a typical and malignant cells.power point

The Cell

A Cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
A typical cell is a normal cell
The body is made up of approximately 37.2 trillion of normal human cells
These ‘normal’ cells act as the body’s basic building blocks and possess specific characteristics that enable them to maintain correct functioning of tissues, organs, and organ systems.

1. A TYPICAL AND MALIGNANT CELL

2. The Cell A  Cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. A typical cell is a normal cell The body is made up of approximately 37.2 trillion of normal human cells These ‘normal’ cells act as the body’s basic building blocks and possess specific characteristics that enable them to maintain correct functioning of tissues, organs, and organ systems .

3. Characteristics of a normal cells Control their growth using external signals, to grow and divide when required, Undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) as part of normal development, to maintain tissue homeostasis, and response to unrepairable damage. ‘Stick together’ by maintaining selective adhesions that they progressively adjust which ensures they remain in their intended location. Differentiate into specialized cells with specific functions meaning they can adopt different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.

4. A malignant cell is a diseased cell e.g tumor cells or cancer cells Cancer is a complex genetic disease that is caused by specific changes to the genes in one cell or group of cells. These changes disrupt normal cell function – specifically affecting how a cell grows and divides. In contrast to normal cells, cancer cells undergo uncontrolled cell growth resulting in the formation of a tumor. Cancer cells undergo genetic changes refer to as mutation when compared to normal cells,

5. Specific Characteristics that Distinguish Malignant Cells from Normal Cells. 

6. Normal Cell Malignant Cell Cell shape Uniform Irregular Nucleus Spheroid shape, single nucleus Irregular shape, multi-nucleation common Chromatin Fine, evenly distributed Coarse, aggregated Nucleolus Single, inconspicuous nucleolus Multiple, enlarged nucleoli Cytoplasm Large cytoplasmic volume Small cytoplasmic volume Growth Controlled Uncontrolled Maturation Mature into specialized cells Remain immature and undifferentiated Blood supply Normal angiogenesis (occurs during development/ healing) Tumor-induced angiogenesis Oxygen Favored (for aerobic respiration) but will undergo anaerobic respiration if required Not required (thrive in hypoxic conditions), favor anaerobic respiration Location Remain in their intended location Can spread to different locations in the body (metastasis) some of the key differences between malignant cells and normal cells . 

7. Tumor

8. MALIGNANT TUMOR

9. BENIGN TUMOR

10. CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER

11. NOMENCLATURE BENIGN MALIGNANT EPITHELIAL GLAND ADENOMA ADENOCARCINOMA 2. SURFACE EPITHELIA PAPILLOMA E.G SQUAMOUS PAPILLOMA e.g cervix SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA TRANSISTIONAL PAPPILOMA e.g bladder TRANSISTIONAL CELL CARCINOMA 3. CONNECTIVE TISSUE NEOPLASM FAT LIPOMA LIPOSARCOMA FIBROBLAST FIBROMA FIBROSARCOMA BONE OSTEOMA OSTEOSARCOMA CARTILAGE CHONDROMA CHONDROSARCOMA BLOOD VESSEL HAEMANGIOMA HAEMANGIOSARCOMA LYMPHATIC VESSEL LYMPHANGIOMA LYMPHANGIOSARCOMA 4. HAEMOPOETIC MALIGNANT NEOPLASM MARROW PRECURSSOR NIL LEUKAMIA LYMPHOID CELLS NIL LYMPHOMA

12. PROPERTIES OF CANCER CELLS

13. CANCER OR MALIGNANT TUMOR O ncogenesis or carcinogenesis is defined as the process of cancer formation. Cancer diseases is multifactoral i.e arises as a result of the interaction of environmental factors and the genetic or hereditary factors Enviromental factors constitute to about 60% of the incidence of cancer disease Environmental factors that predispose individual to cancer is refer to as carcinogens, we have three broad groups: Physical factors such as ionizing radiation e.g x-ray, γ -ray and β -ray, ultraviolet light e.g UV spectrum Chemical carcinogens Biological agents

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