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1. Part ii, lesson 1: the physical self: the self as impacted by the body Gned 08

2. Self understanding Is the individuals cognitive representation of the self which consists of the substance and the content of self-perceptions. Child’s understanding of self changes throughout the life span as the person grows older.

3. Growing up As children grow, their interests and bodies change rapidly. Soon, they transition from babies to unpredictable teenagers. At this stage, parents should respect their teens' privacy, giving them space to grow while letting them know they are always ready to listen and provide support. An obvious change in teenagers are the changes in their physical selves

4. Growing up P hysical self - refers to the concrete dimensions of the body, it is the tangible aspect of the person which can be directly observed and examined. Physical characteristics are the defining traits or features of the person's body. The first thing a person sees when he looks at another could be their facial features, hairstyle, clothes, or figure. These physical characteristics can easily be distinguished with the naked eye.

5. Growing up Erik Erikson believed in the importance of the body from early development because the physical as well as intellectual skills will somehow serve as a basis to whether a person has achieved a sense of competence and be able to manage and face the demands of life complexities. William James considered the body as the initial source of sensation and necessary for the origin and maintenance of personality.

6. Growing up When children reach 10 - 12 years of age, puberty begins and they are now in the adolescent period. This transition period in the human life span lasts from 18 to 22 years of age. The World Health Organization describes adolescents as young people whose age ranges from 10-19 years and are often thought of as a healthy group

7. Growing up A dolescence is divided into three periods: The first is early adolescence (from 11 to 14 years old) The second is middle adolescence (from 15 to 17 years old) The last stage is the late adolescence (from 18 to 21 years old) In the Philippines, the Youth in Nation-Building Act (1994) defined youth according to ages which cover between 15 - 30 years.

8. Puberty: a period of rapid physical changes Puberty Physical changes that occur during adolescence. The process that leads to sexual maturity or fertility – the ability to reproduce. Adolescence A transition period in human life span from age 10-12 which last up to 18-22 years of age – a period of development between childhood and adulthood. Brings hormonal, emotional, and physical changes.

9. Puberty: a period of rapid physical changes Girls reached puberty earlier than boys. Girls experience menarche which is her first menstrual flow. Boys, two to three years later, experience spermarche or semenarche which is his first ejaculation or nocturnal emission (wet dreams).

10. Puberty: a period of rapid physical changes Puberty is a brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that triggers the rapid physical changes that occur in the adolescent stage of human development. Pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates the functions of all other endocrine glands, including the gonads (ovaries for girls and testes for boys).

11. Puberty: a period of rapid physical changes Chemical substances (hormones) secreted by the gonads (sex glands) are distributed by the blood stream throughout the body. These hormones Oestrogen for girls - increase in height, widening of the hips and increase in fatty tissues in the breast of girls. Androgen and testosterone for boys - growth of facial and body hair, muscles and changes in the voice.

12. Puberty: a period of rapid physical changes These rapid changes would either be classified as secondary sexual changes which are physical changes and primary sexual changes which are changes in the reproductive organs for procreation. Primary sex characteristics refers to the sexual and reproductive organs. Secondary sex characteristics are those that are developed at puberty.

13. Body image One psychological aspect of physical change in puberty is that "adolescents become preoccupied with their bodies and develop images of what their bodies are like.“ Body image - refers to the way one sees himself herself or the way he/she imagines how he/she looks. How they see themselves can either be positive or negative. Recent research revealed that adolescents with the most positive body images are engaged in health enhancing behavior such as eating a balanced diet and exercising regularly.

14. Body image In general, girls are less happy with their body images than boys throughout puberty. Moving towards the end of puberty, however, both girls and boys feel positive about their body images. Adolescents with poor body images have negative thoughts and feelings about their appearance which can either be true or not. A healthy body image is made up of positive thoughts, feelings and acceptance of one's body and overall physical appearance.

15. Body image Young adolescents usually experience an imaginary audience which refers to an egocentric state where the individual imagines and believes that many people are actively listening to or watching him or her. In social psychology, this phenomenon is called spotlight effect which refers to the belief that others are paying more attention to the person's appearance and behavior than they really are. People, especially adolescents, sometimes tend to overestimate the extent to which others notice them or their bodies

16. Body image Activity 7 Answer “My Body Image” on page 75-76.

17. Factors that affect perception of the physical self Personal Factors Introspection and Self-reflection . Looking inward is one of the simplest way to achieve self-knowledge. I ntrospection is the process by which one observes and examines one's internal state (mental and emotional) after behaving in a certain way. Studies, however, show that introspection is limited because people are commonly motivated to keep unwanted thoughts and experiences out of memory and consciousness. This means that people have a low self-insight on aspects about the self where they wish were not true and many people tend to overestimate their positive aspects.

18. Factors that affect perception of the physical self Self-Perception Theory. Since one's internal state is difficult to interpret, people can infer their inner states by observing their own behaviour -as if they are an outside observer. Physical perception includes all aspects of a person's perception of his physical self. Self-concept. Is a cognitive representation of sell-knowledge which includes the sum total of all beliefs that people have about themselves. It is a collection of all individual experiences involving one's characteristics, social roles, values, goals and fears. Thus, it pertains to all characteristics the person enumerates when asked to describe who he is. Physical self-concept is the individual's perception or description of his physical seif, including his physical appearance.

19. Factors that affect perception of the physical self Personal Identity. This is the concept a person has about himself that develops over the years. This includes aspects of his life that he was born into like family, nationality, gender, physical traits as well as the choices he makes, such as what he does for a living. who his friends are and what he believes in

20. Factors that affect perception of the physical self 2. Social Factors Attachment Process and Social Appraisal. People learn about their value and lovability when they experiences how their mothers or caregivers care for them and respond to their needs. These earliest interactions are important in developing who they are. Caregiving that is consistent and appropriately responds to the infant's needs promote positive self-concept, whereas caregiving that is neglectful and unresponsive creates a negative self-concept believing that they are not worthy and that others cannot be trusted. This is developed prior to achieving self-awareness.

21. Factors that affect perception of the physical self Maintaining, Regulating, and Expanding the Self in Interpersonal Relationships . Aside from the attachment developed when individuals are still young, the sense of self is continuously shaped through ongoing interaction with others or with significant relationship partners. They act as "private audiences” with whom people carry an internal dialogue. Oftentimes, however people are not aware that they are being influenced by these private audiences.

22. Factors that affect perception of the physical self The Looking-glass Self Theory . Charles Horton Cooley stated that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perception of others. The view of oneself comes from a compilation of personal qualities and impressions of how others perceive the individual. The self-image is shaped and reflected from the social world. Other people's reaction would serve as a mirror in which people see themselves particularly the way in which they are perceived and judged by others.

23. Factors that affect perception of the physical self Later in in life, people internalize other people's appraisal of them through more cognitively reflected processes. Reflected appraisal are inferences regarding other's appraisal of a person. It is gained by observing how people react towards the individual. These reflected appraisals are internalized and become part of self- concept which guides future behaviour

24. Factors that affect perception of the physical self Social Comparison - is a process of comparing oneself with others in order to evaluate one's own abilities and opinions. There are two types of social comparison: Upward social comparison happens when an individual compares himself to others who are better than him. It may inspire him or may experience inferiority, envy, or frustration.

25. Factors that affect perception of the physical self Downward social comparison happens when an individual compares himself to someone who is in a worse situation than he is especially when he is feeling so low. This may make himself feel better knowing that he is more fortunate than this person. On the other hand, c omparing oneself to a less fortune person may give rise to feelings of superiority and arrogance. Facebook is the biggest venue of social comparison.

26. Factors that affect perception of the physical self For a person to have a healthy self-image, it is important to never compare oneself to others. Rather one should set realistic standards for himself.

27. Factors that affect perception of the physical self Social Identity Theory (Collective Identity) was formulated by Tajfel and Turner in 1979 which provides a framework about how people achieve understanding about themselves by being a member of their group. People have a need for a positive social identity that is why they connect to a wider social network. This idea assumes that as a member of the group they will not be discriminated by an out-group. It will enhance their self-esteem because they feel secured with the shield of group membership where they belong. Social groups include gender, ethnicity, religion, profession, political membership, and business organizations.

28. Factors that affect perception of the physical self Self The person that someone truly is or the entire person of the individual. The total characteristics qualities of a person both known and unknown to others but known to oneself. Identity Is who a person believes she or he is, representing a synthesis and integration of self-understanding. The traits and characteristics, social relations, roles, and social group memberships that define who one is. A way of making sense of some aspect or part of self-concept.

29. Factors that affect perception of the physical self The self belongs to an individual level analysis which includes self-esteem, self-states, self-efficacy and the like. Identity is based on societal or cultural level analysis such as cultural concept of oneself and cultural make up which makes a person who he is.

30. THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON BODY IMAGE AND SELF-ESTEEM: THE IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY Culture is defined as a social system that is characterized by the shared meanings that are attributed to people and events by its members. C ulture conceptualizes beauty. Merriam and Webster defines beauty as the quality of being physically attractive or the qualities in a person or a thing that give pleasure to the senses or the mind. It should be noted that in every culture and in every individual, the standards of beauty vary a lot. For it is said that 'beauty lies in the eye of the beholder.’

31. THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON BODY IMAGE AND SELF-ESTEEM: THE IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY The bottom line is, for a young adolescent who is awkwardly experiencing physical changes, who is inexperienced and innocent of the complexities of the world, BEAUTY is what social media dictates, what fashion models look like, and how his/her favourite celebrity dresses and behaves. So, how this adolescent compares would be the basis of his/ her body image and self-esteem. The body image created by the adolescent which includes perception and feelings about oneself could either be positive or negative. This is based on how the adolescent measures up to the cultural standards of an ideal body image.

32. THE filipino concept of beauty Eurocentrism tendency to interpret the world in terms of European or Anglo-American values and experiences. F air skin and tall noses. Filipino mestizo/mestiza (or tisoy / tisay — a Tagalog colloquial term) – Filipino-Spanish, Filipino-Chinese, Filipino- Caucaisian .

33. THE filipino concept of beauty Billboards and advertisements showcase Filipino mestiza and mestizo artists who usually deceive foreigners on how a majority of Filipinos look like. If ever the Filipino-looking actor will be cast with a supporting or minor role to the mestizo or mestiza-looking lead. Media is perpetuating the idea that the European standard of beauty is the only thing that can be deemed as beautiful. The Filipino culture has been whitewashed so much that it is as if their heritage and identities do not matter at all in the global schema.

34. THE filipino concept of beauty An aspect of Eurocentrism called colorism is defined as "the prejudicial or preferential treatment of same-race people based solely on the color of their skin.“ A person who is morena or dark-skinned in the Philippines is usually advised to use whitening products. Pumuti ka lang. gaganda ka na kung maputi ka lang, ang ganda mo siguro . Class muses and escorts are chosen not for their pleasing personalities but particularly because of their fair skin.

35. THE filipino concept of beauty Although associated with cleanliness, being fair-skinned gives the impression of beauty, health and wealth. M ixed Filipinos are seen as more desirable because they are closer to looking Caucasian which indicates wealth and good breeding. Dark-skinned Filipinos tend to have a negative body image. They feel ashamed and embarrassed of their bodies because they think they are valued less compared to those with lighter skin. This proves the importance of visibility and representation in mass media.

36. SELF-ESTEEM AND THE IDEAL BODY IMAGE S elf-esteem Is the o verall evaluation that a person has of himself which can be positive or negative, high or low. A measure of the person's self-worth based on some personal or social standard. H ow valuable to himself and others the person perceives himself to be. Needless to say, people with positive or high self-esteem are happier, have a sense of accomplishment and purpose and relate well with others. According to research, however, the level of self-esteem fluctuates across the life span and may not always match with reality (Santrock, 2014).

37. SELF-ESTEEM AND THE IDEAL BODY IMAGE There are several factors that may affect a person's self-esteem and physical appearance is one of them. Adolescent's body image includes the following: Perception of their physical self when they look in the mirror. Feelings of like or dislike about the physical self that they see. Their thoughts and how they relate to their physical self. Perception of how other people view them physically.

38. SELF-ESTEEM AND THE IDEAL BODY IMAGE A person with a positive body image will have a high self-esteem and will often spend more time taking care of their appearance. A person with a low self-esteem may not perceive himself as beautiful. This evaluation of his physical self will make him seek ways to attain a kind of body image that will be at par with society's concept of beauty.

39. SELF-ESTEEM AND THE IDEAL BODY IMAGE The sad thing is, an adolescent may resort to extreme negative behaviours in order to meet the so-called status quo. His behaviour may include extreme dieting and physical activity, use of laxatives, plastic surgery or use of steroids to quickly build muscles, all for the sake of measuring up to an ideal. This behaviour is wrong, and for young people to put so much pressure on themselves to attain an unrealistic ideal to the point of risking mental and physical health is unacceptable.

40. SELF-ESTEEM AND THE IDEAL BODY IMAGE The following are some aspects in culture that may have led to the aforementioned misconceptions: Society's ideals of the perfect physical form which are: for women: white perfect skin, small waistline, big breast and behind, long straight hair, long manicured nails, slender and tall and for men: tall, tanned perfect skin, muscled physique, with 6-pack abs. Images of perfection adolescents see in all types of media i.e , print, television, film and internet. Mass media is a powerful tool that reinforces cultural beliefs and values. Though young people may initially disagree with the set ideals of beauty, repeated exposure via media lead them to believe in the misconceptions.

41. SELF-ESTEEM AND THE IDEAL BODY IMAGE Since a standard has been set by society and reinforced by media, any characteristic that does not conform to the standard is labelled as ugly. Body diversity in size and structure due to genetic heritability is not tolerated. Being pretty and white skinned or tanned and muscular had become associated with the intelligent, successful, popular, healthy, and the disciplined. Opposite characteristics are associated with the dull, lazy, ugly, and the weak.

42. SELF-ESTEEM AND THE IDEAL BODY IMAGE These misconceptions strongly affect how the young form their body image and its influence on their self-esteem. Knowing that adolescence is the period where self-identity is formed, it is important for adults in the environment to listen to this young people and provide proper guidance and support. The adolescent should not be afraid to talk and disclose confusing aspects of his physical development to his significant others (i.e. parents and trusted family members). It is from significant people, particularly those closest to him that he becomes aware of the things in life that really matter

43. SELF-ESTEEM AND THE IDEAL BODY IMAGE Yes, beauty is important. But being beautiful still depends how a person defines beauty and the standards he sets to meet this definition. It is a big mistake to base beauty on someone else's standard. People are different and each one is uniquely beautiful. Adhering to the popular standards of beauty means that everybody will look the same which is unrealistic and impossible. Having a positive body image involves understanding that healthy attractive bodies come in many shapes and sizes, and that physical appearance says little about a person's character or his value as an individual.

44. ACTIVTY 8 Answer “I can be positive about my body” on page 87-87. Worksheet Answer The Physical Self on page 88-89.