ACCIDENTS AND ITS.pptx....................

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1. ACCIDENTS AND ITS FIRST AID MANAGEMENT

2. DEFINITION ACCIDENT : Unexpected, unplanned occurrence of an event which may involve injury. INJURY : A bodily lesion due to acute exposure to energy beyond the physiological tolerance.

3. Accidents are the major cause of death in the age-groups 10-24 years. In developed countries, 54% of male death and 43% of female death in 10-24 years of age are due to accidents.

4. TYPES OF ACCIDENTS Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) Domestic Accidents ( Drowning, Burns, Falls) Industrial Accidents Railway Accidents Violence

5. ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS Road Traffic Accidents and injuries may be sustained to the Pedestrains , Cyclist/Motorcyclist and occupants of the vehicle Caused due to: Disregard towards traffic rules. Overloaded vehicles. Old and poorly maintained vehicles. Poor road standards

6. DOMESTIC ACCIDENTS Accidents which take place in home or its immediate surrounding, which are not connected with traffic vehicles. Common domestic accidents are: Drowning, Burns by flame, Electricity, Falls, Injury by sharp objects etc.

7. INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS Occurrence in an industrial premises causing physical injury to an employee which make him unfit to resume his duties in the next 48 hours. Caused due to Unsafe conditions/Technical factors ( Defective machines and tools). Unsafe acts (Lack of knowledge or skill to perform a procedure).

8. VIOLENCE Risk factors for violent behavior: Availability of a lethal weapon at home. Consumption of alcohol. Exposure to violence and societal acceptability of violence as a mode to solve the problem.

9. TRAIN ACCIDENTS Fortunately, train accidents do not happen very often, but when they do, they can be extremely catastrophic. Causes: Malfunctioning of the train signals or lights. Failing mechanics. Inadequate maintenance of the track. Unprotected crossings

10. FIRST AID

11. DR ABC Evaluate the situation to see if you put yourself in immediate physical  DANGER by assisting the victim . Check the victim’s  RESPONSE   to see if the victim is conscious. (AVPU Scale = Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsiveness). Clearing and opening the AIRWAY. Analyze the victim’s  BREATHING ( If not breathing call for help). Check the victim’s pulse ( CIRCULATION ) and examine their body for signs of bleeding.

12. If the victim is not breathing at all, begin giving him  cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR ). 1. Place the victim on his or her back .  Make sure he or she is lying as flat as possible - this is to prevent injury while you're doing chest compressions.

13. 2. Place the heel of one hand on the victim's breastbone, 2 finger-widths above the meeting area of the lower ribs.

14. 3. Place your second hand on top of the first hand, palms-down, interlock the fingers of the second hand between the first .

15. 4. Position your body directly over your hands, so that your arms are straight and somewhat rigid.  Don't flex the arms to push, but nearly lock your elbows, and use your upper body strength to push . 5. Perform 30 chest compressions

16. BLEEDING AND SHOCK If the victim is visibly bleeding, try to stop the flow of blood by applying firm pressure with a piece of cloth (a sleeve torn off of your shirt, for example ). Once you have stopped the flow of blood, you should treat the victim for shock. Have them lie down in a safe place, then cover them with a blanket (or jacket) and elevate their feet about 4 inches. This will cause blood to flow to their head and reduce the symptoms of shock.

17. EXAMINE THE VICTIM’S BODY   Once you have determined that the hurt individual is not in immediate danger, can breathe, and has circulation, you can proceed with a more nuanced secondary survey: a detailed head-to-toe examination. This will help you confirm that there are no smaller injuries or problems.

18. 1. OBSERVE HEAD FOR PROPER SHAPE AND SYMMETRY If you notice active bleeding in any locations on the head, apply pressure to area to stop the blood flow Whisper in his ear to check for hearing loss. Check his nose for any breaks or drainage. Observe the patient’s mouth for cuts, broken teeth, and blood. Prepare to relay all of this information to the ambulance personnel .

19. 2. LOOK AT THE CONDITION OF THE PERSON’S SKIN.  Check for cuts, redness, bruising and irritation, as these can be signs of physical trauma. If the victim is bleeding, apply direct pressure to the wound, using a clean piece of cloth. If the cloth gets soaked with blood, do not remove it. Instead, apply another cloth on top of it. Take note of the color and temperature of his skin, as it may be abnormally hot or cold .

20. 3. EXAMINE THE PERSON'S CHEST.  Look for any obvious cuts or bruises. Then, watch the person breathing to see if any part of the chest looks out of line or is moving differently than the rest of the chest. Listen for a strong heartbeat and any abnormal sounds such as wheezing, as these may be signs of inner damage. Report any abnormal sounds to the emergency personnel .

21. 4. PALPATE QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMEN   You are checking for tenderness, swelling, and lumps . Place your head close to the abdomen and listen for any abnormal sounds, such as gurgling .

22. 5. Examine the pelvis.  If the person is uncomfortable with you touching them in that area, do not continue with the exam. However, if they do not mind, put one of your hands on each side of the pelvis, and gently compress the pelvis together. If the person feels pain, stop here . If the victim complains of pain, or you notice abnormal signs, pass this information on to the emergency personnel.

23. 6. ASSESS THE CAPILLARY REFILL BY PRESSING ON THEIR FINGERNAIL.   The fingernail will turn white when pressed and will immediately turn pink again if proper circulation is present. If the fingernail takes longer to regain its pink color, the individual may have a problem with their circulation. Check the pulse at the wrist: make sure that the pulse is present and regular. If the victim’s pulse feels weak or beats irregularly or slowly, pass this information to the emergency personnel.

24. 7. EXAM THE BONES OF THE ARMS AND LEGS TO CHECK FOR BREAKAGE. Place a hand on each side of the limb and press inward, checking for flexing of the bone . Ask the person if they feel any pain when pressing . Do not press on areas where there is obvious protrusion of the bone, as it can do more damage.

25. DROWNING If the person is unresponsive and not breathing, give them five initial rescue breaths before starting CPR. Once you’ve done this, start CPR: 30 chest compressions, then two rescue breaths. Keep giving CPR until help arrives, the casualty regains responsiveness, or you’re too exhausted to keep going. If they start breathing again at any time, treat them for hypothermia by covering them with warm clothes and blankets. If they recover completely, replace their wet clothes with dry ones .

26. DO NO FURTHER HARM THANK YOU