A Wide Range of Eco System Services with Mangroves

Presented by Mihyun Seol and Himlal Baral (CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.

1. Climate Change Adaptation
and Mitigation with
Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems
Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda
Mihyun Seol and Himlal Baral

2. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
A Wide Range of Eco System Services with Mangroves
Key Services Major Functions
Carbon Sequestration Storing large amounts of carbon
Mitigating climate change by reducing the amount of carbon dioxide
Coastal Protection A natural barrier to protect coastal areas from storm surges
Temperature regulation with a cooling effect
Reducing erosion and holding the integrity of coastal ecosystems
Biodiversity Support Nursery habitats for marine species
Shelter and breeding grounds provided by the complexity of root systems
Providing habitats for fishery and supporting livelihoods of communities
Water Quality Improvement Natural water purifiers filtering pollutants from water

3. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
A Wide Range of Eco System Services with Mangroves
Key Services Major Functions
Wood and Non-Timber Forest ProductsWood for construction and fuel
Non-timber products such as tannins, dyes, and honey
Traditional medicines
Recreation and Tourism Aesthetic value and recreational opportunities.
Activities such as bird watching, kayaking, and eco-tourism
Cultural and Spiritual Values Significant cultural identity for coastal communities, often integral to
traditional practices, folklore, and rituals

4. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Mangrove and Ecosystem Services
TanakekeIsland, Indonesia
Friesset al. 2020. Oceanography and Marine Biology

5. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Mangrove-Carbon Study
•Mangrove ecosystems are among the most ecologically and socially valuable.
•Mangrove forests store 300-500% more carbon per unit area than terrestrial ones.
•Mangrove forests also help to conserve biodiversity, prevent floor and storm, and
they provide ecosystem services for environment and communities.
•Size of mangrove forests continue to decrease due to anthropogenic activities.
•Research on mangrove species’ ability to absorb and store carbon is crucial to
provide information on species compatibility for rehabilitation in the future.

6. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Project Aims:
•To quantify the environmental assets, including carbon sequestration capacity and
associated ecosystem services, of various types of mangrove forests; and
•To identify promising mangrove species for coastal landscape restoration and carbon
sequestration and establish research and demonstration sites in Bali, Indonesia
Expected outcomes: Knowledge on how and to what extent mangrove ecosystems
provide carbon sequestration, storage, and ecosystem services.

7. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Project leadership:
1.Dr. Bora Lee (Project leader for NIFoS)
2.Dr. BaralHimlal(Project Co-Leader and technical liaison for CIFOR)
3.Dr. Seol Mihyun(Project Co-Leader and technical liaison for CIFOR)
Core team members:
1.Citra Gilang (Post-doc, research fellow/consultant, CIFOR)
2.Agus Maulana (Research consultant, CIFOR)
3.Putu AnggaWiradana(Researcher, Dhyana Pura University)
4.Budi Leksono (Senior researcher, BRIN)

8. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Research Sites
1.TAHURA Ngurah Rai
2.MertasariBeach

9. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Field Works
March 2023, Bali
Activity: Field survey and data collection on two mangrove forests in Bali: Mertasari beach and
MIC Tahura
Measurement of photosynthesis rate
of true-and semi-mangrove species
Measurement of leaf stomatal
conductance
Measurement of soil respiration
rate and soil structure

10. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
From June 2023 -Present
Activity: Phenology observation of true-and semi-mangroves

11. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Symposia
1. Beyond Blue Carbon: 1
st
International Symposium (27
th
March 2023, PramaSanur Hotel, Bali), CIFOR as organizer)
2. 2
nd
International Symposium ( May 2023, Jeju), NIFoSas organizer
EGU23 (April 2023, Vienna), NIFoSas organizer for the workshop
1
2

12. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
ACTIVITY PLAN

13. CIFOR-ICRAF
CIFOR-ICRAF harnesses the power of trees, forests and agroforestry landscapes
to address the most pressing global challenges of our time -biodiversity loss,
climate change, food security, livelihoods and inequity.Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR