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1. Soil-Structure Interaction in Himalayan Region Under the guidance of:- Prof. Surya Pratap Singh Civil Engineering Department Medicaps University , Rau Presentation by:- Aayushi rawat (EN21CE301002) Bharat Upadhaya (EN21CE301010) B.tech 4th year Civil Department

2. MINOR PROJECT - I

3. OUTLINE :- Introduction Literature revi ew Objective Validation of software Soil properties(case study) Results analysis Conclusion

4. INTRODUCTION :- Slope Stability A slope movement (also referred as a landslide) can lead to severe issues including infrastructure damage and casualties. Slope stability depends on the capability of the soil mass to withstand its gravitational forces, the additional loads acting on the slope, as well as potential dynamic loads (such as that of an earthquake). Development activates such as infrastructure activities in form of roadways and railways, unplanned haphazard urbanization particularly ignoring the relief and topographical aspects of the landform, illegal building construction, etc. gave aggravated the occurrence of landslide In the hilly areas, the unplanned growth of towns and cities without testing of soil conditions and rocks structure become important cause of landslides

5. Slope Failure Slope failure in geotechnical engineering refers to the sudden or gradual collapse of an inclined surface of soil or rock. It can occur naturally or as a result of construction activities and poses significant risks to structures and safety. Understanding the types of slope failure is crucial for ensuring stable foundations in construction projects. fig.1 landslides in Joshimath

6. LITERATURE REVIEW Department of Earthquake Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, INDIA June 09, 2023 TITLE: The Geotechnical Investigations for determining the Shear Strength Characteristics and Bearing Capacity of the Soil in the Joshimath Region WORK DONE: whole of the Indian Himalayan region is very fragile and vulnerable to multi hazards including Landslides, Earthquakes, Floods and Cloud-bursts. However, vulnerability in terms of landslides and earthquakes is greater for North-Western Himalaya including Uttarakhand. State of Uttarakhand lies in Seismic Zones IV and V (IS: 1893-1, 2016). Further, whole of the Chamoli district falls in Seismic Zone V and mountains consist of very fragile-weathered rocks. FINDINGS: Geotechnical investigations are carried out at 12 sites from different wards of Joshimath. The testing site/location is so selected such there is sufficient space available for carrying out various tests, while it also represents typical conditions existing in the ward considered and situated near to the damaged structures. Plate Load Test (PLT), Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT), Direct Shear Test (DST) and Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves along with HVSR were conducted at this site. Natural Moisture Content (NMC) Tests and Grain Size Distribution (GSD) Analysis were also conducted on the samples procured from the field

7. tittle: slope stability analysis and preventive actions for a landslide location along in joshimath , uttarakhand Work done: The primary purpose of this work is to maintain the slope's stability in order to protect NH-05 and the neighboring three-sided residential structures. Following the site visit, the geotechnical investigations in the form of bore holes and laboratory tests are conducted. Analysis of slope stability is commenced after interpreting the geotechnical study report. Findings: Using numerical modelling techniques and taking into consideration the geotechnical aspects of the specified research region, the mitigation design parameters for the area and the circular slip failure are calculated using Geo-5 software . The software calculates both static and dynamic safety factors. Consequently, preventative measures and a few enhancements are proposed

8. sr. no . Author study FINDINGS 1. Awasthi, S., Varade, D., Bhattacharjee, S., Singh, H., Shahab, S., & Jain, K. (2022). Assessment of land deformation and the associated causes along a rapidly developing Himalayan Foothill Region using multi-temporal Sentinel-1 SAR datasets. This study focuses on preparing a framework for estimating land deformation and analyzing the causes associated with land deformation. A time-series SAR Interferometry-based technique called PsInSAR was used to measure land deformation, using Sentinel-1 datasets from 2015 to 2021 by estimating land deformation velocities for this region. The obtained PSInSAR deformation velocity results ranged between −4 mm to +2 mm per year. 2. Singh, H., Varade, D., & Mishra, P. K. (2022) Cloudburst Events in the Indian Himalayas: A Historical Geospatial Perspective. The topography and orography process of the Indian Himalayas facilitates a favorable condition to cloudbursts. These events mostly appear during the monsoon period and are elusive corresponding to their geographical position and associated impacts due to a lack of monitoring and data observations. 3. Awasthi, S., Jain, K., Mishra, V., & Kumar, A. (2020) An approach for multi-dimensional land subsidence velocity estimation This study is focusing on retrieving PSI based multi-dimensional land deformation velocity along horizontal and vertical directions in an urban region by using ascending and descending pass Sentinel-1 datasets.

9. sr. no Author study findings 4. Bhattacharjee, S., Kumar, P., Thakur, P. K., & Gupta, K. (2021). Hydrodynamic modelling and vulnerability analysis to assess flood risk in a dense Indian city using geospatial techniques. the present study is an attempt to understand the urban flood risks in parts of Bhubaneswar City, India, based on its hydrodynamic set-up and level of urbanisation. The Storm Water Management Model is used for peak flow analysis, and the flooding extent has been assessed while taking into consideration the elevation, slope, land use/land cover (LULC) and design Storm Water Drain (SWD) infrastructure of the city. 5. Bisht, M. P. S., & Rautela, P. (2010). Disaster looms large over Joshimath. Current Science, The article focuses on the Joshimath Formation, which is a streaky and banded gniesses and schists thrusts over the rocks of Munsiari Formation along the Vaikrita Thrust in India. Joshimath is reportedly showing signs of distress due to burgeoning anthropogenic pressure and being situated in close proximity of major tectonic discontinuities. 6. Chaudhary, S. K., Srivastava, P. K., Gupta, D. K., Kumar, P., Prasad, R., Pandey, D. K., Das, A. K., & Gupta, M. (2022) Machine learning algorithms for soil moisture estimation using Sentinel-1: Model development and implementation. The present study provided the first-time comprehensive evaluation of 12 advanced statistical and machine learning (ML) algorithms for the Soil Moisture (SM) estimation from dual polarimetric Sentinel-1 radar backscatter. The ML algorithms namely support vector machine (SVM) with linear, polynomial, radial and sigmoid kernel, random forest (RF), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), radial basis function (RBF), Wang and Mendel’s (WM), subtractive clustering (SBC), adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), hybrid fuzzy interference system (HyFIS), and dynamic evolving neural fuzzy inference system (DENFIS) were used.

10. . sr. no. Author Study finding 7. Chen, J., Li, J., Zhang, Z., & Ni, S. (2014). Long-term groundwater variations in Northwest India from satellite gravity measurements. In this study, we re-assess long-term groundwater storage variation in the Northwest India (NWI) region using an extended record of GRACE time-variable gravity measurements, and a fully unconstrained global forward modeling method. Our new assessments based on the GRACE release-5 (RL05) gravity solutions indicate that during the 10 year period 8. Galloway, D. L., & Burbey, T. J. (2011) Regional land subsidence accompanying groundwater extraction. Hydrogeology Journal, The extraction of groundwater can generate land subsidence by causing the compaction of susceptible aquifer systems, typically unconsolidated alluvial or basin-fill aquifer systems comprising aquifers and aquitards. Various ground-based and remotely sensed methods are used to measure and map subsidence. Many areas of subsidence caused by groundwater pumping have been identified and monitored, and corrective measures to slow or halt subsidence have been devised 9. Mathew, J., Babu, D. G., Kundu, S., Kumar, K. V., & Pant, C. C. (2013). integrating intensity–duration-based rainfall threshold and antecedent rainfall-based probability estimate towards generating early warning for rainfall-induced landslides in parts of the Garhwal Himalaya. India. Landslides, In order to generate early warning for landslides, it is necessary to address the spatial and temporal aspects of slope failure. The present study deals with the temporal dimension of slope failures taking into account the most widespread and frequent triggering factor, i.e. rainfall, along the National Highway-58 from Rishikesh to Mana in the Garhwal Himalaya, India

11. Objectives Study of mitigation measures of the slope stability by using BISHOPS METHOD and computational models to measure the stability of the structure of effected areas. Mitigation measures to enhance the stability of structure on the slope in the Himalayan region. Suggestions and recommendations of different mitigation measures to increase the stability of structures. Prediction of Factor of safety (FOS) in Himalayan regions .

12. Work done: GEO5 is a package of software that offers solutions for the bulk of geotechnical tasks. Slope stability is the basic application for stability analysis. It allows for the optimization of slip surfaces to be done automatically and for circular or polygonal surfaces to be analyzed for stability during the design process. This modelling software enables the simulation of a wide variety of phenomena, including seismic impacts, surcharges, anchors, and geo-reinforcements. A two-dimensional finite element approach was used to determine the factor of safety (FOS). (R. Acharyya et.al.) The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion model is used to simulate how soil behaves in the numerical analysis. Prediction of FOS by optimization techniques.

13. LITERATURE REVIEW:- Joshimath region consists of a mixture of boulders and gravel and it was very difficult to examine the area at this stage, it said. “The final results indicate that more than 50% of Joshimath is in the very high-risk zone,” The concluding remarks at the end of the report state: Overall, the soil at Joshimath was found to be a complex mixture of boulders, gravel and clay. The matrix of the boulder is composed of gravel and clay. If there is any internal erosion in such soil then the entire structure becomes unstable and collision of boulders causes subsidence.

14. that the main reason for subsidence is the lack of infrastructure for drainage. This water can be from rain, melting snow or dirty water coming out from houses and hotels. Although subsidence is a frequent phenomenon, it can be reduced by controlling water seepage, which helps reduce internal erosion, the analysis said. The report also classifies various areas in Joshimath as high-risk, medium-risk and low-risk zones on the basis of its tests .

15. Final Report for Joshimath Geotechnical Investigations :- Ward-wise map of Joshimath is shown in Fig. 1. On January 19, 2023 and later, the team members visited different parts of the Joshimath and finalized following locations to conduct the field tests: Gandhinagar (GN): Near Govt. P.G College, (Ward 1) Marwadi (MW): Near gate of Jaypee Colony (Ward 2) Lower Bazar (LB): Near Narsingh Mandir (Ward 3) Singhdhar (SD1): Near Panchvati Inn (Ward 4) Singhdhar (SD2): Near Parking Plot (Ward 4) Manoharbagh (MB1): Near Ropeway Tower No. 1 (Ward 5) Manoharbagh (MB1): Near PWD Guest House (Ward 5) Manoharbagh (MB3): Near CPWD Office (Ward 5) Upper Bazar (UB): Near Nagarpalika (Ward 6) Sunil (SN): Near Shivalik Cottage (Ward 7) Parsari (PS): Near AT Nala (Ward 8) Ravigram (RG): Near Helipad in Front of NTPC Gate (Ward 9)

16. The field tests were conducted at 12 sites. This is the final report based on the test results of following 12 sites: Gandhinagar: Near Govt. P.G College: 30°33'24.2"N 79°34'19.1"E, 1800m Marwadi: Near gate of Jaypee Colony: 30°33'50.7"N 79°33'23.6"E, 1520m Lower Bazar: Near Narsingh Mandir: 30°33'21.2"N 79°33'54.9"E, 1850m Singhdhar: Near Panchvati Inn: 30°33'26.8"N 79°33'32.6"E, 1820m Singhdhar: Near Parking Plot: 30°33'27.8"N 79°33'18.6"E, 1820m Manoharbagh: Near Ropeway Tower No. 1: 30°33'17.1"N 79°33'26.6"E, 1950m Manoharbagh: Near PWD Guest House: 30°33'23.3"N 79°33'29.0"E, 1880m Manoharbagh: Near CPWD Office: 30°33'23.6"N 79°33'15.2"E, 1900m Upper Bazar: Near Nagarpalika: 30°33'20.8"N 79°33'42.9"E, 1900m Sunil: Near Shivalik Cottage: 30°32'48.3"N 79°33'34.3"E, 2250m Parsari: Near AT Nala: 30°32'04.8"N 79°35'17.4"E, 2120m Ravigram: Near Helipad in Front of NTPC Gate: 30°32'56.4"N 79°34'36.3"E, 1940m The testing sites are so selected such there is sufficient space available for carrying out various tests, while it also represents typical conditions existing in the ward considered and situated near to some damaged building / structure.

17. This report contains the details of following six tests: - Plate Load Tests (PLT) Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT). Direct Shear Test (DST) in field MASW Tests: Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves along with HVSR. Natural Moisture Contents (NMC) Tests Grain Size Distribution (GSD) Analysis In next sections, a brief detail about above six tests are given, followed by the tests results for 3 sites. Next, summary and conclusions based on the results of field tests are discussed. At the end in Appendix, photographs of field tests in Joshimath are included.

18. Site 1: Gandhinagar, Near Govt. P.G. College

19. 1.4: MASW Test Results Based on the extensive analysis, the best fitting soil profile has been obtained and presented in Fig. 1.4. It can be observed from Fig. 1.5, the Shear Wave Velocity (Vs) for Gandhinagar site lies in the range of 260 to 550 m/s up to a depth of 26m.

20. 1.5: NMC Results Water content of the soil samples collected from PG College, Gandhinagar at depths of 0.5m 1.5m, 3m and 4m are given in Table 1.1

21. 1.6: Grain Size Distribution Analysis Results obtained from sieve analysis of samples collected from PG College, Gandhinagar is provided in Table 1.2. It is found from all the samples that the fraction below 75 micro-m is not significant. Therefore, no hydrometer analysis was carried out. Based on the grainsize analysis, the samples are predominantly found to be Gravelly Sands. Further, the soil samples are found to be non-plastic.

22. 1.7: Summary of all the Results Table 1.3: Summary of the soil properties for Gandhinagar Site, near Govt. P.G. College

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