ABDOMEN MUSCLES

Your abdominal muscles have many important functions, from holding organs in place to supporting your body during movement. There are five main muscles: pyramidalis, rectus abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques, and transversus abdominis. Ab strains and hernias are common, but several strategies can keep your abs safe and healthy

1. ABDOMEN MUSCLES By- Henan Fatemah Pathan Group 92 1

2. What are the abdominal muscles? ‹#› The abdominal muscles are a set of strong bands of muscles lining the walls of the abdomen (trunk of the body). They’re located toward the front of the body, between the ribs and the pelvis. An abdominal wall is formed of skin, fascia, and muscle and encases the abdominal cavity and viscera.

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4. Functions of abdominal muscles. ‹#› • • • • Help with essential bodily functions, including urinating, defecating, coughing, sneezing, vomiting. They help also increase the intra-abdominal pressure facilitating child birth. Hold internal organs in place and protect them (including stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver and gallbladder). Maintain consistent internal pressure in the abdomen. Maintain posture and provide core support. Support the spine and body during sitting, standing, bending over, twisting, exercising and singing.

5. Five main muscles in the abdomen. . External obliques. Internal obliques. Pyramidalis. Rectus abdominis. Transversus abdominis. ‹#›

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7. Superficial Fascia. ‹#› The superficial fascia is connective tissue. The composition of this layer depends on its location: Above the umbilicus – a single sheet of connective tissue. It is continuous with the superficial fascia in other regions of the body. Below the umbilicus – divided into two layers; the fatty superficial layer (Camper’s fascia) and the membranous deep layer (Scarpa’s fascia). -The superficial vessels and nerves run between these two layers of fascia.

8. Muscles of the Abdominal Wall. ‹#› The muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall can be divided into two main groups: Flat muscles – three flat muscles, situated laterally on either side of the abdomen. Vertical muscles – two vertical muscles, situated near the mid-line of the body.

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10. Flat Muscles. ‹#› There are three flat muscles located laterally in the abdominal wall, stacked upon one another. Their fibres run in differing directions and cross each other – strengthening the wall and decreasing the risk of abdominal contents herniating through the wall. The three flat muscles are as follows: External Oblique. Internal Oblique. Transversus Abdominis.

11. (1) External Oblique. ‹#› The external oblique is the largest and most superficial flat muscle in the abdominal wall. Its fibres run inferomedially. Attachments: Originates from ribs 5-12, and inserts into the iliac crest and pubic tubercle. Functions: Contralateral rotation of the torso. Innervation: Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-T11) and subcostal nerve (T12).

12. (2) Internal Oblique. • Innervation: Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7- T11), subcostal nerve (T12) and branches of the lumbar plexus. ‹#› The internal oblique lies deep to the external oblique. It is smaller and thinner in structure, with its fibres running superomedially (perpendicular to the fibres of the external oblique). Attachments: Originates from the inguinal ligament, iliac crest and lumbodorsal fascia, and inserts into ribs 10-12. Functions: Bilateral contraction compresses the abdomen, while unilateral contraction ipsilaterally rotates the torso.

13. (3) Transversus Abdominis. • Innervation: Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7- T11), subcostal nerve (T12) and branches of the lumbar plexus. ‹#› The transversus abdominis is the deepest of the flat muscles, with transversely running fibres. Deep to this muscle is a well-formed layer of fascia, known as the transversalis fascia. Attachments: Originates from the inguinal ligament, costal cartilages 7-12, the iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia. Inserts into the conjoint tendon, xiphoid process, linea alba and the pubic crest. Functions: Compression of abdominal contents.

14. Vertical Muscles. ‹#› There are two vertical muscles located in the midline of the anterolateral abdominal wall. The two vertical muscles are as follows: Rectus Abdominis. Pyramidalis.

15. (1) Rectus Abdominis. ‹#› The rectus abdominis is long, paired muscle, found either side of the midline in the abdominal wall. It is split into two by the linea alba. The lateral borders of the muscles create a surface marking known as the linea semilunaris. At several places, the muscle is intersected by fibrous strips, known as tendinous intersections. The tendinous intersections and the linea alba give rise to the ‘six pack’ seen in individuals with a well-developed rectus abdominis. Attachments: Originates from the crest of the pubis, before inserting into the xiphoid process of the sternum and the costal cartilage of ribs 5-7. Functions: As well as assisting the flat muscles in compressing the abdominal viscera, the rectus abdominis also stabilises the pelvis during walking, and depresses the ribs. Innervation: Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-T11).

16. (2) Pyramidalis. ‹#› This is a small triangular muscle, found superficially to the rectus abdominis. It is located inferiorly, with its base on the pubis bone, and the apex of the triangle attached to the linea alba. Attachments: Originates from the pubic crest and pubic symphysis before inserting into the linea alba. Functions: It acts to tense the linea alba. Innervation: Subcostal nerve (T12).

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18. Inguinal Canal. ‹#› The inguinal canals are the two passages in the anterior abdominal wall of humans and animals which in males convey the spermatic cords and in females the round ligament of the uterus. The inguinal canals are larger and more prominent in males. There is one inguinal canal on each side of the midline.

19. Key facts about the inguinal canal. Walls Roof - formed by Muscles: internal oblique, transversus abdominis Anterior - formed by Aponeuroses: internal oblique, external oblique Floor - formed by Ligaments: inguinal ligament, lacunar ligament Posterior - formed by Tendon and transversalis fascia

20. Openings Deep inguinal ring - at the midpoint of the inguinal ligament Superficial inguinal ring - 'V' shaped defect in the external oblique aponeurosis within the Hasselbach's triangle ‹#›

21. Content Male: spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve Female: round ligament of the uterus and ilioinguinal nerve (*ilioinguinal nerve enters the scrotum through superficial ring, but does not travel through the inguinal canal) ‹#›

22. Spermatic cord content 3 arteries: testicular, cremasteric, ductus deferens artery 3 fascial layers: external spermatic, cremasteric, internal spermatic 3 nerves: genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, sympathetic fibers, ilioinguinal nerve ‹#›

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24. Muscle Actions. ‹#› All the abdominal muscles have different muscle fibers orientation and act in all three planes during movements and are linked together by having a common site of connection or by fascia. Actions associated with abdominal muscle control can be complex. A single muscle does not usually work in isolation but in harmony with others. Physical activity involves a nearly infinite number of variations all regulated by the brain. The abdominal muscles work together to control the movement of the spine, pelvis, and rib cage during gait.

25. Virtually all actions involve the abdominal muscles to some degree, from biking, running and walking, to swimming, swinging a golf club and playing chess. Even when the body is at rest, the abdominals (in concert with other core muscles) help keep it stable and balanced. ‹#›

26. Physical Therapy Relevance. ‹#› Injury: Abdominal muscle strain causes include overstretching, improper technique while playing sports that require running, turning, and jumping, lifting heavy objects, laughing, coughing, or sneezing. Treatment of an abdominal muscle injury is difficult. There's no way to splint the abdomen and it's nearly impossible to fully rest these muscles.

27. The below are basic things to advice clients. Avoid exercise to allow the injured muscle to heal. Avoid activities that cause pain or spasm of the abdominal muscles. Practice gentle stretching. It should not be painful or excessive, as this may slow the healing process. Apply ice to the injured area in the acute phase, or during the first 48 hours after injury. It's also helpful to apply ice after activities. Apply heat before activities to loosen the muscle. ‹#›

28. THANK YOU ‹#›