Academic Writing Features 013555431.pptx

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1. Academic Writing 01355431 Introduction to Research Writing in English

2. Objective of academic writing NOT to entertain BUT to _________

3. Differences between general and academic writing General Writing Academic Writing used in letters, emails, newspaper articles, diary and journal entries, etc. non-academic and no-technical purposes Informal, semi-formal language no restrictions on the use of slang, contraction, cliché no need for referencing and citation no specific set of audience or readers used in research projects, conference papers, essays, abstracts, reports formal, objective, concise language academic purposes r estrict use of referencing and citation no slang , contraction, cliche a specific set of audience/ reader of the same academic field

4. Features of academic writing

5. Academic writing is more complex than spoken language (Cook, 1997; Halliday, 1989). Academic writing is lexically dense and grammatically more complex than spoken language . It is longer with more complex words and phrases. They have more noun-based phrases , more lexical variation, more descriptive adjectives, and more passives.

6. Which one is more academic to you? Academic writing uses more complex words and more phrases than spoken language . It also has more noun phrases, more variety in word choice, more descriptive adjectives, and more passive sentence constructions. Academic writing exhibits a greater degree of lexical density and grammatical complexity compared to spoken language. It also entails noun-based phrases, lexical variation, attributive adjectives, and passive voice constructions.

7. To make your writing more formal, try to 1. replace informal words that are associated with spoken styles ( such as contractions) with more formal vocabulary 2. avoid writing rhetorical questions 3. use full words instead of contractions "can't", "doesn't", "shouldn't" 4. avoid colloquial words and expressions; ""stuff", "a lot of", "thing", "sort of"

8. The investigation has been going for four years. At this stage, researchers can’t tell whether the project is effective because they still need to check out the data like ag e, gender, socio-economic-status, etc.

9. Certain verbs are considered imprecise for academic writing. They do not provide detailed, exact meaning. These include verbs that are commonly used in less formal contexts, particularly those with many possible meanings and multi-word verbs. • Receive (get an email) • Obtain (get a better view) • Bring (get a bucket and mop) • Buy (get a new shirt) • Arrive (get there at 7pm)

10. Multi-word verbs are verbs that require more than one word to create meaning, including phrasal and prepositional verbs For example: cut off, find out, give up, hand out, let down, pick out. Try to use a single verb with the same meaning instead such as d iscontinue, discover, quit, distribute, disappoint, select.

11. People didn’t like changing trains on the way to work, but they still thought it was better than taking a bus. • While the majority of people indicated their dislike of changing trains on their commute to work, they preferred taking trains to buses .

12. The main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make. Nobody wants to know what you "think" or "believe". They want to know what you have studied and learned and how it has led you to your conclusion.

13. We don't really know what language proficiency is but many people have questioned about it. The question of what constitutes language proficiency is at the core of many debated issues. (Canale & Swain, 1980; Oller, 1979).

14. Instead of using a personal pronoun, you could try using the topic as the subject I believe that climate change is a pressing issue that requires immediate action. Climate change is regarded as a pressing issue that demands immediate action. . . Using a passive verb I can demonstrate the reality of climate change by studying alterations in Antarctic ice layers. The reality of climate change can be demonstrated by studying alterations in Antarctic ice layers. … Using ‘it’ as an empty subject We can demonstrate that climate change is a real phenomenon by studying alterations in Antarctic ice layers. It can be demonstrated that climate change is a real phenomenon by studying alterations in Antarctic ice layers.

15. Hedging language in academic writing is used to express caution and avoid strong, unqualified statements that may be easily disproved. To avoid generalizations, you can: - Use a quantifier (e.g. few, many, some) - Use adverbs or adverbial phrases (e.g. occasionally, often, usually) - Use modal verbs (e.g. can, may, might, would, could)

16. In academic writing you are responsible for demonstrating an understanding of the source text. You must also be responsible for, and must be able to provide evidence and justification for, any claims you make. This is done by paraphrasing and summarizing what you read and acknowledging the source of this information or ideas by a system of citation .

17. Academic writing is well organized and planned.

18. Rewrite the paragraph in an academic style, incorporating features such as lexical density, grammatical complexity, formal language, and appropriate sentence structures. Technology has changed a lot and it has impacted our lives. For almost three decades, the Internet was developed and; as a result, it easily connects people around the world no matter where they are. The Internet today has been vital for us. We just click a mouse and we can browse through all information, get in touch with friends, enjoy movies and music, and buy various kind of products.