgan, J. 1926. L’origine chaldéenne de la culture pharaonique. Pp. 248-338 in
Préhistoire orientale, Tome II: L’Égypte et l’Afrique du Nord, by J. de Morgan.
Paris: P. Geuthner.
Depuydt, L. 1993. The Date of Piye’s Egyptian Campaign and the Chronology of the
Twenty-fifth Dynasty. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 79: 269-74.
Depuydt, L. 2006. Saite and Persian Egypt 664 BC-332 BC. Pp. 265-83 in Ancient
Egyptian Chronology, eds. E. Hornung, R. Krauss, and D. A. Warburton. Leiden
and Boston: Brill.
Derry, D. E. 1956. The Dynastic Race in Egypt. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 42:
80-85.
Desroches Noblecourt, C. 1951. Deux grands obélisques précieux d’un sanctaire à
Karnak. Revue d’Égyptologie 8: 47-61.
Dreyer, E. G. 1999. Motive und Datierung der dekorierten prädynastischen
Messergriffe. Pp. 197-226 in L’Art de l’Ancien Empire égyptien, ed. C. Ziegler.
Paris: Documentation française.
Edel, E. 1980. Neue Deutungen keilschriftlicher Umschreibungen ägyptischer Wörter
und Personennamnen. Sitzungsberichte der Österreichischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Phil.-hist. Klasse 375. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen
Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Elat, M. 1978. The Economic Relations of the Neo-Assyrian Empire with Egypt.
Journal of the American Oriental Society 98: 20-34.
Emery, W. B. 1961. Archaic Egypt. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Engelbach, R. 1943. An Essay on the Advent of the Dynastic Race in Egypt and Its
Consequences. Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 42: 193-221.
Erman, A. 1893. Ein Fürst aus Athribis. Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und
Altertumskunde 31: 63.
Fales, F. M. 1981. A Literary Code in Assyrian Royal Inscriptions: The Case of
Ashurbanipal’s Egyptian Campaigns. Pp. 169-202 in Assyrian Royal Inscriptions:
New Horizons, ed. F. M. Fales. Orientis antiqui collectio 17. Rome: Isitituto per
l’Oriente.
Faltings, D. 1998. Ergebnisse der neuen Ausgrabungen in Buto. Chronologie und
Fernbeziehungen der Buto-Maadi-Kultur neu überdacht. Pp. 35-45 in Fs. R.
Stadelmann, eds. H. Guksch and D. Polz. Mainz am Rhein: P. von Zabern.
Fecht, G. 1958. Zu den Namen ägyptischer Fürsten und Städte in den Annalen des
Assurbanipal und der Chronik des Assarhaddon. Mitteilungen des deutschen
Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 16: 112-19.
Frankfort, H. 1924. Studies in Early Pottery of the Near East I: Mesopotamia, Syria,
and Egypt and Their Earliest Interrelations. Occasional Paper 6. London: Royal
Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
Frankfort, H. 1941. The Origin of Monumental Architecture in Egypt. American
Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 58: 329-58.
Frankfort, H. 1948. Kingship and the Gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion
6
as the Integration of Society and Nature. An Oriental Institute Essay. Chicago and
London: University of Chicago Press.
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Wiesbaden: L. Reichert.
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14.
Heimpel, W. 1987-90. Magan. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen
Archäologie 7: 195-99.
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Helck, W. 1979. Einige Betrachtungen zu den frühesten Beziehungen zwischen
as the Integration of Society and Nature. An Oriental Institute Essay. Chicago and
London: University of Chicago Press.
Frankfort, H. 1951. The Birth of Civilisation in the Near East. 1st ed. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press.
Freedman, D. N. 1956. The Babylonian Chronicle. Biblical Archaeologist 19: 49-60.
Freedy, K. S. and D. B. Redford. 1970. The Dates in Ezekiel in Relation to Biblical,
Babylonian and Egyptian Sources. Journal of the American Oriental Society 90:
462-85.
Gardiner, A. H. 1906. The Goddess Ningal in an Egyptian Text. Zeitschrift für
ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 43: 97.
Garelli, P. 1971. Nouveau coup d´oeil sur Muṣur. Pp. 37-48 in Festschrift A. Dupont-
Sommer, eds. A. Caquout and M. Philonenko. Paris: Libraire d’Amerique et
d’Orient Adrien.
Gestoso, G. N. 1992. La política exterior egipcia en la época de El Amarna.
Colección estudius 4. Buenos Aires: Consejo national de investigaciones científicas
y técnicas.
Goedicke, H. 1963. The End of “So, King of Egypt”. Bulletin of the American
Schools of Oriental Research 171: 64-66.
Gomaà, F. 1974. Die libyschen Fürstentümer des Deltas vom Tod Osorkon II. bis zur
Wiedervereinigung Ägyptens durch Psametik I. TAVO Beiheft Reihe B/6.
Wiesbaden: L. Reichert.
Gossens, G. 1947. Taharqa le Conqérant. Chronique d’Égypte 22: 239-44.
Grayson, A. K. 1981. Assyria’s Foreign Policy in Relation to Egypt in the Eighth and
Seventh Centuries B.C. Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities
11: 85-88.
Groenewegen-Frankfort, H. A. 1951. Arrest and Movement: An Essay on Space and
Time in the Representational Art of the Ancient Near East. London: Faber and
Faber.
Gyles, M. F. 1959. Pharaonic Policies and Administration, 663 to 323 B.C. Chapel
Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Habachi, L. 1957. A Statue of Bakennifi, Nomarch of Athribis during the Invasion of
Egypt by Assurbanipal. Mitteilungen des deutschen Archäologischen Instituts,
Abteilung Kairo 15: 68-77.
Hackl, J. and M. Jursa. 2015. Egyptians in Babylonia in the Neo-Babylonian and
Achaemenid Periods. Pp. 157-80 in Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context, eds.
J. Stökl and C. Waerzeggers. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Hall, H. R. 1921. Egypt and the External World in the Time of Akhenaten. Journal of
Egyptian Archaeology 7: 39-53.
Haupt, P. 1913. Magan und Melucha. Orientalische Literaturzeitung 16: 488-92.
Haupt, P. 1914. Die altbabylonische Invasion Aegyptens. Orientalische
Literaturzeitung 17: 342-43.
Heidorn, L. A. 1997. The Horses of Kush. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 56/2: 105-
14.
Heimpel, W. 1987-90. Magan. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen
Archäologie 7: 195-99.
Heimpel, W. 1993-97. Meluḫḫa. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen
Archäologie 8: 53-55.
Helck, W. 1962. Die Beziehungen Ägyptens zu Vorderasien im 3. und 2. Jahrtausend
v. Chr. Ägyptologische Abhandlungen 5. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Helck, W. 1979. Einige Betrachtungen zu den frühesten Beziehungen zwischen
7
Ägypten und Vorderasien. Ugaritische Forschungen 11: 357-63.
Helck, W. 1993-97. Memphis. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen
Archäologie 8: 57-58.
Hess, R. S. 1993. Amarna Personal Names. Dissertation Series 9, American Schools
of Oriental Research. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Hill, J. A. 2004. Cylinder Seal Glyptic in Predynastic Egypt and Neighboring
Regions. BAR International Series 1223. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
Hill, J. A., P. Jones, and A. J. Morales. 2013. Comparing Kingship in Ancient Egypt
and Mesopotamia: Cosmos, Politics, and Landscape. Pp. 3-29 in Experiencing
Power, Generating Authority: Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in
Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, eds. J. A. Hill, P. Jones, and A. J. Morales.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
Hirschberg, H. 1933. Studien zur Geschichte Esarhaddons Königs von Assyrien (681-
669). Berlin: H. Eschenhagen.
Hodjash, S. and O. D. Berlev. 1988. A New Document from the Times of the Wars
with Assyria. Pp. 247-59 in Festschrift K. R. Lepsius, eds. E. Freier and W. F.
Reineke. Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients 20. Berlin:
Akademie Verlag.
Hommel, F. 1882. Die vorsemitischen Kulturen in Aegypten und Babylonien. Leipzig:
O. Schulze.
Hommel, F. 1892. Der babylonische Ursprung der ägyptischen Kultur. Munich: G.
Franz.
Hommel, F. 1915. Eine gleiche Diminutivbildung im Alt-ägyptischen und
Babylonisch-Assyrischen. Pp. 17-18 in Festschrift E. Sachau, ed. G. Weil. Berlin:
G. Reimer.
Hrozný, B. 1910. Über das Bier im alten Babylonien und Ägypten. Vienna: E. Huber.
Joffe, A. H. 2000. Egypt and Syro-Mesopotamia in the 4th Millennium: Implications
of the New Chronology. Current Anthropology 41: 113-23.
Kahn, D. 2001. The Inscription of King Sargon II at Tang-i Var and the Chronology
of Dynasty 25. Orientalia 70/1: 1-18.
Kahn, D. 2004. Taharqa, King of Kush and the Assyrians. Journal of the Society for
the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 31: 109-28.
Kahn, D. 2006. The Assyrian Invasions of Egypt (673-663 BC) and the Final
Expulsion of the Kushites. Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur 34: 251-67.
Kaiser, W. 1964. Einige Bemerkungen zur ägyptischen Frühzeit. Zeitschrift
für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 91: 86-125.
Kantor, H. J. 1942. The Early Relations of Egypt with Asia. Journal of Near Eastern
Studies 1: 174-213.
Kantor, H. J. 1952. Further Evidence for Early Mesopotamian Relations with Egypt.
Journal of Near Eastern Studies 11: 239-50.
Kantor, H. J. 1965. The Relative Chronology of Egypt and its Foreign Correlations
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(2nd edition), ed. R. W. Ehrich. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kantor, H. J. 1981. Did Narmer Reach Mesopotamia? (In Hebrew.) Eretz-Israel 15:
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Kestemont, G. 1974. Diplomatique et droit international en Asie Occidentale (1600-
1200 av. J.C.). Publications de l’Institut Orientaliste de Lovain 9. Louvain-la-
Neuve: Peeters.
Ägypten und Vorderasien. Ugaritische Forschungen 11: 357-63.
Helck, W. 1993-97. Memphis. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen
Archäologie 8: 57-58.
Hess, R. S. 1993. Amarna Personal Names. Dissertation Series 9, American Schools
of Oriental Research. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Hill, J. A. 2004. Cylinder Seal Glyptic in Predynastic Egypt and Neighboring
Regions. BAR International Series 1223. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
Hill, J. A., P. Jones, and A. J. Morales. 2013. Comparing Kingship in Ancient Egypt
and Mesopotamia: Cosmos, Politics, and Landscape. Pp. 3-29 in Experiencing
Power, Generating Authority: Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in
Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, eds. J. A. Hill, P. Jones, and A. J. Morales.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
Hirschberg, H. 1933. Studien zur Geschichte Esarhaddons Königs von Assyrien (681-
669). Berlin: H. Eschenhagen.
Hodjash, S. and O. D. Berlev. 1988. A New Document from the Times of the Wars
with Assyria. Pp. 247-59 in Festschrift K. R. Lepsius, eds. E. Freier and W. F.
Reineke. Schriften zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten Orients 20. Berlin:
Akademie Verlag.
Hommel, F. 1882. Die vorsemitischen Kulturen in Aegypten und Babylonien. Leipzig:
O. Schulze.
Hommel, F. 1892. Der babylonische Ursprung der ägyptischen Kultur. Munich: G.
Franz.
Hommel, F. 1915. Eine gleiche Diminutivbildung im Alt-ägyptischen und
Babylonisch-Assyrischen. Pp. 17-18 in Festschrift E. Sachau, ed. G. Weil. Berlin:
G. Reimer.
Hrozný, B. 1910. Über das Bier im alten Babylonien und Ägypten. Vienna: E. Huber.
Joffe, A. H. 2000. Egypt and Syro-Mesopotamia in the 4th Millennium: Implications
of the New Chronology. Current Anthropology 41: 113-23.
Kahn, D. 2001. The Inscription of King Sargon II at Tang-i Var and the Chronology
of Dynasty 25. Orientalia 70/1: 1-18.
Kahn, D. 2004. Taharqa, King of Kush and the Assyrians. Journal of the Society for
the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 31: 109-28.
Kahn, D. 2006. The Assyrian Invasions of Egypt (673-663 BC) and the Final
Expulsion of the Kushites. Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur 34: 251-67.
Kaiser, W. 1964. Einige Bemerkungen zur ägyptischen Frühzeit. Zeitschrift
für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 91: 86-125.
Kantor, H. J. 1942. The Early Relations of Egypt with Asia. Journal of Near Eastern
Studies 1: 174-213.
Kantor, H. J. 1952. Further Evidence for Early Mesopotamian Relations with Egypt.
Journal of Near Eastern Studies 11: 239-50.
Kantor, H. J. 1965. The Relative Chronology of Egypt and its Foreign Correlations
before the Late Bronze Age. Pp. 1-46 in Chronologies in Old World Archaeology
(2nd edition), ed. R. W. Ehrich. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kantor, H. J. 1981. Did Narmer Reach Mesopotamia? (In Hebrew.) Eretz-Israel 15:
21-27.
Katzenstein, H. J. 1973. The History of Tyre. Jerusalem: Schocken Institute for Jewish
Research.
Kestemont, G. 1974. Diplomatique et droit international en Asie Occidentale (1600-
1200 av. J.C.). Publications de l’Institut Orientaliste de Lovain 9. Louvain-la-
Neuve: Peeters.
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Leahy, A. 1979. Nespamedu, “King” of Thinis. Göttinger Miszellen 35: 31-39.
Leahy, A. 1983. The Proper Name Pišanḫuru. Göttinger Miszellen 62: 37-48.
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Liverani, M. 2001 [1990]. Prestige and Interest: International Relations in the
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Malamat, A. 1950. The Last Wars of the Kingdom of Judah. Journal of the Near
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Malamat, A. 1968. The Last Kings of Judah and the Fall of Jerusalem. Israel
Exploration Journal 18: 137-56.
Malamat, A. 1973. Josiah’s Bid for Armageddon: The Background of the Judean-
Egyptian Encounter in 609 B.C. Journal of the American Near Eastern Society 5:
267-79.
Malamat, A. 1975. The Twilight of Judah: In the Egyptian-Babylonian Maelstrom.
Vetus Testamentum Supplements 28: 123-45.
Mark, S. 1998. From Egypt to Mesopotamia: A Study of Predynastic Trade Routes.
Studies in Nautical Archaeology 4. Austin: Texas A & M University Press.
Meier, S. A. 2000. Diplomacy and International Marriages. Pp. 165-73 in Amarna
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Westbrook. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Migrom, J. 1971. Did Josiah Take Over Megiddo? (In Hebrew.) Beth Mikra 16: 23-
27.
Moorey, P. R. S. 1987. On Tracking Cultural Transfers in Prehistory: The Case of
Egypt and Lower Mesopotamia in the Fourth Millennium BC. Pp. 36-46 in Centre
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Kristiansen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Moorey, P. R. S. 1990. From Gulf to Delta in the Fourth Millennium B.C.E.: The
Syrian Connection. Eretz-Israel 21: 62-69.
Moorey, P. R. S. 2001. The Mobility of Artisans and Opportunities for Technology
Transfer between Western Asia and Egypt in the Late Bronze Age. Pp. 1-14 in The
Social Context of Technological Change: Egypt and the Near East, 1650-1550 BC,
ed. A. J. Shortland. Exeter: Oxbow.
Morkot, R. G. 2000. The Black Pharaohs: Egypt’s Nubian Rulers. London: Rubicon
Press.
Müller, W. M. 1893. Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern. Leipzig:
Engelmann.
Müller, W. M. 1899. Länder des äussersten Nordostens in ägyptischen Inschriften.
Orientalische Literaturzeitung 2: 176-78.
Müller, W. M. 1901. Die älteste Erwähnung keilschriftlicher Korrespondenz zwischen
Aegypten und Asien. Orientalische Literaturzeitung 4: 8-9.
Müller, W. M. 1908. Das Land Muṣri des schwarzen Obelisken. Orientalische
Literaturzeitung 11: 218-20.
Müller, W. M. 1912a. Steinbohrer in Altbabylonien. Orientalische Literaturzeitung
15: 266-68.
Müller, W. M. 1912b. Die Spuren der babylonischen Weltschrift in Ägypten.
Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft 1912.3./17. Leipzig: Hinrichs.
Na’aman, N. 1978. The Brook of Egypt and the Assyrian Policy on the Border of
Egypt. Tel Aviv 6: 68-90.
Na’aman, N. 1990. The Historical Background to the Conquest of Samaria (720 BC).
Biblica 71: 206-25.
Na’aman, N. 1994. Hezekiah and the Kings of Assyria. Tel Aviv 21: 235-54.
Na’aman, N. 1999. Šapataku’ of Meluḫḫa in a Second Inscription of Sargon II.
10
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Redford, D. B. 1999. A Note on the Chronology of Dynasty 25 and the Inscription of
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Niebuhr, C. 1899. Die Amarna-Zeit. Ägypten und Vorderasien um 1400 v. Chr. nach
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Onasch, H.-U. 1994. Die assyrischen Eroberungen Ägyptens I. Ägypten
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Opitz, D. 1928. Ägypten und Mesopotamien, ihre Beziehungen zueinander.
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 1: 45-51.
Pedersén, O. and L. Troy. 1993. Egyptians in Nineveh. N.A.B.U. 1993/48.
Perdu, O. 2002. De Stéphinatès à Néchao ou les débuts de la XXVIe dynastie.
Compte-rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 2002: 1215-44.
Petrie, F. 1917. Egypt and Mesopotamia. Ancient Egypt 1917: 26-36.
Petrie, F. 1939. The Making of Egypt. London: Sheldon Press.
Picchi, D. 1997. Il conflitto tra etiopi ed assiri nell’Egitto della XXVa dinastia.
Archaelogia e storia della civilità egiziana e del Vicino Oriente Antico 2. Imola:
Editrice la mandragora.
Pintore, F. 1978. Il matrimonio interdinastico nel Vicino Oriente durante i secoli XV-
XIII. Orientis antiqui collectio 14. Rome: Isitituto per l’Oriente.
Podany, A. H. 2010. Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the
Ancient Near East. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pope, J. W. 2014. The Double Kingdom under Taharqo: Studies in the History of
Kush and Egypt, c. 690-664 BC. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 69.
Leiden: Brill.
Priese, K.-H. 1970. Der Beginn der kushitischen Herrschaft in Ägypten. Zeitschrift
für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 98: 16-31.
Radner, K. 2008. Esarhaddon’s Expedition from Palestine to Egypt in 671 BCE: A
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R. M. Czichon, and F. J. Kreppner. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Radner, K. 2009. The Assyrian King and His Scholars: The Syro-Anatolian and
Egyptian Schools. Pp. 221-38 in Of God(s), Trees, Kings, and Scholars: Neo-
Assyrian and Related Studies in Honour of Simo Parpola, eds. M. Luukko, S.
Svärd, and R. Mattila. Studia Orientalia 106. Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society.
Radner, K. 2012. After Eltekeh: Royal Hostages from Egypt at the Assyrian Court.
Pp. 471-79 in Festschrift M. D. Roaf, eds. H. D. Baker, K. Kaniuth, and A. Otto.
Alter Orient und Altes Testament 397. Münster: Ugarit Verlag.
Ranke, H. 1910. Keilinschriftliches Material zur altägyptischen Vokalisation. Berlin:
G. Reimer.
Ranke, H. 1920. Keilschriftliches. Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und
Altertumskunde 56: 69-75.
Redford, D. B. 1985. Sais and the Kushite Invasions of the Eighth Century B.C.
Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 22: 5-15.
Redford, D. B. 1999. A Note on the Chronology of Dynasty 25 and the Inscription of
Sargon II at Tang-i Var. Orientalia 68: 58-60.
Reade, J. E. 1976. Sargon’s Campaigns of 720, 716, and 715 BC: Evidence from the
Sculptures. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 35: 95-104.
Rice, M. 2003. Egypt’s Making: The Origins of Ancient Egypt 5000-2000 BC. 2nd ed.
London: Routledge.
Röllig, W. 1993-97. Miṣir, Mizru, Muṣur, Muṣri III, Muzir. Reallexikon der
Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 8: 264-69.
Rostovzev, M. 1920. L’age du cuivre dans le Caucase septentrional et les civilisations
de Soumer et de l’Egypte protodynastique. Revue Archéologique 12: 1-37.
11
Ryholt, K. 2004. The Assyrian Invasion of Egypt in Egyptian Literary Tradition. Pp.
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G. Dercksen. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.
Schäfer, H. 1906. Assyrische und ägyptische Feldzeichen. Klio 6: 393-99.
Schulman, A. R. 1983. Kings, Chronicles and Egyptian Mercenaries. Bulletin of the
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Sethe, K. 1916. Die älteste Erwähnung des Haushuhns in einem ägyptischen Text. Pp.
109-16 in Festschrift F. C. Andreas. Leipzig: Harrassowitz.
Sethe, K. 1923. Die Vokalisation des Ägyptischen. Zeitschrift der Deutschen
Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 77: 145-207.
Smith, H. S. 1992. The Making of Egypt: A Review of the Influence of Susa and
Sumer on Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia in the 4th Millennium B.C. Pp. 235-46 in
Fs. M. A. Hoffman, eds. R. Friedman and B. Adams. Oxbow Monograph 20.
Oxford: Oxbow.
Smith, S. 1922. The Relations of Marduk, Ashur, and Osiris. Journal of Egyptian
Archaeology 8: 41-44.
Smith, S., C. J. Gadd, and T. E. Peet. 1925. A Cuneiform Vocabulary of Egyptian
Words. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 11: 230-40.
Spalinger, A. 1973. The Year 712 B.C. and its Implications for Egyptian History.
Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 10: 95-101.
Spalinger, A. 1974a. Ashurbanipal and Egypt: A Source Study. Journal of the
American Oriental Society 94: 316-28.
Spalinger, A. 1974b. Esarhaddon and Egypt: An Analysis of the First Invasion of
Egypt. Orientalia 43: 295-326.
Spalinger, A. 1976a. An Egyptian Motif in an Assyrian Text. Bulletin of the American
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Spalinger, A. 1976b. Psammetichus I, King of Egypt: I. Journal of the American
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Spalinger, A. 1977. Egypt and Babylonia: A Survey (c. 620 BC-550 BC). Studien zur
altägyptischen Kultur 5: 221-44.
Spalinger, A. 1978. The Foreign Policy of Egypt Preceding the Assyrian Conquest.
Chronique d’Égypte 53: 22-47.
Spar, I. 2008. The Amarna Letters. Pp. 168-69 in Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and
Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C., eds. J. Aruz, K. Benzel, and J. M. Evans.
New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Spiegelberg, W. 1900. “Puaima (Puayama), König von Pi-in-ṭi-ṭi”. Zeitschrift für
Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete 15: 396-97.
Spiegelberg, W. 1904. Zum Eisen im Alten Ägypten. Recueil de traveaux relatifs à la
philologie et à l'archéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes 26: 166-68.
Steindorff, G. 1890. Die keilschriftliche Wiedergabe ägyptischer Eigennamen.
Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft 1: 330-61, 593-612.
Streck, M. P. 1998-2001. Nikku. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen
Archäologie 9: 316-17.
Struve, W. 1927. Ein Ägypter – Schwiegersohn des Sanherib. Zeitschrift für
ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 62: 66.
Tadmor, H. 1958. The Campaigns of Sargon II of Assur: A Chronological-historical
Study. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 12: 22-40, 77-100.
Tadmor, H. 1961. Que and Musri. Israel Exploration Journal 11: 143-50.
Tadmor, H. 1964. The Three Last Decades of Assyria. (In Russian.) Pp. 240-42 in
Proceedings of the 25th International Congress of Orientalists, Moscow (August
12
1960), ed. G. Akhvlediani. Moscow: Publisher of Eastern Literature.
Tadmor, H. 1966. Philistia under Assyrian Rule. Biblical Archaeologist 29: 86-102.
Vértesalji, P. P. 1991. Le manche de couteau de Gebel-el-Arak dans le contexte des
relations entre la Mésopotamie et l’Égypte. Pp. 29-41 in La circulation des biens,
des personnes et des idées dans le Proche-Orient ancien, eds. D. Charpin and F.
Joannès. Compte rendu de la rencontre Assyriologique internationale 38. Paris:
Éditions recherche sur les civilisations.
Vikentiev, V. 1955. Quelques considérations à propos des statues de Taharqa trouvées
dans le ruines du palais d’Esarhaddon. Sumer 11: 111-16.
Vogt, E. 1957. Die neubabylonische Chronik über die Schlacht bei Karkemisch und
die Einnahme von Jerusalem. Vetus Testamentum 4: 67-96.
Warburton, D. 2009. Egypt and Mesopotamia. Pp. 487-502 in The Babylonian World,
ed. G. Leick. Routledge Worlds. London: Routledge.
Warburton, D. and R. Matthews. 2003. Egypt and Mesopotamia in the Late Bronze
and Iron Ages. Pp. 101-14 in Ancient Perspectives on Egypt, eds. R. Matthews and
C. Roemer. London: UCL Press.
Ward, W. A. 1964. Relations between Egypt and Mesopotamia from Prehistoric
Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom. Journal of the Economic and Social
History of the Orient 7: 1-45.
von der Way, T. 1989. Tell el-Fara’in – Buto. Mitteilungen des deutschen
Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 45: 275-308.
von der Way, T. 1993. Untersuchungen zur Spätvor- und Frühgeschichte Ägyptens.
Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens 8. Heidelberg: Heidelberger
Orientverlag.
Weidner, E. F. 1939. Jojachin, König von Juda, in babylonischen Keilschrifttexten.
Pp. 923-35 in Festschrift R. Dussaud II. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique
30. Paris: Institut français du Proche-Orient.
Weidner, E. F. 1941-44. Šilkan(ḫe)ni, Köning von Muṣri, eine Zeitgenosse Sargons
II. Nach einem neuen Bruchstück der Prisma-Inschrift des assyrischen Königs.
Archiv für Orientforschung 14: 40-53.
Westbrook, R. 2000. International Law in the Amarna Age. Pp. 28-41 in Amarna
Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, eds. G. N. Cohen and R.
Westbrook. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Wilkinson, T. 2009. Egypt and Mesopotamia. Ch. 30 in The Egyptian World, ed. T.
Wilkinson. Routledge Worlds. London: Routledge.
Wiseman, D. J. 1966. Some Egyptians in Babylonia. Iraq 28: 154-58.
Wiseman, D. J. 1967. A Late Babylonian Tribute List? Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies 30: 495-504.
Yoyotte, J. 1952. Quelque toponymes égyptiens mentionnés dans les “Annales
d’Assurbanipal” (Rm. I, 101-105). Revue d’Assyriologie et Archéologie Orientale
46: 212-14.
Yoyotte, J. 1961. Les principautés du Delta au temps de l’anarchie libyenne.
Mélanges Maspero IV: 121-81.
Yurco, F. J. 1980. Sennacherib’s Third Campaign and the Coregency of Shabaka and
Shebitku. Serapis 6: 221-40.
Zaccagnini, C. 1973. Lo scambio dei doni nel Vicino Oriente durante i secoli XV-XIII.
Orientis antiqui collectio 11. Rome: Isitituto per l’Oriente.
Zaccagnini, C. 2000. The Interdependence of the Great Powers. Pp. 141-53 in
Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, eds. G. N. Cohen
and R. Westbrook. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1960), ed. G. Akhvlediani. Moscow: Publisher of Eastern Literature.
Tadmor, H. 1966. Philistia under Assyrian Rule. Biblical Archaeologist 29: 86-102.
Vértesalji, P. P. 1991. Le manche de couteau de Gebel-el-Arak dans le contexte des
relations entre la Mésopotamie et l’Égypte. Pp. 29-41 in La circulation des biens,
des personnes et des idées dans le Proche-Orient ancien, eds. D. Charpin and F.
Joannès. Compte rendu de la rencontre Assyriologique internationale 38. Paris:
Éditions recherche sur les civilisations.
Vikentiev, V. 1955. Quelques considérations à propos des statues de Taharqa trouvées
dans le ruines du palais d’Esarhaddon. Sumer 11: 111-16.
Vogt, E. 1957. Die neubabylonische Chronik über die Schlacht bei Karkemisch und
die Einnahme von Jerusalem. Vetus Testamentum 4: 67-96.
Warburton, D. 2009. Egypt and Mesopotamia. Pp. 487-502 in The Babylonian World,
ed. G. Leick. Routledge Worlds. London: Routledge.
Warburton, D. and R. Matthews. 2003. Egypt and Mesopotamia in the Late Bronze
and Iron Ages. Pp. 101-14 in Ancient Perspectives on Egypt, eds. R. Matthews and
C. Roemer. London: UCL Press.
Ward, W. A. 1964. Relations between Egypt and Mesopotamia from Prehistoric
Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom. Journal of the Economic and Social
History of the Orient 7: 1-45.
von der Way, T. 1989. Tell el-Fara’in – Buto. Mitteilungen des deutschen
Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 45: 275-308.
von der Way, T. 1993. Untersuchungen zur Spätvor- und Frühgeschichte Ägyptens.
Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens 8. Heidelberg: Heidelberger
Orientverlag.
Weidner, E. F. 1939. Jojachin, König von Juda, in babylonischen Keilschrifttexten.
Pp. 923-35 in Festschrift R. Dussaud II. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique
30. Paris: Institut français du Proche-Orient.
Weidner, E. F. 1941-44. Šilkan(ḫe)ni, Köning von Muṣri, eine Zeitgenosse Sargons
II. Nach einem neuen Bruchstück der Prisma-Inschrift des assyrischen Königs.
Archiv für Orientforschung 14: 40-53.
Westbrook, R. 2000. International Law in the Amarna Age. Pp. 28-41 in Amarna
Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, eds. G. N. Cohen and R.
Westbrook. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Wilkinson, T. 2009. Egypt and Mesopotamia. Ch. 30 in The Egyptian World, ed. T.
Wilkinson. Routledge Worlds. London: Routledge.
Wiseman, D. J. 1966. Some Egyptians in Babylonia. Iraq 28: 154-58.
Wiseman, D. J. 1967. A Late Babylonian Tribute List? Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies 30: 495-504.
Yoyotte, J. 1952. Quelque toponymes égyptiens mentionnés dans les “Annales
d’Assurbanipal” (Rm. I, 101-105). Revue d’Assyriologie et Archéologie Orientale
46: 212-14.
Yoyotte, J. 1961. Les principautés du Delta au temps de l’anarchie libyenne.
Mélanges Maspero IV: 121-81.
Yurco, F. J. 1980. Sennacherib’s Third Campaign and the Coregency of Shabaka and
Shebitku. Serapis 6: 221-40.
Zaccagnini, C. 1973. Lo scambio dei doni nel Vicino Oriente durante i secoli XV-XIII.
Orientis antiqui collectio 11. Rome: Isitituto per l’Oriente.
Zaccagnini, C. 2000. The Interdependence of the Great Powers. Pp. 141-53 in
Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, eds. G. N. Cohen
and R. Westbrook. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
13
Zamazalová, S. 2011. Before the Assyrian Conquest in 671 B.C.E.: Relations between
Egypt, Kush and Assyria. Pp. 297-328 in Egypt and the Near East – the Crossroads,
ed. J. Mynářová. Prague: Charles University.
von Zeißl, H. 1944. Äthiopien und Assyrer in Ägypten: Beiträge zur Geschichte der
ägyptischen “Spätzeit”. Ägyptologische Forschungen 14. Glückstadt and Hamburg:
Augustin.
Zimmern, H. 1896. Zur Frage nach dem Ursprung des Alphabets. Zeitschrift der
Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 50: 667-70.
Zimmern, H. 1917. Akkadische Fremdwörter als Beweis für babylonischer
Kultureinfluß. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
Concluding remarks
As is evident from the above, the literature on Egyptian-Mesopotamian relations is
extensive, here with 243 entries. The literature covers all decades from the 1880’s up
to and including the present one. Also, the literature is attested in a variety of
languages (English, German, French, Italian, Dutch, Spanish, Russian, Hebrew).
In terms of time periods under study, it is mainly four periods that are centred on in
the listed research. Obviously, this tendency goes hand in hand with the temporal
distribution of the preserved sources. Firstly, there is the late prehistoric and early
historic time, or Early Bronze age (around 3000 BCE). Connections between the city-
states of southern Mesopotamia and the nearly or newly unified polity of Egypt are
highlighted here.
8
Secondly, there is the Amarna age or Late Bronze age (around 1350
BCE) with contacts between the polities of Egypt, Mitanni, Babylonia, and Assyria.
9
Thirdly, there is the Early Iron age (around 700 BCE) with interaction between Kush
and Assyria and with Egypt in the middle.
10
Fourthly, there is the Saite and Neo-
Babylonian periods (around 600 BCE) with interconnections between Babylonia on
the one hand and Assyria (initially) and Egypt on the other hand.
11
Regarding the topics of research on Egyptian-Mesopotamian relations, I will make
a few general points. Some of the research centres on cultural loans between the two
river-based cultures (generally from Mesopotamia to Egypt), especially in older
literature that focuses on the earliest times.
12
The topic of synchronisms / chronology
is also considerably covered by research, understandably so since chronological
correlations in one sense lay the foundation for understanding the said relations.
13
The
topic of diplomacy / warfare between various polities from the two regions is also
common, not the least with regard to the Amarna age of the second millennium BCE
and the empire age of the first millennium BCE.
14
Finally, a noticeable aspect of the
literature list above is that discussions frequently proceed from passages in the Bible,
tying Egypt and Mesopotamia together through the polities of Israel and Judah.
15
8
See e.g. Bénédite 1916, Helck 1979, and Boehmer 1991.
9
See e.g. Hall 1921, Zaccagnini 1973, and Kestemont 1974.
10
See e.g. Spalinger 1974, Kitchen 1983, and Radner 2012.
11
See e.g. Wiseman 1966, Lipiński 1972, and Hackl and Jursa 2015.
12
See e.g. de Morgan 1926, Kantor 1952, and Moorey 1987.
13
See e.g. Kühne 1973, Depuydt 1993, and Kahn 2001.
14
See e.g. Vogt 1957, Liverani 2001 [1990], and Onasch 1994.
15
See e.g. Goedicke 1963, Malamat 1975, and Na’aman 1990.
Zamazalová, S. 2011. Before the Assyrian Conquest in 671 B.C.E.: Relations between
Egypt, Kush and Assyria. Pp. 297-328 in Egypt and the Near East – the Crossroads,
ed. J. Mynářová. Prague: Charles University.
von Zeißl, H. 1944. Äthiopien und Assyrer in Ägypten: Beiträge zur Geschichte der
ägyptischen “Spätzeit”. Ägyptologische Forschungen 14. Glückstadt and Hamburg:
Augustin.
Zimmern, H. 1896. Zur Frage nach dem Ursprung des Alphabets. Zeitschrift der
Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 50: 667-70.
Zimmern, H. 1917. Akkadische Fremdwörter als Beweis für babylonischer
Kultureinfluß. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
Concluding remarks
As is evident from the above, the literature on Egyptian-Mesopotamian relations is
extensive, here with 243 entries. The literature covers all decades from the 1880’s up
to and including the present one. Also, the literature is attested in a variety of
languages (English, German, French, Italian, Dutch, Spanish, Russian, Hebrew).
In terms of time periods under study, it is mainly four periods that are centred on in
the listed research. Obviously, this tendency goes hand in hand with the temporal
distribution of the preserved sources. Firstly, there is the late prehistoric and early
historic time, or Early Bronze age (around 3000 BCE). Connections between the city-
states of southern Mesopotamia and the nearly or newly unified polity of Egypt are
highlighted here.
8
Secondly, there is the Amarna age or Late Bronze age (around 1350
BCE) with contacts between the polities of Egypt, Mitanni, Babylonia, and Assyria.
9
Thirdly, there is the Early Iron age (around 700 BCE) with interaction between Kush
and Assyria and with Egypt in the middle.
10
Fourthly, there is the Saite and Neo-
Babylonian periods (around 600 BCE) with interconnections between Babylonia on
the one hand and Assyria (initially) and Egypt on the other hand.
11
Regarding the topics of research on Egyptian-Mesopotamian relations, I will make
a few general points. Some of the research centres on cultural loans between the two
river-based cultures (generally from Mesopotamia to Egypt), especially in older
literature that focuses on the earliest times.
12
The topic of synchronisms / chronology
is also considerably covered by research, understandably so since chronological
correlations in one sense lay the foundation for understanding the said relations.
13
The
topic of diplomacy / warfare between various polities from the two regions is also
common, not the least with regard to the Amarna age of the second millennium BCE
and the empire age of the first millennium BCE.
14
Finally, a noticeable aspect of the
literature list above is that discussions frequently proceed from passages in the Bible,
tying Egypt and Mesopotamia together through the polities of Israel and Judah.
15
8
See e.g. Bénédite 1916, Helck 1979, and Boehmer 1991.
9
See e.g. Hall 1921, Zaccagnini 1973, and Kestemont 1974.
10
See e.g. Spalinger 1974, Kitchen 1983, and Radner 2012.
11
See e.g. Wiseman 1966, Lipiński 1972, and Hackl and Jursa 2015.
12
See e.g. de Morgan 1926, Kantor 1952, and Moorey 1987.
13
See e.g. Kühne 1973, Depuydt 1993, and Kahn 2001.
14
See e.g. Vogt 1957, Liverani 2001 [1990], and Onasch 1994.
15
See e.g. Goedicke 1963, Malamat 1975, and Na’aman 1990.
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