A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON AAVIN INDUSTRY

It is our Mini-project report which we will submit at the end of B.Sc completion. I browsed many things for obtaining the articles and it is my hard work to complete this for my friend Mr. MARIAPPAN. Hope that it will be very useful for those who write Mini-project report.

1. ii

OVERVIEW OF WATER -QUALITY PARAMETERS ON EFFLUENT
TREATMENT PLANT OF AAVIN INLET AND OUTLET OF TIRUNELVEL I
A MINI-PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to the
MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY
Submitted By
E. MARIAPPAN
(Reg No. 361150)
Under the Guidance of
Dr. G. ANNADURAI
Professor and Head




MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY
SRI PARAMAKALYANI CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES,
ALWARKURICHI -627412, TAMILNADU.

MAY 2019

2. iii

MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY
Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environnemental Sciences
Alwarkuruchi - 627 412. Tamil Nadu, India’
DST-FIST, UGC-Non-SAP, UGC-SAP,
Centre for Excellence Award in Tamil Nadu Higher Education Sponsored Department
Tel / Fax (O): 91-4634-283270, Tel (R): 91-4634-222402, Mobile: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
Web site: http://annaduraiweb.googlepages.com/home
University Website: www.msuniv.ac.in

Dr. G. Annadurai,MSc., (Anna Univ) Ph.D., (Anna Univ) JSPS Fellow (JAPAN)
Professor and Co-Ordinator in M.Sc., Nanoscience (UGC Innovative Programme)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mini-Project dissertation entitle “Overview of Water-Quality
Parameters on Effluent Treatment Plant of Aavin Inlet and Outlet of Tirunelveli” is
submitted for the award of Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science to the
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University is a record of bonafide research work carried out by E.
MARIAPPAN (Reg No. 361150), during the academic year 2018-2019 under my guidance
at Sri Paramakalyani Center for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University,Alwarkurichi-627412.No part of the project work has been submitted
for the award of any degree, diploma or similar titles and that the work has not been
published in any part or full in any scientific journals or magazines.



Research Supervisor Head of the Department


Date :
Place: Alwarkurichi External examiner

3. iv

E. MARIAPPAN (Reg No. 361150),
M.Sc., (Environmental Science – Integrated programme),
Sri Paramakalyani Center of Excellence in Environmental Sciences,
Alwarkuruchi, Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India.


DECLARATION
I do hereby declaring that Mini-Project dissertation entitle “Overview of Water-Quality
Parameters on Effluent Treatment Plant of Aavin Inlet and Outlet of Tirunelveli” has
been originally carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. G. Annadurai, Professor and
Head, Sri Paramakalyani Center of Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University. No part of project work has been submitted for the award for any
degree, diploma, fellowship or other similar titles and that the work has not been published in
any part or full in any other Scientific Journals or Magazines.


Place: Alwarkurichi
Date:
(E. MARIAPPAN)







Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Sri Paramakalyani Centre of ExcellenceEnvironmentaSciences
Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu, India- 627 412

4. v

ACKNOWLEDG EMENT
First of all, I thank my Lord Almighty whose blessings and sympathetic
direction had been with me throughout the execution of my entire project. I
would like to express my sincere gratitude and heartfelt thanks to my guide and
project supervisor Dr. G. ANNADURAI , Professor and Head, MSU,
SPKCEES, for suggesting this topic and for giving me the opportunity to
continue my studies under his guidance. Without his trust, insightful
suggestions and enormous knowledge, this Mini-project report would not have
been possible.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to other faculties Dr. A. G. Murugesan,
Dr. S. Senthil Nathan, Dr. R. Soranam, Dr. M. Muralidharan, Dr. M.
Vanaja, Dr. M. Sivakavinesan, and Dr. T. Shibila for providing me with all
the necessary facilities for this project.
I extend my sincere thanks to Lab technician Mr. A. Vanarajan, who has
provided me with all the required facilities for my work.
I am much indebted to my Seniors Mr. S. Vignesh, Mss. S. Krishnaveni
and Mrs. C. Aswathy for clarifying my doubts, valuable guidance and
encouragement in this project report.
I especially thank my beloved friends J. Jenson Samraj, K. Ajay
Kallapiran, M. Esakki Raja, K. Vetri, E. Mariappan, G. Mathavi, M.
Senthil Kumar and M. Murugesh for being with my support, and
encouragement to finish my work during the course of work.
Words seem to be inadequate to express my deep sense of indebtedness to
my beloved parents who spend their today for our tomorrow. Without their
generous, sacrifices, motivation and inspiration, this study would not have been
the light of the day.

5. vi

ABSTRACT
Water quality determines the 'goodness' of water for particular purposes. Water quality
tests will give information about the health of the waterway. By testing water over a period of
time, the changes in the quality of the water can be seen. Parameters that may be tested
include temperature, ph, turbidity, salinity, nitrates and phosphates. An assessment of the
aquatic macroinvertebrates can also provide an indication of water quality [Cantor A and
Abigail G]. Dairying is considered as the important source of income whose agriculture
depends on monsoon. Indian dairying is recognized as one of the instrumentals for social &
economic development. The nation’s milk supply comes from millions of small producers,
dispersed throughout rural areas. The major challenge for the dairy sector is undoubtedly to
raise milk production to meet the increasing demand that arises from almost inevitable
expansion of population & presumably growth of income. The milk industries remain
strategically important to the economy with background & forward links to several ancillary
sectors. Out of the 40 tons of milk that is marketed annually through the organized sector of
the dairy co-operatives handles 45% and the private sectors handles the remaining 55%. The
dairy co-operative movement has spearheaded the development of the sector and made
remarkable progress.
With the globalization of the Indian economy, the dairy industry has really become highly
competitive. After delicensing of the industry, private entrepreneurs set up commercial
venture that would make the competition tougher for the cooperatives who suffer from
schizophrenia of balancing social obligation with financial viability.Milk is highly a
perishable commodity and the surplus can’t be stored for a long time. The members of the
society are much tempted to supply milk to the private milk traders. This affects the supply of
milk to the society and the union. Another main reason for incurring losses is due to lack of
knowledge on systematic network construction for collection of milk for the union from
various societies located in the study area. Many milk producers’ union like Aavin Milk
Industry is earning profits and is well utilized by the members of the society. Hence, an
attempt has been made to identify the basic parameters on ETP of the Aavin Industry.
KEYWORDS: Water quality parameters, Dairying, Aavin Milk Industry, Effluent treatment
plant, Basic parameters.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix

I INTRODUCTION 1

II LITERATURE REVIEW 10

III EXPERIMENTAL 13
3. CHEMICALS REQUIRED FOR ASSESSING THE 14
PARAMETERS
3.1 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WATER 16
3.2.1 DETERMINATION OF APPEARANCE 16
3.2.2 DETERMINATION OF COLOR 17
3.2.3 DETERMINATION OF ODOR 17
3.2.4 DETERMINATION OF TASTE 17
3.2.5 DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE 16
3.2.6 DETERMINATION OF pH 17
3.2.7 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SOLIDS 18
4. CHEMICAL PARAMETE RS OF THE WATER 19
4.1.1. DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ALKALINITY 21
4.1.2 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ACIDITY 24
4.1.3 DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS 26
4.1.4 DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE 29
5. BIOLOGICAL PARAME TERS OF THE WATER 30
5.1.1 DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXY GEN TEST 30
5.1.2 DETERMINATION OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 34
5.1.3 DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 37

IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 39
V CONCLUSION 42
REFERENCE 45

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LIST OF TABLE

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.


1.1 Percentage of fat in milk 6
3.1 Methodology 15
3.1 Appearance of the Water sample 16
3.2 Color of the Water sample 17
3.3 Odor of the Water sample 17
3.4 Taste of the Water sample 17
3.5 Temperature of the Water sample 17
3.6 pH of the Water sample 19
3.7 Total Solids of the Water sample 19
4.1 (a) Phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA) 22
4.1 (b) Methyl orange alkalinity (MA) 23
4.2 (a) Methyl orange Acidity (MA) 25
4.2 (b) Phenolphthalein Acidity (PA) 25
4.3 (a) Hardness of the Water sample 28
4.3 (b) Comparison of hardness value with WHO 28
4.4 Chloride determination in the Water sample 30
5.1 Dissolved Oxygen test 33
5.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand test 36
5.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand Test 38

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1.1 Schematic view of the Gerber method for the fat removal 5
1.2 Effluent treatment plant of Aavin Industry 9
4.2 (a) Methyl Orange acidity is absent 25
4.2 (b) Phenolphthalein acidity is absent 25
4.3 Hardness is present in the Water sample 27
4.4 Presence of the Chloride in the Water sample 29
5.1 Dissolved oxygen test by Winkler’s method 33
5.2 Determination of BOD 36

9. x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
DO Dissolved Oxygen
EBT Eriochrome Black T
EDTA Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
PA Phenolphthalein Acidity
PA Phenolphthalein Alkalinity
pH Potential of Hydrogen
PVA Polyvinyl Acetate
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TNPCB Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board
TOC Total Organic Carbon
TON Threshold Odor Number
TS Total Solids
WHO World Health Organization

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

11. 2

INTRODUCTION
The science of Environment studies is a multi-disciplinary science because it comprises
various branches of studies like chemistry, physics, medical science, life science, agriculture,
public health, sanitary engineering etc. It is the science of physical phenomena in the
environment. It studies of the sources, reactions, transport, effect and fate of physical a
biological species in the air, water and soil and the effect of from human activity (TNAU)
Importance of environmental study
(i) World population is increasing at an alarming rate especially in developing countries.
(ii) The natural resources endowment in the earth is limited.
(iii) The methods and techniques of exploiting natural resources are advanced.
(iv) The resources are over-exploited and there is no foresight of leaving the resources to the
future generations.
(v) The unplanned exploitation of natural resources leads to pollution of all types and at all
levels.
(vi) The pollution and degraded environment seriously affect the health of all living things on
earth, including man.
(vii) The people should take a combined responsibility for the deteriorating environment and
begin to take appropriate actions to space the earth.
(viii) Education and training are needed to save the biodiversity and species extinction.
(ix) The urban area, coupled with industries, is major sources of pollution.
(x) The number and area extinct under protected area should be increased so that the wild
life is protected at least in these sites.
1.2 AAVIN INDUSTRY
About the Company
Aavin union is a Government union which was founded in the year 1958. It is a Tamil
Nadu-based milk producer's union. Milk is procured from the Village level societies twice a
day. The milk cost payment is made on the basis of a quality test which consists of Fat and
Solid Non-fat content. It is one of the 17 Milk Procurement Unions Plants across 30 districts
in the State of Tamil Nadu. Aavin Dairy is networked with around 12000 Milk Producer’s
Cooperative societies, with daily milk production of the order of 25 to 30 lakh liters

12. 3

1.3 THE PRODUCTION LEVEL OF MILK
The Aavin Dairy industry produces about 65,000 liters of milk during the Summer period
and 80,000 liters of milk during the Winter period. This happens because during the dry
summer months there will be a low availability of green fodder for the cattle for the fall in
milk production.

1.4 DISTRICT UNIONS OF FEDERATIONS
There are about 17 district Co-operative Milk Producers’ Unions functioning in Tamil
Nadu, covering 30 Districts. They are:
1. Kancheepuram-Tiruvallur
2. Villupuram
3. Vellore
4. Dharmapuri
5. Salem
6. Erode
7. Coimbatore
8. Nilgiris
9. Madurai
10. Dindigul
11. Trichy
12. Thanjavur
13. Pudukkottai
14. Sivagangai
15. Virudhunagar
16. Tirunelveli
17. Kanyakumari

1.5 FUNCTIONS OF CO-OPERATIVE MILK PRODUCERS UNION
1. Establishment of chilling centers
2. Formation of new milk routes to collect milk produced by the members of the societies.
3. Collection of milk from societies, process, and pack in modern dairy.
4. Supply of quality milk.
5. Fixation of procurement and selling price of milk.
6. Supply of inputs to the members of the societies.

13. 4

1.6 FOUR SMALL BRANCHES
Tirunelveli is the main branch of milk production and producing dairy products. Under
Tirunelveli, there are four small branches located as follows
1. Sankarankoil
2. Vallioor
3. Shathankulam
4. Kovilpatti.
These are also called as “Chilling center”
1.7 COLLECTION OF MILK
Raw milk:
The milk is collected from many villages. The milkers give their milk through dairy
form situated on their village. Therefore, both societies and milk givers can earn money
with some profits. The collection of milk which is directly got from the milk-giver is
known as the “Raw Milk”. The milk can be collected in the morning and evening.

1.8 DIFFERENT KINDS OF TEST
A. Organoleptic tests
The appearance of the surface of the milk and the lid is observed and inspected right away
after disposing of the lid of the incoming milk can. Any strange coloration of the milk, seen
dirt and particles, changes in viscosity etc. are determined. Any strange odor if noticed by
way of inhalation of air status above the milk inside the upper part of the milk can also
determined.

B. Lactometer test
If the milk appears during organoleptic inspections to be too thin and watery and its color
is "blue thin" it is suspected that milk contains added water. Lactometer test serves as a
quick method for determination of adulteration of milk by adding water. The lactometer test
is based on the fact that the specific gravity of whole milk, skim milk and water differ from
each other.

C. Clot-on- boiling test
Also, this test is used for rapid testing of increased acidity of milk. As stated above
heating will precipitate proteins of milk if it is sour. This method is slower than alcohol test

14. 5

but very useful where and when an alcohol test is not available. This test is performed simply
by heating a small amount of milk in a test tube over a flame or immersed in boiling water for
five minutes. The result can be seen immediately. If no coagulation occurs, it indicates that
milk can stand heating operations at the time of testing.
D. Fat test
Gerber method
The Gerber Method is a primary and historic chemical test to determine the fat content of
substances, most commonly milk and cream. The Gerber Method is the primary testing
method in Europe and much of the world. But, the US is following the Babcock test
primarily similar to the Gerber Method. It was developed and patented by Dr. Niklaus
Gerber of Switzerland in 1891.
Procedure:
• For performing this test we should take 10 ml 90% of Sulphuric acid and 10.75 ml of
Milk sample that may be Raw milk or any other milk.
• Then, add 1 ml of Amyl alcohol and shake it up and down.
• Centrifuge it by setting 1300 rpm.
• The appearance of the golden yellow proofs that the fat content is separated.
Fig.1.1.Schematic view of the Gerber method for the fat removal.

15. 6

E. Methylene Blue Dye Reduction Test
Methylene Blue Dye Reduction Test, commonly known as the MBRT test is used as a
quick method to assess the microbiological quality of raw and pasteurized milk. This test is
based on the fact that the blue color of the dye solution added to the milk get decolorized
when the oxygen present in the milk get exhausted due to microbial activity. The sooner the
decolorization, more inferior is the bacteriological quality of milk assumed to be. This test is
widely used at the dairy reception dock, processing units and milk chilling centers where it is
followed as acceptance/rejection criteria for the raw and processed milk.
Procedure:
The test has to be done under sterile conditions. Take 10 ml milk sample in a sterile
MBRT test tube. Add 1 ml MBRT dye solution (dye concentration 0.005%). Stopper the
tubes with a sterilized rubber stopper and carefully place them in a test tube stand dipped in a
serological water bath maintained at 37±1⁰C. Record this time as the beginning of the
incubation period. Decolorization is considered complete when only a faint blue ring (about
5mm) persists at the top.

1.9 PERCENTAGE OF FAT IN MILK
Table 1.1. Showing the percentage of fat in milk
Milk Fat percentage SNF Percentage
Toned Milk 3.0 8.5
Standardized Milk 4.5 8.5
Double Toned Milk 2.0 9.0
2.0 DIFFERENT PRODUCT:
The different product by Aavin is listed in the following list.
1. Butter
2. Milk Khoa
3. Ghee
4. Ice cream
5. Milk cake
6. Curd and butter milk

16. 7

2.1 EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT OF AAVIN
The Effluent treatment plant studies show that how the Aavin industry is recycling the
wastewater for further use. Some of the water in the Balancing tank is utilized by the cow
indirectly by some process. Effluent from the collection tank comes to the equalization tank
in wastewater treatment. The main function is to act as a buffer. To collect the incoming raw
effluent that comes at widely fluctuating rates and position to the rest of the ETP at a steady
flow rate. During the peak hours, ETP comes at a high flow rate. The equalization tank stores
this effluent and lets it out during the noon peak time when there is no /little incoming
effluent. The inlet pipe of equalization tank carries filtered effluent from cooling tower. The
raw effluent in the industry includes the washing out of some instruments, milk pockets,
milk, and so on.

Equalization tank
The main use of Equalization tank is
• To reduce the temperature
• For homogeneous mixing
• To give the optimum dosing of HCl for neutralizing
• To increase the Bacteria growth in FBBR
• To reduce the insoluble BOD and COD in the System
• To avoid the solids cloaking in the air distribution system in the Equalization tank
• To increase the air volume in the equalization tank in wastewater treatment
• To remove the odor in Equalization tank due to the anaerobic reaction
• To increase the efficiency of Biological system
• To reduce the current and electrode consumption in the EC system
Clarifiers
Clarifiers are settling tanks built with a mechanical approach for non-stop removal of
solids being deposited with the aid of sedimentation. A Clarifier is commonly used to cast off
strong particulates or suspended solids from the liquid for explanation and (or) thickening.
Concentrated impurities, discharged from the lowest of the tank are referred to as sludge,
whilst the particles that waft to the surface of the liquid are referred to as scum.

17. 8

Primary Clarifier
Primary wastewater treatment systems may include both clarification and physical-
chemical treatment equipment, depending on the components in the wastewater.
Clarification, through the process of sedimentation, is the separation of suspended particles
by gravitational settling. This operation can be used for grit and solids removal in the primary
settling basin, removal of oil and grease, removal of chemically treated solids when the
chemical coagulation process is used or solids concentration in sludge thickeners.
Primary Clarifiers reduce the content of suspended solids and pollution embedded in those
suspended solids. Because of the huge quantity of reagent necessary to treat home
wastewater, preliminary chemical coagulation and flocculation are generally no longer used,
last suspended solids being reduced through following ranges of the machine. However,
coagulation and flocculation can be used for constructing a compact treatment plant (also
called a "package deal treatment plant"), or for further polishing of the handled water.

Secondary clarifier
Secondary treatment is a treatment process for wastewater (or sewage) to achieve a certain
degree of effluent quality by using a sewage treatment plant with physical phase separation to
remove settleable solids and a biological process to remove dissolved and suspended organic
compounds. After this kind of treatment, the wastewater may be called secondary-treated
wastewater. Secondary treatment is the part of a sewage treatment series disposing of
dissolved and colloidal compounds measured as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
The secondary remedy is traditionally implemented to the liquid portion of sewage after
number one treatment has removed settleable solids and floating cloth. The secondary
remedy is generally performed by indigenous, aquatic microorganisms in a controlled cardio
habitat. Bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic contaminants (e.g.,
Sugars, fats, and natural quick-chain carbon molecules from human waste, meals waste,
soaps, and detergent) while reproducing to shape cells of organic solids.

Balancing (Equalization) tank
A balancing tank has enough volume to permit a non-uniform waft of wastewater to be
amassed, blended and pumped ahead to a treatment gadget at an extra uniform fee. Pumping
is controlled by using stage sensors and its price varies in step with the intensity of liquid in
the balancing tank. A balancing tank ought to be mixed to prevent the settlement of solids

18. 9

and to ensure that the wastewater first-class is as uniform as possible. To save you anaerobic
situations and odors developing previous to remedy, the contents of balancing tanks may also
want to be aerated. Venturi aerators will mix and aerate, at the same time as excessive speed
propellers are used to preserve solids in suspension.

The Inlet wastewater
The Inlet wastewater consists of waster collected from washing out the machines, cleaning
the instruments, leakage of water due to manufacturing of milk, cleaning of milk packets and
stream leakage etc., which is contaminated by more bacteria present in the water sample. It
has too odor due to the presence of the bacteria.

The Outlet wastewater
The water which is expelled from the industry is considered as non-toxic and purified
from harmful bacteria. The water from the outlet is used up for various purposes like washing
or even as helpful for studying the basic parameter. The pollution control board officers will
come there for the analysis of the inlet and outlet water sample. This is how wastewater is
recycled and managed.

Fig. Effluent treatment plant of Aavin Industry

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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

20. 11


Muranjan (1977) in his study on, “Factors Responsible for increased procurement of
Milk in Maharashtra” tells that the co-operative societies have ascertained the factors
responsible for increased procurement of milk. The researcher has concluded that among the
factors responsible, two most important factors were increase in the number of collection
centers and a substances increase in the number of dairy co-operative societies due to the
encouragement given by the Government.
Dilip Shah (1980) in his study titled, “Factors offering milk procurement has made a case
study of the Gujarat co-operative Dairy plants”, has observed that the most important factor
for the varieties in milk procurement was the increased number of dairy co-operatives at the
village level established for the purpose of the processing of milk.
Miriam Sharma and Urmila Vanjani (1989) analysed the main aim of promoting
women's co-operatives in the Operation Flood programme is the provision of employment,
income and increased status for rural women. On the basis of a field study among the women
of Shankpur in Rajasthan, this article examines the class and gender biases in the dairy
policy; its effects on the nutrition and health of women, and on food crop production; the
employment potential of the programme; and the replication of the in equalities inherent in
the Green Revolution.
Mattigatti et.al.,(1992) in their study titled, “Resource productivity in cow milk
production- An impact of operation flood programme”, have evaluated the impact of the
operation flood programme in six experimental villages which fall in the area of operation of
the dairy cooperative societies in Dharwad district. They have found that the introduction of
dairy co-operatives as a result of had brought about intensive cross breeding of cows and
increase in their hard size.
Dubey (1995) in his study titled, “Dairy Co-operatives in socio-economic Transformation
of rural economy”, has studied the income generation between the beneficiaries and the non-
beneficiaries of dairy Co-operatives has been receiving higher net income than those of non-
beneficiaries in terms of per year per animal and per liter. He has concluded that this
increased income is the result of the proper utilization of the existing facilities and the
infrastructure of milk Co-operatives by the members.
Senhur Dayakar and Singh (1996) in their study entitled, “Impact of cooperatives on
Dairy Development in Andhra Pradesh”, explained that the Operation Flood Programme

21. 12

aimed at promoting the establishment of viable farmer owned and managed dairy co-
operatives for collecting, processing and marketing of milk and supplying technical inputs.
Though increased thrust on the efficient organization and functioning of dairy co-operatives
under the programme, it is expected that the growth and performance of dairy co-operatives
organized on Anand pattern would improve the economic status of cattle breeding
population.
Usha Rani et.al.,(1997) in their study titled, “Impact of milk production and Marketed
surplus of milk in Chittoor Milk shed area, Chittoor”, have commented that the women co-
operative societies have made a significant impact on the level of production, consumption
and marketed surplus of milk.
Das (2000) in his study entitled, “Planning for Dairy Development after Trade
Liberalization”, visualizes that after the New Economic Policy was announced, National
Dairy Development Board (NDDB) enjoys a monopoly on dairy development and there
exists a boom in investment in new dairy processing units immediately after the liberalization
of economy. He also extended that the future planning for dairy development should consider
the issues relating to the extension of benefits of the cooperative sector in order to increase
return to farmers as well as generation of rural employment.
P. J. Puri , M. K. N. Yenkie, et al [2001] have studied water quality index (WQI) has
been calculated for different surface water resources especially lakes, in Nagpur city,
Maharashtra (India), for the session January to December 2008; comprising of three seasons,
summer, winter and rainy season. Sampling points were selected on the basis of their
importance. Water quality index was calculated using water quality index calculator given by
National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) information system. The calculated (WQI) for various
studied lakes showed fair water quality in monsoon season which then changed to medium in
winter and poor for summer season. Gorewada lake showed medium water quality rating in
all season except monsoon season. Futala, Ambazari and Gandhisagar lake has also declined
in aesthetic quality over past decade following invasion of aquatic weeds such as hydrilla and
water primrose, so the reasons to import water quality change and measures to be taken up in
terms of surface water (lakes) quality management are required.

22. 13










CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENTAL

23. 14


3. CHEMICALS REQUIRED FOR ASSESSING THE PARAMETERS
The chemicals and reagents used in the present research work were analytical grade and used
without further purification. Doubly distilled water was used as solvent to prepare most of the
solution of this work.
DO
i. Sodium thiosulfate, anhydrous, A.R., Mol. Wt: 158.11
ii. Sodium hydroxide pellets purified (0.025N); MW: 40.00
iii. Manganese sulphate purified; MW. 169.02
iv. Potassium iodide pure; M = 166.01
v. Potassium hydroxide pellets KOH = 56.11
vi. Conc. Sulphuric acid
vii. Starch indicator
BOD
i. Sodium thiosulfate, anhydrous, A.R., Mol. Wt: 158.11
ii. Sodium hydroxide pellets purified (0.025N); MW: 40.00
iii. Manganese sulphate purified; MW. 169.02
iv. Potassium iodide pure; M = 166.01
v. Potassium hydroxide pellets KOH = 56.11
vi. Conc. Sulphuric acid
vii. Starch indicator
COD
i. Potassium dichromate pure, M = 294.19 g/mol
ii. Ammonium ferrous sulphate, M.W. 392.13
iii. Ferroin indicator solution
iv. Silver sulfate pure, M= 311.79 g/mol
v. Mercuric sulphate, M.W.296.65
vi. Conc. Sulphuric acid

TOTAL ALKALINITY
i. Sodium carbonate anhydrous pure; SDFCL; M= 105.99g/mol

24. 15

ii. Conc. Sulphuric acid
iii. Phnolphthalein idicator
iv. Mehyl Orange
TOTAL ACIDITY
i. Sodium hydroxide pellets purified; MW: 105.99 g/mol;
ii. Mehyl Orange
iii. Phnolphthalein idicator
iv. Conc. Sulphuric acid

HARDNESS
i. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt extra pure, M.W. 372.24
ii. Erichrome Black T (Solochrome Black)
iii. Ammonia buffer solution
CHLORIDE TEST
i. Lead nitrate, M.W.331.21
ii. Potassium chromate GR, M=194.20g/mol

3. 1 METHADOLOGY
S.No Parameters Methods
1 Appearance Visual method
2 Color Visual comparison method
3 Odor Qualitatively measurement method
4 Taste Organoleptic
5 Temperature Temperature probe
6 pH Glass electrode method
7 Total alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L Titration method
8 Total acidity Titration method
9 Total solids Gravimetry at 103℃ - 105℃
10 Total hardness as CaCO3 mg/L Titration method
11 Chloride test Titration method
12 Dissolved oxygen Winkler’s method
13 Biochemical oxygen demand Iodometric method

25. 16

14 Chemical oxygen demand Titrimetric method
3.2 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WATER
3.2.1 DETERMINATION OF APPEARANCE
This parameter was done by visual method based on the type of water sample. If the water
sample is collected from the sewage, it will bear dark grey in color. It is due to the presence
of bacteria present in the water sample. Some of the water sample will be pure and white, as
it was collected from dams or river. But, some posses dark brown or black if it is collected
from indutrial effluent or polluted ponds. It can be achieved by our naked eyes by its color,
and total solids present in the water sample.

Table: 3.1 Appearance of the Water sample





















S.NO SOURCE SAMPLE APPEARANCE




1



Tirunelveli
Aavin (Inlet)









Not Clear



2



Tirunelveli
Aavin (Outlet)






Clear

26. 17

3.2.2 DETERMINATION OF COLOR
Color in water is due to minuter amounts of humus, nplankton, weeds, decaying vegetable
matter, natural metallic ions like iron, manganous and industrial wastes.
Color can be classified as “true color” and “apparent color”. True color is the real color of
water seen after filtration. Apparent color is due to dissolved substances and suspended
particles and is determined in the original sample without filtration or centrifugation. In
highly colored industrial waste waters where color is principally due to colloidal or
suspended material both true color and apparent color should be determined.

Table: 3.2 Color of the Water sample
S. No SOURCE SAMPLE COLOR
1
Tirunelveli
Aavin (Inlet) Unacceptable
2 Aavin (Outlet) Acceptable

3.2.3 DETERMINATION OF ODOR
Odor is a quality factor affecting acceptability of drinking waer and aesthetics of
recreational waters. Water has no odor in its pure form. No instrument has so far been
developed for the measurement of odor and the measurements depend updon contact of a
stimulating substance with appropriate human receptor cell.
Odor is measured in terms of “Threshold Odor Number” indicating the number of times
the dilution is carried out with odor free water, in order to get no perceptible odor. Obviously,
smaller the value of T.O.N., better is its quality. Accepted average value of T.O.N = 3.
A panel of five and preferably ten or more persons is needed to check the odor. Odor is
determined in chlorinated sample as well as that of the same sample after dechlorination
which is carried out with arsenate or thiosulfate.

Table: 3.3 Odor of the Water sample
S. No SOURCE SAMPLE ODOR RESPONSE
1
Tirunelveli
Aavin (Inlet) Objectionable
2 Aavin (Outlet) Unobjectionable

27. 18

3.2.4 DETERMINATION OF TASTE
Taste, as a specific sensory process, is very rarely a problem in public water supplies.
Most 'tastes' are concerned almost entirely with odors. Undesirable odors occur frequently in
many water supplies in Illinois, especially those depending upon surface waters as the source
of supply. Taste and odor episodes vary in intensity, persistency, and frequency of
occurrence. It is the sporadic nature of these episodes that leaves the water plant operator
wondering if his treatment techniques corrected the problem or if the problem diminished
through a natural course of time.
Some episodes are predictable. Midwestern rivers are often the source of tastes and odors
only during high flow periods following late winter thaws. In midwestern reservoirs tastes
and odors are not uncommon during fall destratification, i.e., lake turnover. Nevertheless, the
unexpected occurrence is more the rule. Great strides have been made in improving the
palatability of water.
Some water treatment facilities have features designed to remove organics, insecticides,
phenols, and industrial chemicals, but most do not. Taste and odor control continues to
remain an art in most localities with as much reliance on hope as on science.

3.2.5 DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE
Temperature is one of the most important parameters of aquatic environment. Density,
viscosity, surface tension and vapour pressure of water, more or less, depend on the
temperature profile of the system. Further, discharge of heated effluents also brings about
thermal changes in natural waters.
Indian climate provides almost an ideal range of solar temperature, which attributes great
self-purificatino strength in the stream. A rise in temperature of water accelerates chemical
reactions, reduces solubility of gases, amplifies taste and odor, and elevates metabolic
activity of organisms.

Table: 3.5 Temperature of the Water sample
S. No SOURCE SAMPLE Temperature (℃)
1
Tirunelveli
Aavin (Inlet) 27.9
2 Aavin (Outlet) 26.6

28. 19

3.2.6 DETERMINATION OF pH
One of the most important properties of water and wastewater is its hydrogen ion activity.
pH is the intensity of the acidic or basic character of a solution at a given temperature. The
pH scale is a series of numbers which measure acidity or alkalinity. These numbers are
shown from 0 to 14 and each number represents a definite degree of acidity or alkalinity. pH
(p=power; H=hydrogen ion concentration) value is negative logarithm of hydrogen ion
concentration.
[= -log H
+
]
The pH of a solution numerically equal to the negative power to which 10 must be raised
in order to express the hydrogen ion concentration. Thus, if in a solution
[H
+
] = 10
-5
Then, its pH value = 5
Mathematically, [H
+
] = 10
-pH

At 22℃ pure water contains both hydrogen and hydroxyl ions of 10
-7
N each. The ionic
product of the two, (H
+
) × (OH
-
), is 10
-14
. This value remains constant for all aquaous
solutions. Both alkalinity and acidity can be expressed in terms of hydrogen ion
concentration. The change of one on the pH scale means a rise or fall of concentration by 10
times.

DETERMINATION
pH can be determined by
(i) Potentiometre method
(ii) Colorimetric method
(iii) Glass electrode method
Generally, Glass electrode method is used for this purpose.

Table: 3.6 pH of the Water sample
S. No SOURCE SAMPLE pH
1
Tirunelveli
Aavin (Inlet) 6.03
2 Aavin (Outlet) 6.96

29. 20



3.2.7 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SOLIDS
Principle
Total solid is the term applied to the material residue left in the vessel after operation of an
unfiltered sample and includes “total suspended solids”. portion retained by filter and “total
dissolved solids”.
Materials required
(i) Evaluating dish: Dish of 100 mL capacity made up of silica, porcelain or platinum.
(ii) Desiccator
(iii) Muffle furnace
(iv) Hot plate
(v) Balance.
Procedure
(i) Ignite the evaporating dish in a muffle furnace at 550 ± 50℃ for about 1 hour.
(ii) Cool it in a desiccator and weigh.
(iii) Evaporate 100 ml of unfiltered sample in the evaporating dish on a water bath or hot
plate.
(iv) Dry the evaporated sample for one hour in an oven at 103-105℃.
(v) Cool the dish in a desiccator and again weigh.

SOURCE SAMPLE
PETRI DISH WEIGHT
OF TS
(Total Solids) Initial Weight
(W1)
Final Weight
(W2)


Tirunelveli
Aavin (Inlet)
44.620 44.640 0.02
Aavin (Outlet)
45.247 45.260 0.013

Table: 3.7 Total Solids of the Water sample
Calculation

Total Solids, mg/L =

30. 21


(i) Aavin (Inlet)
Total Solids, mg/L =
= 1 mg

(ii) Aavin (Outlet)
Total Solids, mg/L =
= 0.65 mg

Result
The amount of Total Solids present in 1 L of water sample will be,
(i) Aavin (Inlet) = 50 mg/L
(ii) Aavin (Outlet) = 32.5 mg/L
4. CHEMICAL PARAMETE RS OF THE WATER
4.1.1 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ALKALINITY
Alkalinity of natural water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize H
+
and is primarily a
function of carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide contents of water. Some other bases which
may contribute towards alkalinity include borates, phosphates and silicates.
Most of the alkalinity is due to the dissolution of CO2 in water. CO2 combines with water
to form carbonic acid which is further dissociated into H
+
and bicarbonates HCO3
–
ions.






Carbonate and bicarbonate ions in water further yield hydroxyl OH
—
ions. Carbonate produce
double the OH
—
ions than what produced by bicarbonates resulting in an increase in pH.



CO2 + H2O H2CO3

H2CO3 HCO3
--
+
H
+

HCO3
--
CO3
--
+ H
+

CO3
--
+ 2H2O H2CO3 + 2OH
--


HCO3
--
+ H2O H2CO3 + OH
--

31. 22

Natural water with high alkalinity is rich in phytoplanktons. In highly productive water the
alkalinity is more than 100 mg/L.

Principle
Alkalinity is determined by titrating water with a strong acid like HCl or H2SO4. It
involves the use of two indicators namely, phenolphthalein (pH 8.3) and methyl orange (pH
4.2-5.4). The end point of pH 8.3 is called phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA) in which CO3
--
is converted into HCO3
--
. However, if the same titration is continued further using methyl
orange as an indicator, HCO3
--
react with acid to form H2CO3. The reaction is complete at pH
4.5. This is called Total Alkalinity (TA).


Reagents required
i. Sodium carbonate solution (0.1N): Dissolve 4 g of Na2CO3, perfectly dried in
distilled water to prepare 1 litre of solution.
ii. Sulfuric acid (0.1N): Standardize it against sodium carbonate.
iii. Phenolphthalein indicator solution: Add 2-4 drops.
iv. Methyl orange indicator (0.05%): Dissolve 0.1 g of methyl orange in 250 mL of
distilled water.

Procedure
i. Take 20 mL of the sample in a conical flask and add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator solution. If the solution remains colorless, PA=0. If a slight pink color
appears, phenolphthalein alkalinity (due to hydroxide or carbonate) is present.
ii. Titrate the solution against sulfuric acid until the color disappears. Note the reading.
This is phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA).
iii. Then for testing the Methyl Orange alkalinity, add 3-4 drops of Methyl Orange
indicator. The orange red or yellow color is developed. If the solution remains
colorless, MA=0.

Observation
In this titration, when phenolphthalein is used as indicator the color changes from light
pink to colorless and when methyl orange is used as indicator the color changes from yellow
to rose color.

32. 23

Tabulation
(i) Table: 4.1 (a) Phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA)
SOURCE SAMPLE PA BURETTE READING Volume of H2SO4
consumed Initial Final
Tirunelveli
Aavin (Inlet) Absent 0 0 Nil
Aavin (Outlet) Absent 0 0 Nil

(ii) Table: 4.1 (b) Methyl orange alkalinity (MA)
SOURCE SAMPLE MA BURETTE READING Volume of H2SO4
consumed Initial Final
Tirunelveli
Aavin (Inlet) Present 0 0.1 0.1
Aavin (Outlet) Present 0.1 0.2 0.1

Calculation
Total Volume of Standard H2SO4 is used for the titration.
T (Total Alkalinity) = Phenolphthalein alkalinity (i)+Methyl orange alkalinity (ii)
= 0 + 0.1
= 0.1 mL.

(i) Phenolphtalein alkalinity
(PA) as CaCO3 mg/L =
=
= Nil

(ii) Total alkalinity (T) =

= 5 mg/L
Five combinations for PA and T



1. P = T, only OH
-1
ions present
2. P = T/2, only CO3
-2
ions present
3. P < T/2, CO3
-2
and HCO3
-1
ions present
4. P > T/2, CO3
-2
and OH
-1
ions present
5. P = 0, HCO3
-1
ions present

33. 24

Result
i. According to the above combinations, as the Phenolphthalein alkalinity is zero, only
the HCO3
-1
ions were present in the water sample.
ii. The Total alkalinity which is present in the sample is 5 mg/L.

4.1.2 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ACIDITY
Acidity indicates the total available acid and H
+
ions. Acidity of water is its capacity to
react with acid a strong base to fixed pH
.
Acidity is due to the presence of strong mineral
acids, weak acids and hydrolyzing salts of strong acids.
The salts of trivalent metals (e.g., Fe, Al) hydrolyze to release mineral acids. In natural
freshwater, the acidity is mostly due to the presence of free CO2 in the form of carbonic acid.
In acid waters, productivity is low because acidity not only inhibits nitrogen fixation it also
prevents the recirculation of nutrients by reducing the rate of decomposition.

Principle
Hydrogen ions of the water sample present as a result of dissociation of hydrolysis of solutes,
react with strong base such as NaOH. If the sample has strong mineral acids and their salts, it
is titrated first to pH 3.7, using methyl orange as an indicator. This is called methyl orange
acidity. If the sample is titrated directly to pH 8.3 using phenolphthalein, the end point
denotes total acidity.

Reagents required
(i) Sodium hydroxide (0.05N): Dissolve 4 g NaOH in 100 mL. Standardize with HCl.
(ii) Methyl orange indicator: Dissolve 0.1 g of methyl orange in 250 mL of distilled
water.
(iii) Phenolphthalein indicator solution: Add 2-4 drops.

Procedure
(i) Take 20 ml of colorless sample of water in a conical flask and add 3-4 drops of methyl
orange indicator. If, the solution turns yellow, methyl orange acidity (MA) is absent. If
the solution turns pink, titrate it against NaOH till yellow color appears.
(ii) Now add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution to the same solution and if
it turns colorless, it is known as Phenolphthalein acidity (PA).Then titrate further with
NaOH until the solution turns pink to get End point.

34. 25












Fig. 4.2 (a) Methyl Orange Fig. 4.2 (b) Phenolphthalein
acidity is absent. acidity is absent.

Table: 4.2 (a) Methyl orange Acidity (MA)
SOURCE SAMPLE PA
BURETTE READING Volume of NaOH
Consumed Initial Final
Tirunelveli
Aavin (Inlet) Present 0 0.2 0.2
Aavin (Outlet) Present 0 0.1 0.1

Table: 4.2 (b) Phenolphthalein Acidity (PA)


Calculation

Mineral Acidity (mg/L) =

SOURCE SAMPLE MA BURETTE READING Volume of NaOH
Consumed Initial Final
Tirunelveli
Aavin (Inlet) Absent 0 0 Nil
Aavin (Outlet) Absent 0 0 Nil

35. 26

(i) Aavin (Inlet) = Nil
(ii) Aavin (Outlet) = Nil

Total Acidity =
(CaCO3 Scale)

(i) Aavin (Inlet)
=
= 10 mg/L
(ii) Aavin (Outlet)
=
= 5 mg/L
Result
(i) Mineral acidity present in the Aavin (Inlet) = Nil
(ii) Mineral acidity present in the Aavin (Outlet) = Nil
(iii)Total acidity present in the Aavin (Inlet) = 10 mg/L
(iv) Total acidity present in the Aavin (Outlet) = 5 mg/L

4.1.3 DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS
Total hardness may be defined as the sum of the calcium and magnesium concentrations,
both expressed as calcium carbonate in milligrams per litre. The amount of hardness
equivalent to the total alkalinity is called “carbonate hardness”. The amount of hardness in
excess of total alkalinity is called “non-carbonate hardness”. In common usage, water is
classified as soft, if it contains less than 75 ppm of hardness as calcium carbonate.

Reagents required
i. Standard EDTA solution, 0.01M: Dissolve 0.3723 g Ethylenediamine tetraacetic
acid disodium salt extra pure in 100 mL in distilled water.
ii. Ammonia buffer solution: Add 1 ml of Ammonia buffer solution in the sample.
iii. Erichrome Black T: Dissolve 0.5 g of EBT in 100 mL in distilled water.

36. 27


Procedure
i. Take 20 mL of the sample in a conical flask.
ii. Add 1 mL of the Ammonia buffer solution.
iii. Add 2 drops of the Erichrome Black T indicator solution.
iv. Titrate the contents with EDTA with continuos stirring. The last few drops may be
added at 3-5 seconds interval. At the end point color changes from wine red to blue.
Observation
In this titration, the color changes from wine red to blue sharply at the end-point.

37. 28


Table: 4.3 Hardness of the Water sample





Calculation
Hardness (EDTA) as mg CaCO3/L =

(i) Aavin (Inlet)
=

= 50 mg/L
(ii) Aavin (Outlet)
=
= 100 mg/L

Comparison of hardness value with WHO (World Health Organization)

Degree of Hardness Hardness mg/L CaCO3
Soft <50
Moderately Hard 50-150
Hard 150-300
Very Hard >300

Result
Thus, the amount of Temporary Hardness present in the Tirunelveli sample is
(i) Aavin (Inlet) = 50 mg/L
(ii) Aavin (Outlet) = 100 mg/L
Therefore, according to the WHO the given water sample was Soft and Moderatly Hard.
SOURCE SAMPLE BURETTE READING Volume of EDTA
Consumed Initial Final
Tirunelveli
Aavin (Inlet) 0 1 1
Aavin (Outlet) 1 3 2

38. 29

4.1.4 DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE
Most of the chloride in the soil are soluble in water and determined directly in soil
solution. In natural fresh waters high concentration of chloride is regarded as an indicator of
pollution which is due to organic wastes of animal origin. Industrial effluents may be able to
increase the chloride contents in natural waters. The chloride concentration above 250 ppm
makes the water salty in taste, however, a level upto ppm is safe for human consumption.
Principle
Silver nitrate reacts with chloride to form very slightly soluble white precipitate of AgCl.
At the end point, when all the chlorides get precipitated, free silver ions react with chromate
to form silver chromate of greenish-yellow color.

Reagents required
(i) Silver Nitrate, 0.153 N: Dissolve 0.34 g of dried Silver nitrate in distilled water.
(ii) Potassium chromate, 5%: Dissolve 5 g of K2CrO4 in 100 mL of distilled water.
Procedure
(i) Take 20 mL of sample in a conical flask and add 2 mL of K2CrO4 solution.
(ii) Titrate the contents against 0.0153 N AgNO3 until a persistent greenish yellow color
appears.

39. 30

Table: 4.4 Chloride determination in the Water sample.





Calculation

Chloride (mg/L) =

(i) Aavin (Inlet) = Nil

(ii) Aavin (Outlet)
=

= 36 mg/L
Result
Thus, the amount of Chloride present in the Tirunelveli sample is
(i) Aavin (Inlet) = Nil
(ii) Aavin (Outlet) = 36 mg/L

5. BIOLOGICAL PARAMETER S OF THE WATER
5.1.1 DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN TEST
Dissolved oxygen is a very important parameter of water quality and is an index of
physical and biological processes going on in water. Non-polluted surface waters are
normally saturated with dissolved oxygen, which reaches the maximum in the late afternoon
and falls again at night because of removal by respiration. This diurnal change in the oxygen
level is termed as Oxygen pulse. Oxygen depletion takes place due to decomposition of
organic matter, respiration, presence of iron and rise in temperature.
Principle
SOURCE SAMPLE BURETTE READING Volume of AgNO3
Consumed Initial Final
Tirunelveli
Tirunelveli
Aavin (Inlet) 0 0 Nil
Aavin (Outlet) 0 1.2 1.2

40. 31

The method is based on Winkler’s method, involving two oxidation-reduction reactions.
The manganous sulfate reacts with sodium or potassium hydroxide to give a white precipitate
of manganous hydroxide.

MnSO4 + 2 NaOH → Mn(OH)2 + Na2SO4

In the presence of oxygen in a highly alkaline solution, the white manganous hydroxide is
oxidized to brown-colored manganous oxyhydrate.

2 Mn(OH)2 + O2 → 2 Mn O (OH)2

In strongly acidic media, manganic ions are reduced by iodide ions of potassium iodide to
form free iodine.
Mn(OH)2 + 2 H2SO4 → Mn(SO4)2 + 3 H2O
Mn(SO4)2 + 2KI → Mn(SO4)2 + K2SO4 + I2

The amount of free iodine is equivalent to the amount of oxygen present in the sample and
can be determined by titrating with sodium thiosulphate using starch as an indicator.

2 Na2 S2 O3 + I2 → 2Na I + Na2 S4 O6

Reagents required
i. Sodium thiosulphate (0.025N): Dissolve 0.625g of sodium thiosulphate in previously
boiled distilled water and make the volume to 100 mL. Add a pellet of sodium hydroxide
as a stabilizer. Keep in a brown glass-stoppered bottle. Prepare fresh solutions every 2 or
3 weeks.

ii. Manganous sulfate: Dissolve 4.8 g MnSO4. H2O in distilled water, filter and dilute it to
100 mL The MnSO4 solution should not give a color with starch when added to an
acidified potassium iodide solution.

iii. Alkaline potassium iodide solution: Dissolve 7 g KOH and 1.5 g NaI in 100 mL of
distilled water.

41. 32

iv. Concentrated sulphuric acid: Dissolve 0.2g starch in 100mL of warm water.

Procedure
i. Take the water sample in a glass-stoppered BOD bottle of known volume avoiding any
bubbling. No air should be trapped in the bottle after the stopper is replaced.

ii. Add 1 mL of MnSO4 and 1 mL of alkaline KI solution well below the surface of water
using separate pipettes. If the volume of the sample is more than 200 mL add 2 mL of
each MnSO4 and KI solution.

iii. A precipitate will appear. Place the stopper and shake the solution thoroughly by
invertingthe bottle repeatedly. At this stage, the sample can be stored for a few days, if
required.

iv. Add 1-2 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid to dissolve the precipitate.

v. Transfer gently (avoiding bubbling) the whole content or a known part of it in a conical
flask.

vi. Add a few drops of starch indicator and titrate against sodium thiosulphate solution
within one hour of the dissolution of the precipitate.

vii. Note the end point when the initial dark blue color disappears completely.

ig.5.1 Dissolved oxygen test by Winkler’s method





Table: 5.1.1 Dissolved Oxygen test

Calculation
If the whole content is used for titration,
SOURCE SAMPLE BURETTE READING Volume of Na2S2O3
Consumed Initial Final
Tirunelveli
Aavin (Inlet) 0 3 3
Aavin (Outlet) 3 5.6 8.6

42. 33



D.O. (mg/L) =


Where, V1 = Volume of titrant (Sod.thiosulphate);
V2 = Volume of sampling bottle;
V3 = Volume of MnSO4 and KI solutions added;
V4 = Volume of the part of the contents titrated;
N = Normality of sodium thiosulphate (0.025).



(i) Aavin (Inlet)

D.O (mg/L) =
= 30 mg/L
(ii) Aavin (Outlet)

D.O (mg/L) =
= 85 mg/L
Result
Thus, the amount of DO present in the Tirunelveli sample is
(i) Aavin (Inlet) = 30 mg/L
(ii) Aavin (Outlet) = 85 mg/L

5.1.2 DETERMINATION OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
It is the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms in aerobic degradation of the
dissolved or even particulate organic matter in water. The decomposable or biodegradable
organic matter serves as a food for bacteria and energy is obtained due to such oxidation.
BOD gives us an idea about the extent of organic pollution in water. More the oxidizable

43. 34

organic matter present in water, more the amount of oxygen required to degrade it
biologically, hence more the BOD.
BOD mainly depends upon the pH, presence of toxins, reduced organic matter and
different types of microorganisms. While evaluating this, samples are protected from
sunlight, excessive agitation or shaking, and kept at a fixed temperature in an incubator. This
favors uniform bacterial growth.
The completer degradation of the organic matter may require as long as 20 to 30 days.
Simple organic compounds are oxidized in 5 days, though domestic sewage undergoes 65%
degradation and complex organic compounds oxidize only upto 40% in 5 days. In practice,
usually a 5 day test gives reliable information on quality of water.
The difference in oxygen concentration of the sample at a time and after incubating it for 5
days at 20℃ is measured.
Reagents required
i. Sodium thiosulphate (0.025N): Dissolve 0.0625g of sodium thiosulphate in
previously boiled distilled water and make the volume to 100 mL. Add a pellet of sodium
hydroxide as a stabilizer. Keep in a brown glass-stoppered bottle. Prepare fresh solutions
every 2 or 3 weeks.
ii. Manganous sulfate: Dissolve 36.4 g MnSO4. H2O in distilled water, filter and dilute
it to 100 mL The MnSO4 solution should not give a color with starch when added to an
acidified potassium iodide solution.
iii. Alkaline potassium iodide solution: Dissolve g KOH and g NaI in 100 mL of
distilled water.
iv. Concentrated sulphuric acid: Dissolve 0.2g starch in 100mL of warm water.

Procedure
i. Take the water sample in a glass-stoppered BOD bottle of known volume avoiding
any bubbling. No air should be trapped in the bottle after the stopper is replaced.
ii. Add 1 mL of MnSO4 and 1 mL of alkaline KI solution well below the surface of water
using separate pipettes. If the volume of the sample is more than 200 mL add 2 mL of
each MnSO4 and KI solution.
iii. A precipitate will appear. Place the stopper and shake the solution thoroughly by
invertingthe bottle repeatedly. At this stage, the sample can be stored for a few days, if
required.
iv. Add 1-2 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid to dissolve the precipitate.

44. 35

v. Transfer gently (avoiding bubbling) the whole content or a known part of it in a
conical flask.
vi. Add a few drops of starch indicator and titrate against sodium thiosulphate solution
within one hour of the dissolution of the precipitate.
vii. Note the end point when the initial dark blue color disappears completely.





Fig.5.2 Determination of BOD

Table: 5.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand test








SOURCE SAMPLE BURETTE READING Volume of AgNO3
Consumed Initial Final
Tirunelveli
Aavin (Inlet) 0 0 Nil
Aavin (Outlet) 0

45. 36

Calculation
If the whole content is used for titration,
BOD (mg/L) =

Where, V1 = Volume of titrant (Sodium thiosulphate);
V2 = Volume of sampling bottle;
V3 = Volume of MnSO4 and KI solutions added;
V4 = Volume of the part of the contents titrated;
N = Normality of sodium thiosulphate (0.025).

(i) Aavin (Inlet)

BOD (mg/L) = Nil

(ii) Aavin (Outlet)
BOD (mg/L) =
= 4.1 mg/L
Result
Thus, the amount of BOD present in the Tirunelveli sample is
(i) Aavin (Inlet) = Nil
(ii) Aavin (Outlet) = 4.1 mg/L

5.1.3 DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
COD is a measure of measuring pollution strength of domestic and industrial effluents. It
is the measure of oxygen required in oxidizing the organic compounds present in water by
means of chemical reactions involving strong oxidizing agents, such as potassium dichromate
and potassium permanganate.
As almost all organic compounds can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents in acidic
medium, COD values are greater than BOD values. COD is too large, if great amount of
biologically resistant organic matter, such as lignin is present. COD determination is
advantageous for waters having unfavorable conditions for the growth of microorganisms.

46. 37

In such waters, BOD determination cannot be made accurately. Moreover, another
advantage of COD in comparison to BOD is short time required for valuation.

Reagents required
i. 250 mL round bottomed flask
ii. Liebig condenser
iii. Heating mantle
iv. Potassium dichromate solution (0.25 N): Dissolve 1.225 of K2Cr2O7 (A.R. grade) in
100 distilled water.
v. Ferrous ammonium sulfate (0.1N): Dissolve 3.9 g of FAS in little amount of water,
and then add 20 mL of conc. H2SO4 to increase the solubility and make it 50 mL.

Procedure
(i) Dissolve 0.4 g of Potassium dichromate and 3.3 g of Mercuric sulphate in 17 mL of
conc. H2SO4.
(ii) Dissolve 1 g of Silver sulphate in 100 mL of water.
(iii) Dissolve 3.92 g of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate in 100 mL of water and 2 mL of
H2SO4.
(iv) Take 5 mL of sample and 7 mL of oxidizing solution.
(v) Take a pinch amount of Silver sulphate and add 2-4 drops of Ferroin indicator. It
becomes red in color.
(vi) Titrate with the Ammoniam ferrous sulphate, then the green color will be developed

Table: 5.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand Test





Calculation
COD as mg O2/L =

SOURCE SAMPLE BURETTE READING Volume of FAS
Consumed Initial Final
Tirunelveli
Aavin (Inlet) 0 0 Nil
Aavin (Outlet) 0 5.6 5.6

47. 38

Where, A = Volume of FAS used for sample (mL)
B = Volume of FAS used for blank (mL)
N = Normality of FAS

(i) Aavin (Inlet)
COD as mg O2/L =

(ii) Aavin (Outlet)
COD as mg O2/L =
= 144 mg/L

48. 39








CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

49. 40

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
With the increasingly degraded water environment, some substances will gradually
accumulate in our drinking water source—the surface water, and finally threaten drinking
water safety when their contents reach a certain amount. To give early warning on those
potential threats to water safety, we can choose corresponding water quality control indexes,
i.e. water quality factors, to take proper countermeasures by building a water quality model
simulating change trend of the water source quality based on historical data, which is
favorable for ensuring the water source quality. Colour of water prevents penetration of light
through water and affects the photosynthesis of phytoplankton. Colour in natural waters may
occur due to the presence of metallic ions such as iron and manganese, suspended matter,
phytoplankton, weeds and industrial wastes, etc. highly coloured waters are rejected on
aesthetic grounds.
Temperature is also very important in the determination of various other parameters such
as pH, conductivity, saturation level of gases and various forms of alkalinity, etc. An increase
in the total solids and turbidity in the water source (Rispana River) could be well explained
by the fact that the catchment area of this particular reservoir might be undergoing various
construction and development activities, by which the reservoir has been used as natural
dustbin for debris, resulting in high sediment yield. The former fact revealed that with
urbanization the field of sediments increased markedly as also studied by Leopid (1968) and
Guy (1970). According to them, the sediment erosion and movement at road and housing
construction sites in USA can be 2000 times greater than normal conditions.
In natural waters, Dissolved solids or Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) are composed mainly
of carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulphates, phosphates and nitrates of calcium,
magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron and manganese etc. In the polluted waters, the
concentration of other substances increases depending upon the type of pollution. Suspended
solids cause ecological imbalance in the aquatic ecosystem by mechanical abrasive action.
High loads of suspended solids cause a significant deterioration in the survival condition for
aquatic organisms. Suspended solids may be in the form of course, floating, settleable, fine or
colloidal particles as a floating film. Maximum values reported in the present study during
monsoon months at all study sites and of all water sources were due to increased surface
runoff from nearby catchments. Most Hydro Chemistry and Water Pollution Studies for
Water Management in Doon Valley.

50. 41

The quality of fresh water is vitally important. We depend on surface and ground water
sources for our drinking water. We also need water to generate energy, to grow crops, to
harvest fish, to run machinery, to carry wastes, to enhance the landscape and for a great deal
more. Many human activities and their by – product have the potential to pollute water.
Pollutants from such activities may enter surface or ground water directly, may move slowly
within the ground water to emerge eventually in surface water, may run off the land or may
be deposited from the atmosphere. Earth’s water in the ocean is comprised of 97%, sum of
which is blocked as ice. The largest volumes of fresh water are stored underground as
groundwater accounting for about 0.6% of the total. Only a tiny fraction (0.01%) is present as
fresh surface water in lakes, streams and rivers. The principle objective of the country or state
should be to supply clean and potable water to its communities. This not only reduces human
suffering but also enables economic gains to be made. My present study assesses the water
quality of Dara Dam water during the year Sept – 2007 to Aug – 2009.
This reservoir is one of the minor irrigation projects and the water is being used for
different purposes like agriculture drinking and fishery activities etc. Dara Dam is basically
constructed to provide the water for agriculture purposes but present days the water of
reservoir is also used for drinking purpose to nearer villages. So it is need to evaluate the
water quality of Dara Dam water. Further most after comparing the Water Quality Indices it
can be concluded and there is statistical evidence to say that the water quality is deteriorated
in the year 2008 than 2007. In case of surface water quality during 2009 TSS, DO and TC are
the important parameters which were found exceeding their desirable limits. The other
parameters like Hydroxide Alkalinity, Carbonate Alkalinity, Carbonate, Iron, Chlorine,
Fluoride, and Silica were not detected throughout the year. But traces of Nitrite and Organic
Carbon were detected.
From the statistical analysis of surface water for the year 2009 five variables are found
statistically significant and they explain more than 77% of the variation in the Water Quality
Index. Keeping this in mind the study has undertaken to evaluate the water quality of Dara
dam. Our results show that how much water quality is deteriorated in these tribal zones.
Maximum amount of dam water is being used in these areas as these areas are having high
density of tribals in Satpuda mountain ranges and water supply by Municipal Corporation is
not sufficient to fulfill their requirement so maximum water is utilized for washing and
cleaning the vehicles, clothes, utensils and also used for bathing and for preparation of bricks.

51. 42










CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION

52. 43

CONCLUSION
Water quality monitoring is of vital imperativeness as it gives particular data about the
nature of water. In the present study, we have analyzed the basic parameters of the Aavin
Inlet and Outlet samples. Basic parameters are a key tool for knowing the conditions of the
wastewater and it indicates the water quality. By knowing the status of the water samples we
can reduce the pollutions and toxic chemicals and salts. Every laboratory in the industry
come forth to find out their water quality by conducting a series of test. In the Milk industry,
they are conducting the Lactometer test. In Tirupur industry, they are assessing the TDS with
the help of the instrument. The basic parameter can also save the aquatic organisms. As we
know the Dissolved oxygen should be present 5 ppm for the aquatic organism. If it fails, then
the organism would be dead. Thus, we analyzed all the samples like DO, COD, BOD,
Hardness, Chloride and so on in our Laboratory.

53. 44

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