A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON MADURA COATS

It is our Mini-project report which we will submit at the end of B.Sc completion. I browsed many things for obtaining the articles and it is my hard work to complete this for my friend Mr. VETRI. Hope that it will be very useful for those who write Mini-project report.

1. EVALUATION OF BASIC PARAMETERS ON PIGMENT DYE OF RAJAPALAYAM
AND TEXTILE EFFLUENT OF MADURA COATS
A MINI-PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to the
MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY
Submitted By
K. VETRI
INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL SCIEN CES
(Reg No. 361159)
Under the Guidance of
Dr. G. ANNADURAI
Professor and Head






MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY
SRI PARAMAKALYANI CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES,
ALWARKURICHI -627412, TAMILNADU.

MAY 2019

2. iii


MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY
Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environnemental Sciences
Alwarkuruchi - 627 412. Tamil Nadu, India’
DST-FIST, UGC-Non-SAP, UGC-SAP,
Centre for Excellence Award in Tamil Nadu Higher Education Sponsored Department
Tel / Fax (O): 91-4634-283270, Tel (R): 91-4634-222402, Mobile: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
Web site: http://annaduraiweb.googlepages.com/home
University Website: www.msuniv.ac.in

Dr. G. Annadurai,MSc., (Anna Univ) Ph.D., (Anna Univ) JSPS Fellow (JAPAN)
Professor and Co-Ordinator in M.Sc., Nanoscience (UGC Innovative Programme)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mini-Project dissertation entitle “Evaluation of Basic Parameters
on Pigment Dye of Rajapalayam and Textile Effluent of Madura Coats” is submitted for the
award of Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science to the Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University is a record of bonafide research work carried out by K. VETRI (Reg No.
361159), during the academic year 2018-2019 under my guidance at Sri Paramakalyani Center
for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,Alwarkurichi-
627412.No part of the project work has been submitted for the award of any degree, diploma or
similar titles and that the work has not been published in any part or full in any scientific journals
or magazines.



Research Supervisor Head of the Department



Date :
Place: Alwarkurichi External Examiners

3. iv


Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Sri Paramakalyani Centre of Excellence Environmental Sciences
Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu, India- 627 412


K. VETRI (Reg No. 361159),
M.Sc., (Environmental Science – Integrated programme),
Sri Paramakalyani Center of Excellence in Environmental Sciences,
Alwarkuruchi, Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India.

DECLARATION
I do hereby declaring that Mini-Project dissertation entitle “Evaluation of Basic Parameters
on Pigment Dye of Rajapalayam and Textile Effluent of Madura Coats” has been
originally carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. G. Annadurai, Professor and Head, Sri
Paramakalyani Center of Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University. No part of project work has been submitted for the award for any degree, diploma,
fellowship or other similar titles and that the work has not been published in any part or full in
any other Scientific Journals or Magazines.


Date :
Place:






(K. VETRI)

4. v

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
At the beginning, I thank my Lord Almighty whose blessings and sympathetic
direction had been with me throughout the execution of my entire project. I
would like to express my sincere gratitude and heartfelt thanks to my guide and
project supervisor Dr. G. ANNADURAI, Professor and Head, MSU, SPKCEES,
for suggesting this topic and for giving me the opportunity to continue my
studies under his guidance. Without his trust, insightful suggestions and
enormous knowledge, this Mini-project report would not have been possible.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to other faculties Dr. A. G. Murugesan,
Dr. S. Senthil Nathan, Dr. R. Soranam, Dr. M. Muralidharan,
Dr. M. Vanaja, Dr. M. Sivakavinesan, and Dr. T. Shibila for providing me
with all the necessary facilities for this project.
I extend my sincere thanks to Lab technician Mr. A. Vanarajan, who has
provided me with all the required facilities for my work.
I am much indebted to my Seniors Mss. S. Krishnaveni and Mrs. C.
Aswathy for clarifying my doubts, valuable guidance and encouragement in this
project report.
I especially thank my beloved friends J. Jenson Samraj, K. Ajay
Kallapiran, M. Esakki Raja, K. Vetri, E. Mariappan, G. Mathavi,
M. Senthil Kumar and M. Murugesh for being with my support, and
encouragement to finish my work during the course of work.
I also place on record, my sense of gratitude to one and all, who directly or
indirectly, have lent their hand in this venture.
Words seem to be inadequate to express my deep sense of indebtedness to my
beloved parents who spend their today for our tomorrow. Without their generous,
sacrifices, motivation and inspiration, this study would not have been the light of
the day.

5. vi

ABSTRACT
Color is the main attraction of any fabric. No matter how excellent its constitution, if
unsuitably colored it is bound to be a failure as a commercial fabric. Manufacture and use of
synthetic dyes for fabric dyeing has therefore become a massive industry today. In fact, the art
of applying color to fabric has been known to mankind since 3500 BC. WH Perkins in 1856
discovered the use of synthetic dyes. Synthetic dyes have provided a wide range of colorfast,
bright hues. However, their toxic nature has become a cause of grave concern to
environmentalists. Use of synthetic dyes has an adverse effect on all forms of life. Presence of
sulphur, naphthol, vat dyes, nitrates, acetic acid, soaps, enzymes chromium compounds and
heavy metals like copper, arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and cobalt and certain
auxiliary chemicals all collectively make the textile effluent highly toxic. This effluent if
allowed to flow in the fields’ clogs the pores of the soil resulting in loss of soil productivity. If
allowed to flow in drains and rivers it effects the quality of drinking water in hand pumps
making it unfit for human consumption. It is important to remove these pollutants from the
waste waters before their final disposal. [Kant R, 2012]. Several countries, including India,
have introduced strict ecological standards for textile industries. With more stringent controls
expected in the future, it is essential that control measures be implemented to minimize
effluent problems. Industrial textile processing comprises pretreatment, dyeing, printing, and
finishing operations. These production processes not only consume large amounts of energy
and water, but they also produce substantial waste products. This manuscript combines a
discussion of waste production from textile processes, such as desizing, mercerizing,
bleaching, dyeing, finishing, and printing, with a discussion of advanced methods of effluent
treatment, such as electro-oxidation, bio-treatment, photochemical, and membrane processes.
[Babu B, 2007]. Textile industry is one of the most important and rapidly developing
industrial sectors in Türkiye. It has a high importance in terms of its environmental impact,
since it consumes considerably high amounts of processed water and produces highly polluted
discharge water in large amounts. Textile mills in Türkiye are required to control their
discharge and therefore have started installing treatment plants in the name of environmental
protection. [Tüfekci N, 2007]. In this chapter, we have developed our research on basic
parameters on both Pigmented dye and the Textile effluent.
KEYWORDS: Color, Basic parameters. Textile industry, Industrial textile processing,
Pigmented dye.

6. vii


TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix

I INTRODUCTION 1

II LITERATURE REVIEW 8

III EXPERIMENTAL 11
3. CHEMICALS REQUIRED FOR ASSESSING THE 12
PARAMETERS
3.1 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WATER 14
3.2.1 DETERMINATION OF APPEARANCE 14
3.2.2 DETERMINATION OF COLOR 15
3.2.3 DETERMINATION OF ODOR 15
3.2.4 DETERMINATION OF TASTE 16
3.2.5 DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE 16
3.2.6 DETERMINATION OF pH 17
3.2.7 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SOLIDS 18
4. CHEMICAL PARAMETE RS OF THE WATER 19
4.1.1. DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ALKALINITY 19
4.1.2 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ACIDITY 22
4.1.3 DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS 25
4.1.4 DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE 28
5. BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WATER 29
5.1.1 DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN TEST 29
5.1.2 DETERMINATION OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 33
5.1.3 DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 36
IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 39
V CONCLUSION 41
REFERENCE 44

7. viii


LIST OF TABLE

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.


1.1 Exclusive technology for Dye removal 6
3.1 Methodology 13
3.1 Appearance of the Water sample 14
3.2 Color of the Water sample 15
3.3 Odor of the Water sample 15
3.4 Taste of the Water sample 16
3.5 Temperature of the Water sample 17
3.6 pH of the Water sample 17
3.7 Total Solids of the Water sample 18
4.1 (a) Phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA) 21
4.1 (b) Methyl orange alkalinity (MA) 21
4.2 (a) Methyl orange Acidity (MA) 24
4.2 (b) Phenolphthalein Acidity (PA) 24
4.3 (a) Hardness of the Water sample 26
4.3 (b) Comparison of hardness value with WHO 26
4.4 Chloride determination in the Water sample 29
5.1 Dissolved Oxygen test 32
5.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand test 35
5.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand Test 37

8. ix

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1.1 Schematic view of sensitizing potential of textile disperse dyes 3
1.2 Adsorption technology for Dye removal 5
4.2 (a) Methyl Orange acidity is absent 23
4.2 (b) Phenolphthalein acidity is absent 24
4.3 Hardness is present in the Water sample 26
4.4 Presence of the Chloride in the Water sample 28
5.1 Dissolved oxygen test by Winkler’s method 32
5.2 Determination of BOD 35

9. x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
DO Dissolved Oxygen
EBT Eriochrome Black T
EDTA Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
PA Phenolphthalein Acidity
PA Phenolphthalein Alkalinity
pH Potential of Hydrogen
PVA Polyvinyl Acetate
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TNPCB Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board
TOC Total Organic Carbon
TON Threshold Odor Number
TS Total Solids
WHO World Health Organization

10. 1










CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

11. 2

INTRODUCTION
As a society, we produce many types of liquid waste (e.g., municipal sewage, industrial
effluent, food processing waste, mine drainage). These waste streams require treatment to
reduce their pollutant load (e.g., heavy metals, fecal bacteria and viruses, organic chemicals,
biological oxygen demand) prior to being discharged safely into the environment. Plant and
soil-based systems provide a relatively cheap, socially acceptable, effective, and
environmentally friendly way of treating a range of wastewaters.
According to the Environmental Science, Scientists who do specific research on plants are
named as a botanist, a researcher on birds are an ornithologist, a researcher on rocks is a
geologist and for the research on stars and planets are an astronomer. In the mid-1800’s the
concern about the species was started like where they came from, where they lived and what
types of environmental factors affected them.
These factors are summarized as ecology, which looks at both biotic and abiotic factors
that affect an ecosystem. The word ecology was coined by the eminent scientist Ernst
Haeckel. The importance of environmental science and environmental studies cannot be
disputed. The need for sustainable development is key to the future of mankind. Continuing
problems of pollution, loss of forget, solid waste disposal, degradation of the environment,
issues like economic productivity and national security, Global warming, the depletion of
ozone layer and loss of biodiversity have made everyone aware of environmental issues.
[Agarwal K.C, 2001]
The main purpose of this study is to analyze the basic parameters of the effluent treatment
plant on Aavin Industry, Tirunelveli.

1.2 DYES AND THEIR TYPES
A natural or synthetic substance used to add color to or change the color of something is
regarded as dyes. Such substances with considerable coloring capacity are widely employed
in the in the production of consumer products, including paints, textile, printing inks,
pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, plastics, photographic and paper industries. It was practiced
during the Bronze age in Europe. It is a sign of ancient art. They are incorporated into the
fiber by certain chemical reaction absorption or dispersion. Dyes differ in their resistance to
sunlight, perspiration, washing, and other agents. It is estimated that over 10,000 different
dyes and pigments are used industrially and over 7 x 105 tons of synthetic dyes are annually
produced worldwide. Some various classes and types of dyes are listed below:

12. 3



1.3 IMPACT OF DYES TO HUMANS
The most common hazard of reactive dyes is respiratory problems due to the inhalation of
dye particles. Sometimes they can affect a person’s immune system and in extreme cases, this
can mean that when the person next inhales the dye their body can react dramatically. This is
called respiratory sensitization and symptoms include itching, watery eyes, sneezing and
symptoms of asthma such as coughing and wheezing [Hassan M.A. 2016]. Perhaps the most
predominant health problems related to dyeing and finishing processes arise from exposure to
chemicals acting as irritants. These may cause skin irritation, itchy or blocked noses, sneezing,
and sore eyes.
Certain reactive, vat and disperse dyes are also recognized as skin sensitive. Textile
industries produce large amounts of liquid wastes. These textile effluents contain organic and
inorganic compounds. During the dyeing processes, not all dyes that are applied to the fabrics
are fixed on them and there is always a portion of these dyes that remains unfixed to the
fabrics and gets washed out. These unfixed dyes are found to be in high concentrations in
textile effluents [Hassan M.A. 2016].


Disperse Dyes Sensitization
1 Natural Dyes 6 Sulfur Dyes

11 Premetallized Dyes

2 Basic (Cationic) Dyes 7 Pigment Dyes

12 Gel Dyeing

3 Synthetic Dyes

8 Macromolecular Dyes

13 Developed Dyes

4 Direct (substantive)
Dyes

9 Metallized Dyes

14 Azo Dyes

5 Disperse Dyes

10 Naphthol Dyes

15 Aniline Dyes

13. 4

Fig.1.1 Schematic view of sensitizing potential of textile disperse dyes

1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DYES
Air pollution
Most processes performed in textile mills produce atmospheric emissions. Gaseous
emissions have been identified as the second greatest pollution problem (after effluent
quality) for the textile industry. Speculation concerning the amounts and types of air
pollutants emitted from textile operations has been widespread but, generally, air emission
data for textile manufacturing operations are not readily available. Air pollution is the most
difficult type of pollution to sample, test, and quantify in an audit.

Water Pollution
The textile industry consumes a substantial amount of water in its manufacturing
processes used mainly in the dyeing and finishing operations of the plants. The wastewater
from textile plants is classified as the most polluting of all the industrial sectors, considering
the volume generated as well as the effluent composition. In the textile industry, up to
200,000 tons of these dyes are lost to effluents every year during the dyeing and finishing
operations, due to the inefficiency of the dying process.
In addition, the increased demand for textile products and the proportional increase in
their production, and the use of synthetic dyes have together contributed to dye wastewater
becoming one of the substantial sources of severe pollution problems in current times.
Unfortunately, most of the dyes escape conventional wastewater treatment processes and
persist in the environment as a result of their high stability to light, temperature, water,
detergents, chemicals, soap and other parameters such as bleach and perspiration.

1.5 TECHNOLOGIES CONCERNED IN DYE REMOVAL
Due to more and more stringent regulations at the natural content material of industrial
effluents, it is necessary to put off dyes from wastewater earlier than they may be discharged
into the surroundings. Most of the dyes are carcinogenic and poisonous in nature and whilst
discharged into the water they pose extreme dangers to the aquatic biota. Among a number of
different strategies of dye removal from the aqueous medium, it turned into stated that the
adsorption approach has proved one of the pleasant eras and confirmed appropriate results in
the elimination of different coloring substances from the water system. A number of different

14. 5

adsorbents and sorbents also are organized from the materials for the removal of dyes from
the environment which include the choice of hazelnut shells is justified with the aid of the
combustibles avoiding any regeneration or disposal remedy [Monika Kharub,2012].









Fig.1.2 Adsorption technology for Dye removal [Zhugang Gheng, 2012]

Table 1.1 Showing exclusive technology for Dye removal [Robinson T, 2001]




Process Technology Advantages Disadvantages

Conventional
treatment
processes



Coagulation
Flocculation
Biodegradation



Simple, economically feasible

High sludge production,
handling and disposal
problems


Established
recovery
processes


Membrane
separations
Removes all dye types,
produce a high-quality treated
effluent
High pressures,
expensive, incapable of
treating large volumes


Emerging
removal
processes

Advanced
oxidation
process
No sludge production, little or
no consumption of chemicals,
efficiency for recalcitrant dyes
Economically unfeasible,
formation of by-products,
technical constraints.

15. 6

1.6 CONVENTIONAL METHODS
The Conventional methods used to remove dye from industrial effluents include
Biodegradation, Fenton and Photo-Fenton Oxidations, Electro-Flocculation, Combined Photo
catalytic and Ozonation processes, Coagulation, and Adsorption, Sodium Hypochlorite
(Naocl), and Electrochemical Destruction [1,6]. The further methods include the physical,
chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation or reduction, filtration, biological methods [5]
However, these methods are not very successful due to several restrictions [1]. A conventional
method consisting of chemical coagulation is the compact of the system used and are used for
the removal of secondary pollution [2].
According to the convention of Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Turkey, the
perimeter of those materials in wastewater need to be lower than 10 mg/L because dyes are
taken into consideration ‘‘precarious and detrimental materials.’’ The traditional techniques
for the removal of dyes from wastewater consist of coagulation, flocculation, oxidation,
Ozonation, membrane separation, and adsorption. Activated carbons have the gain of
exhibiting high adsorption capability for natural pollutants which include dyes. The
adsorption of unique dyes from aqueous mediums onto activated carbons has already been
investigated [3].

1.7 CURRENT METHODS
Among these treatment technologies, adsorption technology is currently under application
and investigative research because it provides a simple, fast, efficient, and economical means
to restore polluted areas and to treat wastewater as well [1]. Conventional methods are
insufficient for the removal of chronic organic pollution. Recently, a lot of interest has been
received for the oxidative elimination of numerous organic pollutants by way of
electrochemically generated hydroxyl radical. Nowadays Electrochemical advanced oxidation
processes (EAOPs) have several advantages over traditional remedy techniques.
The primary benefit of the EAOPs is environmental compatibility as the primary reagent
for all of the EAOPs is an electron, which is an in-built clean species [4]. It is, despite the fact
that often observed to be inadequate to hire conventional manipulate methodologies for the
elimination of poisonous water pollution, which include dyes. Hence, plenty of new research
efforts were targeted at the development of novel biological strategies that could get rid of
dyes greater successfully and economically. The aim of such tactics is to maximize the
elimination efficiency through enticing rather efficient and environmentally benign strategies
with ameliorated electricity regulation and low-value requirements [6]

16. 7


1.8 CLASSIFICATION OF BASIC PARAMETERS
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WATER
The Physical parameters of water include:
(i) Appearance
(ii) Color
(iii) Odor
(iv) Taste
(v) Temperature
(vi) pH
(vii) Total solids
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WATER
The Chemical parameters of water include:
(i) Alkalinity
(ii) Acidity
(iii) Hardness
(iv) Chloride
(v) Total Dissolved solids
BIOLOGICAL PARAMETER S OF THE WATER
The Biological parameters of water include:
(i) Dissolved oxygen
(ii) Biochemical oxygen demand
(iii) Chemical oxygen demand

17. 8






CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

18. 9

LITERATURE REVIEW
Christie (2001) states that Dyes are classified according to their application and chemical
structure. They are composed of a group of atoms responsible for the dye color, called
chromophores, as well as an electron withdrawing or donating substituents that cause or
intensify the color of the chromophores, called auxochromes.
Chung S and Cerniglia L(1992) reported that the Azo dyes present in the effluent generated
from textile industry, is a major issue. As the dyes in the effluent are of great concern, due to
its toxic, mutagenic, genotoxic and xenobiotic in nature. It also has many adverse effects on
the environment in which it is released. All azo dyes containing the nitro group were found to
be mutagenic in nature.
Guaratini CCI (2008) states that the fibers used in the textile industry can be divided into
two main groups de‐ nominated natural fibers and synthetic fibers.
Hao et al (2000) reported that without adequate treatment these dyes are stable and can
remain in the environment for an extended period of time.
Hassaan, M. A. (2016) says that when the person next inhales the dye their body can react
dramatically. This is called respiratory sensitization and symptoms include itching, watery
eyes, sneezing and symptoms of asthma such as coughing and wheezing. There are more than
10,000 dyes used in textile Manufacturing alone nearly 70% being azo dyes which is
complex in structure and synthetic in nature.
Jung, et al (1992); Levine (1991) stated that also there is a clear evidence that, sulphonated
azo dyes showed decreased or no mutagenic effect compared to unsulphonated azo dyes.
Kirk-Othmer (2004) reported that the dyes can adhere to compatible surfaces by solution, by
forming covalent bond or complexes with salts or metals, by physical adsorption or by
mechanical retention.
Rahul et al (2018) has done a work on the environment approachable dye sensitized solar
cell using abundant natural pigment dye with solid polymer electrolyte.
Roop Singh Lodhi (2017) suggest that the most compounds found in the wastewater are
ammonia, phenol derivatives, aniline derivatives, organic acid and benzene derivatives output
from dyes and pigment manufacturing industries. Coagulants ferrous sulphate, ferric chloride,
Polly-aluminium chloride, and hydrogen peroxide catalysed by ferrous sulphate and

19. 10

flocculants lime and NaOH were investigated. Results showed the combined Fe (III) chloride
and Polly aluminium chloride with NaOH for flocculants was best suited for chemical
oxygen demand (COD), NH3, and total dissolved solids (TDS) removal in dyes and pigment
manufacturing waste water.
Talarposhti P(2001) and Dos Santos D (2006) suggest that in addition to the environmental
problem, the textile industry consumes large amounts of potable water. In many countries
where potable water is scarce, this large water consumption has become intolerable and
wastewater recycling has been recommended in order to decrease the water requirements.
Textile wastewaters are characterized by extreme fluctuations in many parameters such as
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), pH, color and
salinity. The wastewater composition will depend on the different organic-based compounds,
chemicals and dyes used in the industrial dry and wet-processing steps.
Weisburger (2002) says that the release of colored effluents into the environment is
undesirable, not only because of their color, but also because many dyes from wastewater and
their breakdown products are toxic and/or mutagenic to life.
Jouanneau, S (2014) suggest that the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is one of the
most widely used criteria for water quality assessment. It provides information about the
ready biodegradable fraction of the organic load in water. However, this analytical method is
time-consuming (generally 5 days, BOD5), and the results may vary according to the
laboratory (20%), primarily due to fluctuations in the microbial diversity of the inoculum
used. Work performed during the two last decades has resulted in several technologies that
are less time-consuming and more reliable.
Bellingham K (2008) reported that the Milk and products derived from milk of dairy cows
can harbor a variety of microorganisms and can be important sources of foodborne
pathogens. The presence of foodborne pathogens in milk is due to direct contact with
contaminated sources in the dairy farm environment and to excretion from the udder of an
infected animal. Most milk is pasteurized.

20. 11





CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENTAL

21. 12


3. CHEMICALS REQUIRED FOR ASSESSING THE PARAMETERS
The chemicals and reagents used in the present research work were analytical grade and used
without further purification. Doubly distilled water was used as a solvent to prepare most of
the solution to this work.
DO
i. Sodium thiosulfate, anhydrous, A.R., Mol. Wt: 158.11
ii. Sodium hydroxide pellets purified (0.025N); MW: 40.00
iii. Manganese sulfate purified; MW. 169.02
iv. Potassium iodide pure; M = 166.01
v. Potassium hydroxide pellets KOH = 56.11
vi. Conc. Sulphuric acid
vii. Starch indicator
BOD
i. Sodium thiosulfate, anhydrous, A.R., Mol. Wt: 158.11
ii. Sodium hydroxide pellets purified (0.025N); MW: 40.00
iii. Manganese sulfate purified; MW. 169.02
iv. Potassium iodide pure; M = 166.01
v. Potassium hydroxide pellets KOH = 56.11
vi. Conc. Sulphuric acid
vii. Starch indicator
COD
i. Potassium dichromate pure, M = 294.19 g/mol
ii. Ammonium ferrous sulfate, M.W. 392.13
iii. Ferroin indicator solution
iv. Silver sulfate pure, M= 311.79 g/mol
v. Mercuric sulfate, M.W.296.65
vi. Conc. Sulphuric acid

TOTAL ALKALINITY
i. Sodium carbonate anhydrous pure; SDFCL; M= 105.99g/mol

22. 13

ii. Conc. Sulphuric acid
iii. Phenolphthalein indicator
iv. Methyl Orange
TOTAL ACIDITY
i. Sodium hydroxide pellets purified; MW: 105.99 g/mol;
ii. Methyl Orange
iii. Phenolphthalein indicator
iv. Conc. Sulphuric acid

HARDNESS
i. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt extra pure, M.W. 372.24
ii. Erichrome Black T (Solochrome Black)
iii. Ammonia buffer solution
CHLORIDE TEST
i. Silver Nitrate, N=0.153
ii. Potassium chromate GR, M=194.20g/mol
Table: 3.1 METHODOLOGY
S.No Parameters Methods
1 Appearance Visual method
2 Color Visual comparison method
3 Odor Qualitatively measurement method
4 Taste Organoleptic
5 Temperature Temperature probe
6 pH Glass electrode method
7 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L Titration method
8 Total acidity Titration method
9 Total solids Gravimetry at 103℃ - 105℃
10 Total hardness as CaCO3 mg/L Titration method
11 Chloride test Titration method
12 Dissolved oxygen Winkler’s method
13 Biochemical oxygen demand Iodometric method
14 Chemical oxygen demand Titrimetric method

23. 14

3.2 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE WATER
3.2.1 DETERMINATION OF APPEARANCE
This parameter was done by a visual method based on the type of water sample. If the
water sample is collected from the sewage, it will bear dark grey in color. It is due to the
presence of bacteria present in the water sample. Some of the water samples will be pure and
white, as it was collected from dams or river [11]. But, some posses dark brown or black if it
is collected from industrial effluent or polluted ponds. It can be achieved by our naked eyes
by its color, and total solids present in the water sample.

S.NO SOURCE SAMPLE APPEARANCE




1







Rajapalayam
(Pigment Dye)













Not Clear




2




Madura Coats
(Textile effluent)







Clear

Table: 3.1 Appearance of the Water sample

24. 15

3.2.2 DETERMINATION OF COLOR
Color in water is due to minuter amounts of humus, plankton, weeds, decaying vegetable
matter, natural metallic ions like iron, manganous and industrial wastes.
Color can be classified as “true color” and “apparent color”. The true color is the real
color of water seen after filtration [12]. Apparent color is due to dissolved substances and
suspended particles and is determined in the original sample without filtration or
centrifugation. In highly colored industrial waste waters where color is principally due to
colloidal or suspended material, both true color and apparent color should be determined.
Table: 3.2 Color of the Water sample
S. No SOURCE SAMPLE COLOR
1 Rajapalayam Pigment Dye Unacceptable
2 Madura Coats Textile effluent Acceptable

3.2.3 DETERMINATION OF ODOR
The odor is a quality factor affecting the acceptability of drinking water and the aesthetics
of recreational waters. Water has no odor in its pure form. No instrument has so far been
developed for the measurement of odor and the measurements depend upon contact of a
stimulating substance with appropriate human receptor cell [13].
The odor is measured in terms of “Threshold Odor Number” indicating the number of
times the dilution is carried out with odor free water, in order to get no perceptible odor.
Obviously, smaller the value of T.O.N., better is its quality. The accepted average value of
T.O.N = 3.
A panel of five and preferably ten or more persons are needed to check the odor. The odor
is determined in the chlorinated sample as well as that of the same sample after
dechlorination which is carried out with arsenate or thiosulfate.

Table: 3.3 Odor of the Water sample
S. No SOURCE SAMPLE ODOR RESPONSE
1 Rajapalayam Pigment Dye Unobjectionable
2 Madura Coats Textile effluent Unobjectionable

25. 16

3.2.4 DETERMINATION OF TASTE
Taste, as a specific sensory process, is very rarely a problem in public water supplies.
Most 'tastes' are concerned almost entirely with odors. Undesirable odors occur frequently in
many water supplies in Illinois, especially those depending upon surface waters as the source
of supply [14]. Taste and odor episodes vary in intensity, persistence, and frequency of
occurrence. It is the sporadic nature of these episodes that leaves the water plant operator
wondering if his treatment techniques corrected the problem or if the problem diminished
through a natural course of time.
Some episodes are predictable. Midwestern rivers are often the source of tastes and odors
only during high flow periods following late winter thaws. In midwestern reservoirs tastes
and odors are not uncommon during fall destratification, i.e., lake turnover. Nevertheless, the
unexpected occurrence is more the rule. Great strides have been made in improving the
palatability of water.
Some water treatment facilities have features designed to remove organics, insecticides,
phenols, and industrial chemicals, but most do not. Taste and odor control continues to
remain an art in most localities with as much reliance on hope as on science.

Table: 3.4 Taste of the Water sample
S. No SOURCE SAMPLE TASTE RESPONSE
1 Rajapalayam Pigment Dye Objectionable
2 Madura Coats Textile effluent Objectionable


3.2.5 DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE
Temperature is one of the most important parameters of an aquatic environment. Density,
viscosity, surface tension and vapor pressure of water, more or less, depending on the
temperature profile of the system. Further, the discharge of heated effluents also brings about
thermal changes in natural waters.
Indian climate provides almost an ideal range of solar temperature, which attributes great
self-purification strength in the stream [15]. A rise in temperature of water accelerates
chemical reactions, reduces the solubility of gases, amplifies taste and odor, and elevates the
metabolic activity of organisms.

26. 17

Table: 3.5 Temperature of the Water sample
S. No SOURCE SAMPLE Temperature (℃)
1 Rajapalayam Pigment Dye 32.5
2 Madura Coats Textile effluent 31.3

3.2.6 DETERMINATION O F pH
One of the most important properties of water and wastewater is its hydrogen ion activity.
pH is the intensity of the acidic or basic character of a solution at a given temperature. The
pH scale is a series of numbers which measure acidity or alkalinity [16]. These numbers are
shown from 0 to 14 and each number represents a definite degree of acidity or alkalinity. pH
(p=power; H=hydrogen ion concentration) value is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion
concentration.
[= -log H
+
]
The pH of a solution numerically equal to the negative power to which 10 must be raised
in order to express the hydrogen ion concentration. Thus, if in a solution
[H
+
] = 10
-5
Then, its pH value = 5
Mathematically, [H
+
] = 10
-pH

At 22℃ pure water contains both hydrogen and hydroxyl ions of 10
-7
N each. The ionic
product of the two, (H
+
) × (OH
-
), is 10
-14
. This value remains constant for all aqueous
solutions. Both alkalinity and acidity can be expressed in terms of hydrogen ion
concentration. The change of one on the pH scale means a rise or fall of concentration by 10
times.
Determination
pH can be determined by
(i) Potentiometer method
(ii) Colorimetric method
(iii) Glass electrode method
Generally, Glass electrode method is used for this purpose.

27. 18

Table: 3.6 pH of the Water sample
S. No SOURCE SAMPLE pH
1 Rajapalayam Pigment Dye 7.55
2 Madura Coats Textile effluent 8.10

3.2.7 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SOLIDS
Principle
Total solid is the term applied to the material residue left in the vessel after operation of an
unfiltered sample and includes “total suspended solids”. portion retained by filter and “total
dissolved solids”.
Materials required
(i) Evaluating dish: Dish of 100 mL capacity made up of silica, porcelain or platinum.
(ii) Desiccator
(iii) Muffle furnace
(iv) Hot plate
(v) Balance.
Procedure
(i) Ignite the evaporating dish in a muffle furnace at 550 ± 50℃ for about 1 hour.
(ii) Cool it in a desiccator and weigh.
(iii) Evaporate 100 ml of unfiltered sample in the evaporating dish on a water bath or hot
plate.
(iv) Dry the evaporated sample for one hour in an oven at 103-105℃.
(v) Cool the dish in a desiccator and again weigh.

28. 19

Table: 3.7 Total Solids of the Water sample
SOURCE SAMPLE
PETRI DISH WEIGHT OF
TS
(Total Solids) Initial Weight
(W1)
Final Weight
(W2)
Rajapalayam Pigment Dye 49.505 50.169 0.664
Madura Coats Textile effluent 44.008 44.030 0.022

Calculation



(i) Pigment Dye
Total Solids, mg/L =
= 33.2 mg

(ii) Textile effluent
Total Solids, mg/L =
= 1.1 mg
Result
The amount of Total Solids present in 1 L of water sample will be,
(i) Pigment Dye =1660 mg/L
(ii)Textile effluent = 55 mg/L

4. CHEMICAL PARAMETE RS OF THE WATER
4.1.1 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ALKALINITY
The alkalinity of natural water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize H
+
and is
primarily a function of carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide contents of water. Some other
bases which may contribute towards alkalinity include borates, phosphates, and silicates.
Total Solids, mg/L =

29. 20

Most of the alkalinity is due to the dissolution of CO2 in water [17]. CO2 combines with
water to form carbonic acid which is further dissociated into H
+
and bicarbonates HCO3
–
ions.






Carbonate and bicarbonate ions in water further yield hydroxyl OH
—
ions. Carbonate
produce double the OH
—
ions than what produced by bicarbonates resulting in an increase in
pH.



Natural water with high alkalinity is rich in Phytoplanktons. In highly productive water
the alkalinity is more than 100 mg/L.

Principle
Alkalinity is determined by titrating water with a strong acid like HCl or H2SO4. It
involves the use of two indicators namely, phenolphthalein (pH 8.3) and methyl orange (pH
4.2-5.4). The end point of pH 8.3 is called phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA) in which CO3
--
is converted into HCO3
--
. However, if the same titration is continued further using methyl
orange as an indicator, HCO3
--
react with acid to form H2CO3. The reaction is complete at pH
4.5. This is called Total Alkalinity (TA).

Reagents required
i. Sulfuric acid (0.1N): Standardize it against sodium carbonate.
ii. Phenolphthalein indicator solution: Add 2-4 drops.
iii. Methyl orange indicator (0.05%): Dissolve 0.1 g of methyl orange in 250 mL of
distilled water.
Procedure
i. Take 20 mL of the sample in a conical flask and add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator solution. If the solution remains colorless, PA=0. If a slight pink color
appears, phenolphthalein alkalinity (due to hydroxide or carbonate) is present.
CO2 + H2O H2CO3

H2CO3 HCO3
--
+
H
+

HCO3
--
CO3
--
+ H
+

CO3
--
+ 2H2O H2CO3 + 2OH
--


HCO3
--
+ H2O H2CO3 + OH
--

30. 21

ii. Titrate the solution against sulfuric acid until the color disappears. Note the reading.
This is phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA).
iii. Then for testing the Methyl Orange alkalinity, add 3-4 drops of Methyl Orange
indicator. The orange-red or yellow color is developed. If the solution remains
colorless, MA=0

Observation
In this titration, when phenolphthalein is used as an indicator the color changes from light
pink to colorless and when methyl orange is used as an indicator the color changes from
yellow to a rose color.

(i) Table: 4.1 (a) Phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA)

SOURCE


SAMPLE


PA


BURETTE READING Volume of
H2SO4
Consumed
Initial
reading
Final
reading
Rajapalayam Pigment Dye Absent 0 0 Nil
Madura Coats Textile effluent Present 0 0.1 0.1

(ii) Table: 4.1 (b) Methyl orange alkalinity (MA)

SOURCE


SAMPLE


MA


BURETTE READING Volume of
H2SO4
Consumed
Initial
reading
Final
reading
Rajapalayam Pigment Dye Absent 0 0 Nil
Madura Coats Textile effluent Present 0.1 0.1 0.1

31. 22

Calculation
Total Volume of Standard H2SO4 is used for the titration.
T (Total Alkalinity) = Phenolphthalein alkalinity (i)+Methyl orange alkalinity (ii)
= 0.1 + 0.1
= 0.2 mL.

(i) Phenolphthalein alkalinity
(PA) as CaCO3 mg/L =

=
= 5 mg/L

(ii) Total alkalinity (T) =
=

=10 mg/L


Five combinations for PA and T







Result
i. According to the above combinations, as we divide Total alkalinity by 2, both P and T
will be equal and therefore, only the CO3
-2
ions were present in the water sample.
ii. The Total alkalinity which is present in the sample is 10 mg/L.

1. P = T, only OH
-1
ions present
2. P = T/2, only CO3
-2
ions present
3. P < T/2, CO3
-2
and HCO3
-1
ions present
4. P > T/2, CO3
-2
and OH
-1
ions present
5. P = 0, HCO3
-1
ions present

32. 23

4.1.2 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ACIDITY
Acidity indicates the total available acid and H
+
ions. The acidity of water is its capacity to
react with acid a strong base to fixed p. Acidity is due to the presence of strong mineral acids,
weak acids and hydrolyzing salts of strong acids.
The salts of trivalent metals (e.g., Fe, Al) hydrolyze to release mineral acids. In natural
freshwater, the acidity is mostly due to the presence of free CO2 in the form of carbonic acid.
[18]. In acid waters, productivity is low because acidity not only inhibits nitrogen fixation it
also prevents the recirculation of nutrients by reducing the rate of decomposition.

Principle
Hydrogen ions of the water sample present as a result of dissociation of hydrolysis of
solutes, react with a strong base such as NaOH [19]. If the sample has strong mineral acids
and their salts, it is titrated first to pH 3.7, using methyl orange as an indicator. This is called
methyl orange acidity. If the sample is titrated directly to pH 8.3 using phenolphthalein, the
endpoint denotes total acidity.

Reagents required
(i) Sodium hydroxide (0.05N): Dissolve 4 g NaOH in 100 mL. Standardize with HCl.
(ii) Methyl orange indicator: Dissolve 0.1 g of methyl orange in 250 mL of distilled
water.
(iii) Phenolphthalein indicator solution: Add 2-4 drops.
Procedure
(i) Take 20 ml of a colorless sample of water in a conical flask and add 3-4 drops of
methyl orange indicator. If the solution turns yellow, methyl orange acidity is absent. If
the solution turns pink, titrate it against NaOH till yellow color appears.
(ii) Now add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution to the same solution and if it
turns colorless, it is known as Phenolphthalein acidity (PA). Then titrate further with
NaOH until the solution turns pink to get Endpoint.

33. 24













Fig. 4.2 (a) Methyl Orange acidity is absent
















Fig. 4.2 (b) Phenolphthalein acidity is absent

34. 25

Table: 4.2 (a) Methyl orange Acidity (MA)

Table: 4.2 (b) Phenolphthalein Acidity (PA)
Calculation
Mineral Acidity (mg/L) =

(i) Pigment Dye = Nil
(ii) Textile effluent =
= 5 mg/L

Total Acidity =
(CaCO3 Scale)

(i) Pigment Dye = Nil

(ii) Textile effluent
=

SOURCE

SAMPLE

MA
BURETTE READING Volume of
NaOH
Consumed
Initial
reading
Final
reading
Rajapalayam Pigment Dye Absent 0 0 Nil
Madura Coats Textile effluent Absent 0 0 0.1

SOURCE

SAMPLE

MA
BURETTE READING Volume of
NaOH
Consumed
Initial
reading
Final
reading
Rajapalayam Pigment Dye Absent 0 0 Nil
Madura Coats Textile effluent Absent 0 0 0.1

35. 26


= 5 mg/L
Result
(i) Mineral acidity present in the Pigment Dye = Nil
(ii) Mineral acidity present in the Textile effluent = 5 mg/L
(iii)Total acidity present in the Pigment Dye = Nil
(iv) Total acidity present in the Textile effluent = 5 mg/L

4.1.3 DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS
Total hardness may be defined as the sum of the calcium and magnesium concentrations,
both expressed as calcium carbonate in milligrams per liter [20]. The amount of hardness
equivalent to the total alkalinity is called “carbonate hardness”. The amount of hardness in
excess of total alkalinity is called “non-carbonate hardness”. In common usage, water is
classified as soft, if it contains less than 75 ppm of hardness as calcium carbonate.
Reagents required
i. Standard EDTA solution, 0.01M: Dissolve 0.3723 g Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
disodium salt extra pure in 100 mL in distilled water.
ii. Ammonia buffer solution: Add 1 ml of Ammonia buffer solution in the sample.
iii. Eriochrome Black T: Dissolve 0.5 g of EBT in 100 mL in distilled water.

Procedure
(i) Take 20 mL of the sample in a conical flask.
(ii) Add 1 mL of the Ammonia buffer solution.
(iii)Add 2 drops of the Eriochrome Black-T indicator solution.
(iv) Titrate the contents with EDTA with continuous stirring. The last few drops may be
added at 3-5 seconds interval. At the end point color changes from wine red to blue.

Observation
In this titration, the color changes from wine red to blue sharply at the end-point.

36. 27















Fig. 4.3 Hardness is present in the Water sample

Table: 4.3 Hardness of the Water sample

Calculation
Hardness (EDTA) as mg CaCO3/L =

(i) Pigment Dye = Nil
(ii) Textile effluent

SOURCE

SAMPLE
BURETTE READING
Volume of EDTA
Consumed
Initial
reading
Final
reading
Rajapalayam Pigment Dye 0 0 Nil
Madura Coats Textile effluent 0 0.5 0.5

37. 28

=
= 25 mg/L
Degree of Hardness Hardness mg/L CaCO3
Soft <50
Moderately Hard 50-150
Hard 150-300
Very Hard >300

Table: 4.3 (b) Comparison of hardness value with WHO (World Health Organization)
Result
Thus, the amount of Temporary Hardness present in the Tirupur sample is

(i) Pigment Dye = Nil
(ii) Textile effluent = 25 mg/L
Therefore, according to the WHO the given water sample was Soft.

4.1.4 DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE
Most of the chloride in the soil are soluble in water and determined directly in soil
solution. In natural fresh waters, high concentration of chloride is regarded as an indicator of
pollution which is due to organic wastes of animal origin. Industrial effluents may be able to
increase the chloride contents in natural waters [21]. The chloride concentration above 250
ppm makes the water salty in taste, however, a level to ppm is safe for human consumption.
Principle
Silver nitrate reacts with the chloride to form a very slightly soluble white precipitate of
AgCl. At the end point, when all the chlorides get precipitated, free silver ions react with
chromate to form silver chromate of greenish-yellow color.

Reagents required
(i) Silver Nitrate, 0.0153 N: Dissolve 0.34 g of dried Silver nitrate in distilled water.
(ii) Potassium chromate, 5%: Dissolve 5 g of K2CrO4 in 100 mL of distilled water.

Procedure

38. 29

(i) Take 20 mL of sample in a conical flask and add 2 mL of K2CrO4 solution.
(ii) Titrate the contents against 0.0153 N AgNO3 until a persistent greenish yellow color
appears.

Fig. 4.4 Presence of the Chloride in the Water sample
Table: 4.4 Chloride determination in the Water sample
Calculation

Chloride (mg/L) =

(i) Pigment Dye = Nil
(ii) Textile effluent

SOURCE

SAMPLE
BURETTE READING
Volume of AgNO3
Consumed
Initial
reading
Final
reading
Rajapalayam Pigment Dye 0 0 Nil
Madura Coats Textile effluent 0 0.5 0.5

39. 30

=
= 14 mg/L
Result
Thus, the amount of Chloride present in the water sample is
(i) Pigment Dye = Nil
(ii) Textile effluent = 14 mg/L
5. BIOLOGICAL PARAME TERS OF THE WATER
5.1.1 DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Dissolved oxygen is a very important parameter of water quality and is an index of
physical and biological processes going on in the water. Non-polluted surface waters are
normally saturated with dissolved oxygen, which reaches the maximum in the late afternoon
and falls again at night because of removal by respiration. This diurnal change in the oxygen
level is termed as Oxygen pulse [22]. Oxygen depletion takes place due to the decomposition
of organic matter, respiration, presence of iron and rise in temperature.

Principle
The method is based on Winkler’s method, involving two oxidation-reduction reactions.
The manganous sulfate reacts with sodium or potassium hydroxide to give a white precipitate
of manganous hydroxide.

MnSO4 + 2 NaOH → Mn(OH)2 + Na2SO4

In the presence of oxygen in a highly alkaline solution, the white manganous hydroxide is
oxidized to brown-colored manganous oxyhydrate.

2 Mn(OH)2 + O2 → 2 Mn O (OH)2

In strongly acidic media, manganic ions are reduced by iodide ions of potassium iodide to
form free iodine.
Mn(OH)2 + 2 H2SO4 → Mn(SO4)2 + 3 H2O
Mn(SO4)2 + 2KI → Mn(SO4)2 + K2SO4 + I2

40. 31


The amount of free iodine is equivalent to the amount of oxygen present in the sample and
can be determined by titrating with sodium thiosulphate using starch as an indicator.

2 Na2 S2 O3 + I2 → 2Na I + Na2 S4 O6
Reagents required
(i) Sodium thiosulphate (0.025N): Dissolve 0.625g of sodium thiosulphate in previously
boiled distilled water and make the volume to 100 mL. Add a pellet of sodium
hydroxide as a stabilizer. Keep in a brown glass-stoppered bottle. Prepare fresh
solutions every 2 or 3 weeks.

(ii) Manganous sulfate: Dissolve 4.8 g MnSO4. H2O in distilled water, filter and dilute it
to 100 mL The MnSO4 solution should not give color with starch when added to an
acidified potassium iodide solution.

(iii) Alkaline potassium iodide solution: Dissolve 7 g KOH and 1.5 g NaI in 100 mL of
distilled water.

(iv) Conc. sulphuric acid: Dissolve 0.2g starch in 100mL of warm water.

Procedure
(i) Take the water sample in a glass-stoppered BOD bottle of known volume avoiding any
bubbling. No air should be trapped in the bottle after the stopper is replaced.

(ii) Add 1 mL of MnSO4 and 1 mL of alkaline KI solution well below the surface of the
water using separate pipettes. If the volume of the sample is more than 200 mL add 2
mL of each MnSO4 and KI solution.

(iii) A precipitate will appear. Place the stopper and shake the solution thoroughly by
inverting the bottle repeatedly. At this stage, the sample can be stored for a few days, if
required.
(iv) Add 1-2 mL of concentrated Sulphuric acid to dissolve the precipitate.

41. 32

(v) Transfer gently (avoiding bubbling) the whole content or a known part of it in a conical
flask.

(vi) Add a few drops of starch indicator and titrate against sodium thiosulphate solution
within one hour of the dissolution of the precipitate.

(vii) Note the endpoint when the initial dark blue color disappears completely.














Fig.5.1 Dissolved oxygen test by Winkler’s method

Table: 5.1.1 Dissolved Oxygen test



SOURCE

SAMPLE
BURETTE READING
Volume of Na2S2O3
Consumed
Initial
reading
Final
reading
Rajapalayam Pigment Dye 0 0 Nil
Madura Coats Textile effluent 0 0.4 0.4

42. 33

Calculation
If the whole content is used for titration,

DO(mg/L) =


Where V1 = Volume of titrant (Sodium thiosulphate);
V2 = Volume of sampling bottle;
V3 = Volume of MnSO4 and KI solutions added;
V4 = Volume of the part of the contents titrated;
N = Normality of sodium thiosulphate (0.025).

(i) Pigment Dye = Nil
(ii) Textile effluent
D.O (mg/L)
4 mg/L
Result
Thus, the amount of DO present in the water sample is
(i) Pigment Dye = Nil
(ii) Textile effluent = 4 mg/L
5.1.2 DETERMINATION OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
It is the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms in aerobic degradation of the
dissolved or even particulate organic matter in water [23]. The decomposable or
biodegradable organic matter serves as a food for bacteria and energy is obtained due to such
oxidation. BOD gives us an idea about the extent of organic pollution in water. More the
oxidizable organic matter present in water, more the amount of oxygen required to degrade it
biologically, hence more the BOD.
BOD mainly depends upon the pH, presence of toxins, reduced organic matter and
different types of microorganisms. While evaluating this, samples are protected from
sunlight, excessive agitation or shaking, and kept at a fixed temperature in an incubator. This
favors uniform bacterial growth.

43. 34

The complete degradation of the organic matter may require as long as 20 to 30 days.
Simple organic compounds are oxidized in 5 days, though domestic sewage undergoes 65%
degradation and complex organic compounds oxidize only up to 40% in 5 days. In practice,
usually a 5-day test gives reliable information on the quality of water. The difference in
oxygen concentration of the sample at a time and after incubating it for 5 days at 20℃ is
measured.

Reagents required
i. Sodium thiosulphate (0.025N): Dissolve 0.0625g of sodium thiosulphate in previously
boiled distilled water and make the volume to 100 mL. Add a pellet of sodium hydroxide
as a stabilizer. Keep in a brown glass-stoppered bottle. Prepare fresh solutions every 2 or 3
weeks.
ii. Manganous sulfate: Dissolve 36.4 g MnSO4. H2O in distilled water, filter and dilute it to
100 mL The MnSO4 solution should not give color with starch when added to an acidified
potassium iodide solution.
iii. Alkaline potassium iodide solution: Dissolve g KOH and g NaI in 100 mL of distilled
water.
iv. Concentrated sulphuric acid: Dissolve 0.2g starch in 100mL of warm water.

Procedure

i. Take the water sample in a glass-stoppered BOD bottle of known volume avoiding any
bubbling. No air should be trapped in the bottle after the stopper is replaced.
ii. Add 1 mL of MnSO4 and 1 mL of alkaline KI solution well below the surface of the
water using separate pipettes. If the volume of the sample is more than 200 mL add 2
mL of each MnSO4 and KI solution.
iii. A precipitate will appear. Place the stopper and shake the solution thoroughly by
inverting the bottle repeatedly. At this stage, the sample can be stored for a few days, if
required.
iv. Add 1-2 mL of concentrated Sulphuric acid to dissolve the precipitate.
v. Transfer gently (avoiding bubbling) the whole content or a known part of it in a conical
flask.
vi. Add a few drops of starch indicator and titrate against sodium thiosulphate solution
within one hour of the dissolution of the precipitate.

44. 35

vii. Note the end point when the initial dark blue color disappears completely.


Fig.5.2 Determination of BOD
Table: 5.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand test

Calculation
If the whole content is used for titration,

BOD (mg/L) =

Where V1 = Volume of titrant (Sodium thiosulphate);
V2 = Volume of sampling bottle;

SOURCE

SAMPLE
BURETTE READING
Volume of Na2S2O3
Consumed
Initial
reading
Final
reading
Rajapalayam Pigment Dye 0 0 Nil
Madura Coats Textile effluent 0 0.6 0.6

45. 36

V3 = Volume of MnSO4 and KI solutions added;
V4 = Volume of the part of the contents titrated;
N = Normality of sodium thiosulphate (0.025).

(i) Pigment Dye = Nil

(ii) Textile effluent
=
= Nil
Result
Thus, the amount of BOD present in the given water sample is
(i) Pigment Dye = Nil
(ii) Textile effluent = Nil

5.1.3 DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
COD is a measure of measuring pollution strength of domestic and industrial effluents. It
is the measure of oxygen required in oxidizing the organic compounds present in water by
means of chemical reactions involving strong oxidizing agents, such as potassium dichromate
and potassium permanganate [24].
As almost all organic compounds can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents in acidic
medium, COD values are greater than BOD values. COD is too large, if great amount of
biologically resistant organic matter, such as lignin is present. COD determination is
advantageous for waters having unfavorable conditions for the growth of microorganisms.
In such waters, BOD determination cannot be made accurately. Moreover, another
advantage of COD in comparison to BOD is short time required for valuation.

Reagents required
i. Potassium dichromate solution (0.25 N)
ii. Ferrous ammonium sulfate (0.1N
iii. Potassium dichromate pure, M = 294.19 g/mol
iv. Ammonium ferrous sulfate, M.W. 392.13

46. 37

v. Ferroin indicator solution
vi. Silver sulfate pure, M= 311.79 g/mol
vii. Mercuric sulfate, M.W.296.65
viii. Conc. Sulphuric acid

Procedure
(i) Dissolve 0.4 g of Potassium dichromate and 3.3 g of Mercuric sulfate in 17 mL of conc.
H2SO4.
(ii) Dissolve 1 g of Silver sulfate in 100 mL of water.
(iii) Dissolve 3.92 g of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate in 100 mL of water and 2 mL of
H2SO4.
(iv) Take 5 mL of sample and 7 mL of oxidizing solution.
(v) Take a pinch amount of Silver sulfate and add 2-4 drops of Ferroin indicator. It becomes
red in color.
(vi) Titrate with the Ammonium ferrous sulfate, then the green color will be developed.
(vii)
Table: 5.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand Test

Calculation

COD as mg O2/L =
Where A =Volume of FAS used for sample (mL)
B =Volume of FAS used for blank (mL)
N =Normality of FAS


SOURCE

SAMPLE
BURETTE READING
Volume of FAS
Consumed
Initial
reading
Final
reading
Rajapalayam Pigment Dye 0 0 Nil
Madura Coats Textile effluent 0 6.3 6.3

47. 38


(i) Pigmented Dye = Nil
(ii) Textile effluent
COD as mg O2/L =

= 32 mg/L
Result
Thus, the amount of COD present in the given watersample is
(i) Pigmented Dye = Nil
(ii) Textile effluent = 32 mg/L

48. 39











CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

49. 40


RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The physical, chemical, and biological parameters are very important for assessing the
water quality. The main purpose of analyzing the physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of water is to determine its pollution status [25]. In fact, the final status of a
water body is conditioned by these factors and the status of the water is really the result of the
interaction of these factors. The physico-chemical and toxicological parameters are important
for assessing the water quality. The main purpose of analyzing the physical, chemical and
toxicological characteristics of water is to determine its pollution status. In fact, the final
status of a water body is conditioned by these factors and the status of the water is really the
result of interaction of these factors. Steady change in the atmospheric temperature with the
change in the seasons results in the corresponding change in the water temperature. There is a
very close similarity between the temperature of atmosphere and water due to the depth of
reservoir as also the small amount of macrophytic vegetation and follows the same pattern as
observed for natural lakes by Saad (1973) and Misra et.al. (1975). The differences in
atmospheric temperature and water temperature especially in winter are under the influence
of high specific heat of the water and winter overturn condition of reservoir. (Table: 4.5, 4.6)
It influences aquatic life and concentration of dissolved gases such as CO2, O2 and chemical
solutes. The water temperature was always below the ambient temperature but followed the
meteorological conditions. According to Welch (1952) smaller water bodies react quickly
with the change in the atmospheric temperature. High summer temperature and bright
sunshine accelerate the process of decay of organic matter resulting into the liberation of
large quantities of CO2 and nutrients. A rise in temperature of the water leads to the speeding
up of the chemical reaction in water, reduces the solubility of gases and amplifies the tastes
and odors.

50. 41







CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION

51. 42



CONCLUSION
Water quality monitoring is of vital imperativeness as it gives particular data about the
nature of water. In the present study, we have analyzed the basic parameters of the
Rajapalayam and Madura Coats samples. Basic parameters are a key tool for knowing the
conditions of the wastewater and it indicates the water quality. By knowing the status of the
water samples we can reduce the pollutions and toxic chemicals and salts. Every laboratory in
the industry come forth to find out their water quality by conducting a series of test. In the
Milk industry, they are conducting the Lactometer test. In Tirupur industry, they are assessing
the TDS with the help of the instrument. The basic parameter can also save the aquatic
organisms. As we know the Dissolved oxygen should be present 5 ppm for the aquatic
organism. If it fails, then the organism would be dead. Thus, we analyzed all the samples like
DO, COD, BOD, Hardness, Chloride and so on in our Laboratory.

52. 43












REFERENCE

53. 44


REFERENCE
[1] Pinto F, Thais F, Sawdust Derivative for Environmental Application (2016);
“Functionalization and Removal of textile dye from aqueous solution”, An Acad Bras Cienc;
Vol.88, Issue 3, pp:1211-1220.
[2] A. B. Akolkar et al (2014-15) “Report on Assessment of Pollution from Textile Dyeing
Units in Tirupur, Tamil Nadu and Measures taken to Achieve Zero Liquid Discharge”,
Central Pollution Control Board Zonal Office (South), Bengaluru.

[3] Sunantha G and Vasudevan N, “Assessment of Bacterial indicators and Physico-Chemical
parameters in Tirupur, Erode and Chennai, Tamil Nadu (India)”. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.enmm.2016.10.005. Manuscript accepted for publication.

[4] Geetha. An et al. (2008) “Assessment of Underground Water Contamination and Effect of
Textile Effluents on Noyyal River Basin In and Around Tirupur Town, Tamilnadu” Vol. 5,
Issue 4, pp:696-705.
[5] Abhijit M. (2017) “Textbook on Basics of Environmental Science”. DOI: 10.1007/978-
81-322-2707-6.
[6] Raja Guru P and Subbram V (2000), “Ground Water Quality in Tirupur” Environmental
Awareness on Quality Management of Irrigation Water, Edited by Lakshmanaperumalsamy
and Krishnaraj, Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore.
[7] Tushar K Sen, et al. (2014) “Review on Dye Removal from Its Aqueous Solution into
Alternative Cost Effective and Non-Conventional Adsorbents”. Chem Proc Engg pp:1-11

[8] Rahmanian N Analysis of Physiochemical Parameters to Evaluate the Drinking Water
Quality in the State of Perak, Malay sia. Vol No.2015; DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/716125. Manuscript accepted for publication.

[9] Kramer, Donald L. (1987) “Dissolved oxygen and fish behavior”, Environmental Biology
of Fishes. DOI: 10.1007/BF00002597, ISSN: 03781909

54. 45

[10] Logesh. S et al (2011) Environmental issues and its impacts associated with the textile
processing units in Tirupur, 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and
Development, IPCBEE.

[11] Rajaram, T et al (2008) “Water pollution by industrial effluents in India: Discharge
scenarios and the case for participatory ecosystem specific local regulation”. Futures; Vol.40
Issue.1; pp: 56-69.

[12] Furn K, Hultgren. J (2004) “Effects of dyeing and bleaching industries on the area
around the Orathupalayam Dam in Southern India”. Minor Field Studies - International
Office, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.

[13] Kant R (2012) “Textile dyeing industry an environmental hazard” Natural Science. DOI:
10.4236/ns.2012.41004, ISSN: 2150-4091.

[14] Lal R (2016) “Environmental sustainability” Textbook of Climate Change and Multi-
Dimensional Sustainability in African Agriculture: Climate Change and Sustainability in
Agriculture. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41238-2_1, ISBN: 9783319412382.

[15] Wang Z et al (2012) “Textile Dyeing Wastewater Treatment”, Textbook of Advances in
Treating Textile Effluent, DOI: 10.5772/22670.