Drug eluting, coated stents
Coated stents contain drugs that inhibit new tissue growth
within the sub-intima and are a promising new option for
preventing or treating in-stent restenosis. Sirolimus (an
immunosuppressant used to prevent renal rejection which
inhibits smooth muscle proliferation and reduces intimal
thickening after vascular injury), paclitaxel (the active
component of the anticancer drug taxol), everolimus, ABT-578,
and tacrolimus are all being studied, as are other agents.
Although long term data and cost benefit analyses are not yet
available, it seems probable that coated stents will be commonly
used in the near future.
Occupation and driving
Doctors may be asked to advise on whether a patient is “fit for
work” or “recovered from an event” after percutaneous
coronary intervention. “Fitness” depends on clinical factors
(level of symptoms, extent and severity of coronary disease, left
ventricular function, stress test result) and the nature of the
occupation, as well as statutory and non-statutory fitness
requirements. Advisory medical standards are in place for
certain occupations, such as in the armed forces and police,
railwaymen, and professional divers. Statutory requirements
cover the road, marine, and aviation industries and some
recreational pursuits such as driving and flying.
Patients often ask when they may resume driving after
percutaneous coronary intervention. In Britain, the Driver and
Vehicle Licensing Agency recommends that group 1 (private
motor car) licence holders should stop driving when anginal
symptoms occur at rest or at the wheel. After percutaneous
coronary intervention, they should not drive for a week. Drivers
holding a group 2 licence (lorries or buses) will be disqualified
from driving once the diagnosis of angina has been made, and
for at least six weeks after percutaneous coronary intervention.
Re-licensing may be permitted provided the exercise test
requirement (satisfactory completion of nine minutes of the
Bruce protocol while not takingblockers) can be met and
there is no other disqualifying condition.
The diagram of the Angio-Seal device is used with permission of St Jude
Medical, Minnetonka, Minnesota, USA. The angiogram showing the “candy
wrapper” effect is reproduced with permission of R Waksman, Washington
Hospital Center, and Martin Dunitz, London.
Competing interests: None declared.
Top left: four months after two
stents (yellow lines) were deployed
in the proximal and middle right
coronary artery, severe diffuse
in-stent restenosis has occurred
with recurrent angina. Top right:
two sirolimus coated Cypher stents
(red lines) were deployed within
the original stents. Bottom: after
six months there was no
recurrence of restenosis, and the
51 year old patient remained
asymptomatic
The incidence of restenosis is
particularly high with percutaneous
revascularisation of small vessels. A
small diseased diagonal artery
(arrows, top left) in a 58 year old
patient with limiting angina was
stented with a sirolimus coated
Cypher stent (red line, top right).
After six months, no restenosis was
present (left), and the patient
remained asymptomatic
Further reading
xSmith SC Jr, Dove JT, Jacobs AK, Kennedy JW, Kereiakes D, Kern
MJ, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines of percutaneous coronary
interventions (revision of the 1993 PTCA guidelines)
—executive
summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/
American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
(committee to revise the 1993 guidelines for percutaneous
transluminal coronary angioplasty).J Am Coll Cardiol2001;37:
2215{39
xMorice MC, Serruys PW, Sousa JE, Fajadet J, Ban Hayashi E, Perin
M, et al. A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with
a standard stent for coronary revascularization.N Engl J Med
2002;346:1773-80
xAlmond DG. Coronary stenting I: intracoronary stents
—form,
function future. In: Grech ED, Ramsdale DR, eds.Practical
interventional cardiology. 2nd ed. London: Martin Dunitz, 2002:63-76
xWaksman R. Management of restenosis through radiation therapy.
In: Grech ED, Ramsdale DR, eds.Practical interventional cardiology.
2nd ed. London: Martin Dunitz, 2002:295-305
xKimmel SE, Berlin JA, Laskey WK. The relationship between
coronary angioplasty procedure volume and major complications.
JAMA1995;274:1137-42
xRensing BJ, Vos J, Smits PC, Foley DP, van den Brand MJ, van der
Giessen WJ, et al. Coronary restenosis elimination with a sirolimus
eluting stent.EurHeartJ2001;22:2125-30
Percutaneous coronary intervention. II: The procedure
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