abhi presentation autoclave.pptx

details about autoclave

1. AUTOCLAVE Submitted by Abhijit padhi

2. Autoclave The autoclave is a piece of equipment used for sterilization of various lab-wares by moist sterilization method. The word sterilization means the destruction/elimination of all forms of life (microbial, including spores) present in inanimate objrcts by means of physical or gaseous procedures. Invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879.

3. Principle and working The autoclave works on the principle of moist heat sterilization where steam under pressure is used to sterilize the material present inside the chamber. Water usually boils at 100°C under normal atmospheric pressure (760 mm of Hg); however, the boiling point of water increases if the pressure is to be increased. This principle is employed in an autoclave where the water boils at 121°C at the pressure of 15 psi or 775 mm of Hg. When this steam comes in contact with the surface, it kills the microbes by giving off latent heat. Pressure is direct ly proportional to temperature

4. Autoclave parts/ components Parts/ components used are as follows; Pressure chamber Lid/ door Pressure gauge Pressure releasing unit/ whistle Safety valve Steam generator Waste-water cooler

5. 1. Pressure chammber 2. Lid/ door The purpose of the lid to seal off the outside atmosphere and create a sterilised condition on ht inside of the autoclave. The lid is made airtight via screw clamps and asbestos washer.

6. 3. Pressure gauge 4. Pressure releasing unit/ whistle A whistle is present on the lid of the autoclave is the same as that of the pressure cooker. The whistle controls the pressure inside the chamber by releasing a certain amount of vapor by lifting itself.

7. 5. Safetty valve 6. Steam generator An electrical steam generator or boiler is present underneath the chamber that uses an electric heating system to heat the water and generate steam in the inner and the outer chamber. The level of water present in the inner chamber is vital as if the water is not sufficient; there are chances of the burning of the heating system. Similarly, if the water is more than necessary, it might interfere with the trays and other components present inside the chamber .

8. 7. Waste water cooler

9. Procedure Place the material to be sterilized inside the pressure chamber and fill the cylinder with sufficient water Close the lid and put on the electrical heater. Adjust the safety valve to the required pressure. After the water boils, allow the steam and air mixture to escape through the discharge tap till all the air has been displaced.

10. Types of autoclave 1. Pressure cooker type/ laboratory bench autoclave: The more modern type has a metal chamber with a secure metal lid that can be fastened and sealed with a rubber gasket. It has an air and steam discharge tap, pressure gauge, and safety valve. There is an electric immersion heater at the bottom of the chamber. 2. Gravity displacement type autoclave: In this type of autoclave, the steam is created inside the chamber via the heating unit, which then moves around the chamber for sterilization. This type of autoclave is comparatively cheaper than other types.

11. 3. Positive pressure displacement type: In this type of autoclave, the steam is generated in a separate steam generator which is then passed into the autoclave. This autoclave is faster as the steam can be generated within seconds. 4. Negative pressure displacement type: This is another type of autoclave that contains both the steam generator as well as a vacuum generator. Here, the vacuum generator pulls out all the air from inside the autoclave while the steam generator creates steam.The steam is then passed into the autoclave. This is also the most expensive type of autoclave.

12. Calibration and Validation of autoclave To evaluate/ validate autoclave there are following ways; 1. Biological indicator The most commonly used indicators is the spores of Geobacillus sterothemophilus . These spores are highly resistant to steam and serve as a reliable indicator of autoclave. They can withstand high temperatures and require a specific time and temperature combination for complete destruction. 2. Autoclave tapes These tapes contain a heat-sensitive, chemical indicator that undergoes a color or displays specific marking when exposed to the proper sterilization temoerature rypically 121°C.

13. 3. Thermo-couple validation Thermocouple is a temperature measuring device that consist of 2 different metal wires jpined together at one end. When exposed to heat a voltage is generated at the junction of the wires, which is proportional to the temperature. This voltage is then measured by a potentiometer or temperature measuring device providing an accurate temperature reading. 4. Bowie-Dick test A Bowie-Dick test is a standard operational test that laboratories can use to determine proper air removal from their pre-vacuum autoclave chamber and to ensure their autoclave meets the appropriate conditions for sterilization. Bowie-Dick test cycle was successful if the thermochromic paper in the test pack turns completely black; this indicates that steam has completely penetrated the load and that the autoclaving is operating correctly. If the pack partially changes color or does not change color at all, the test was unsuccessful.

14. Application of autoclave Autoclaves are versatile devices that find various uses in different settings. Some common applications of autoclaves include: Medical facilities: Autoclaves play a crucial role in medical facilities for sterilizing medical instruments, including surgical tools, syringes, and other reusable equipment. They are also used to sterilize materials such as dressings, bandages, and linens. Dental offices:  Autoclaves are essential in dental offices to sterilize dental instruments like drills, forceps, and probes. This ensures a safe and sterile environment for dental procedures. Laboratories : Autoclaves are extensively used in research laboratories, microbiology labs, and biotechnology labs for sterilizing laboratory glassware, pipettes, media, Petri dishes, and other equipment. It helps prevent contamination and maintain the integrity of experiments and cultures. Pharmaceutical industry:  Autoclaves are employed in the pharmaceutical industry to sterilize equipment, vials, containers, and packaging materials. This ensures the safety and sterility of pharmaceutical products. Veterinary clinics:  Autoclaves are used in veterinary clinics and animal research facilities for sterilizing surgical instruments, lab equipment, and animal care supplies. This helps prevent the spread of infections and ensures the well-being of animals. Food processing facilities:  Autoclaves find application in the food industry to sterilize containers, packaging materials, and equipment used in food processing. This helps maintain food safety and extends the shelf life of products. Waste management:  Autoclaves are used to treat and sterilize regulated medical waste, such as contaminated gloves, gowns, and other biomedical waste, before disposal. This ensures the safe handling and disposal of potentially infectious materials.

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