ADAPTIVE COPING.pptx

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1. ADAPTIVE COPING AND STRESS MANAGEMENT Chairperson- Dr. Prasanthi Nattala Presenter- Additional Professor Miss. Sapna Singh Department of Nursing 1 st year M.Sc. Nursing 1

2. Definition of Stress Types of Stress General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Types and Sources of Stressors Coping Adaptive coping strategies Problem Solving with Case Vignette 2

3. Definition of Stress Stress is defined as the pressure experienced by a person in response to life demands. These demands are referred to as stressors and include a range of life events, physical factors (e.g.: cold, hunger, haemorrhage, pain), environmental conditions and personal thoughts. 3

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5. STRESSORS Physiological stressors Chemical agents Physical agents, Illness, injuries, hormonal fluctuations, inadequate sleep or nutrition Infectious agent Nutrition imbalances Genetic or immune disorders Psychological stressors Accidents can cause stress for the victim, the person who caused the accident and thier families Stressful experiences of family members and friends Fear of aggression or harm from others such as murder, rape, terrorist attacks. Developmental and life events Rapid changes in our world, including economic and political structures and technology 5

6. 6 Resistance Reaction Hormone secretion by hypothalamus (CRH, GHRH, GRH) Allow body to fight for long time Helps to cope with stressful situation, and then return to normal Exhaustion Stage Prolong resistance time causes heavy workload to the blood vessels and adrenal cortex Adaptive energy decreases and end up causing diseases e.g., headaches, mental disorders, ulcers,etc . GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME Alarm reaction Flight or fight Increase heart rate Increase cardiac contractibilty RBC production increase may lead to blood clot formation Liver converts glycogen into glucose Breathing rate increases Decrease salivation

7. COPING ADAPTIVE COPING Adaptive coping helps the person to deal effectively with stressful events and minimizes distress associated with them. MALADAPTIVE COPING When the conflict being experienced goes unresolved or intensifies. Energy resources become depleted as the body struggles to compensate for the chronic physiological and psychological arousal being experienced. The effect is a significant vulnerability to physical or psychological illness . 7

8. ADAPTIVE COPING STRATEGIES Awareness Relaxation (Progressive Muscle Relaxation) or JPMR Meditation Exercise Pet therapy Music Therapy Adequate Nutrition and sleep Time Management 8

9. Interpersonal Communication with Caring Other The individuals strength is available support systems that significantly influences the adaptability of coping with stress. Sometimes just “talking the problem out” with an individual who is empathetic is sufficient to interrupt escalation of the stress response. Writing about one’s feelings in a journal or diary can also be therapeutic. 9

10. EVIDENCE-BASED STRESS MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES 10

11. PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION TECHNIQUE (PMR) It is a non-pharmacological method of deep muscle relaxation. The physical component involves the tensing and relaxing of muscles over the legs, abdomen, chest, arms and face. In a sequential pattern with eyes closed. The individual places a tension in given muscle group purposefully for approximately 10 seconds and then releases it for 20 seconds before continuing with the next muscle. With practice, the patient learns how to effectively relax in a short period of time. 11

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13. AUTOGENIC TRAINING (AT) AT is a self-relaxation procedure by which a psychophysiological determined relaxation response is elicited. This relaxation techniques aims to achieve deep relaxation and reduce stress. AT consists of 6 standard exercises which use visual imagination and verbal cues. The person learns each exercise by reading about it or watching a teacher, then practicing it for a few minutes several times a day. Usually requires 4-6 months for mastering the exercise. 13

14. GUIDED IMAGERY Guided imagery (GI) utilizes the subjects personalized images to promote health through several standardized, adaptable techniques including relaxation. GI method is taught by a trained professional with an audio or written script in the course of 4-8 weeks, requiring 10 minutes practice per day . 14

15. DIAPHRA-GMATIC BREATHING It is defined as a manipulation of breath movement, characterized by decreased oxygen consumption, decreased heart rate and blood pressure. This breathing technique is marked by expansion of the abdomen rather than the chest when breathing. Patients are taught by a professional, manual or audio how to inhale and exhale deeper and slower. They need to practice several times a day or as needed to see immediate benefits. Benefits: Used to decrease fatigue. To reduce anxiety and asthma. 15

16. PROBLEM SOLVING MODEL 15

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18. CASE VIGNEETE 1 Mrs. M is a 32 years old woman, married for 3 years from MSES background. The couple lives in Bangalore near her husband’s workplace and Mrs. M had to travel an hour to her office. They have been trying to start a family over a year. 10 months ago, she had a miscarriage in her 1st month of pregnancy. In-laws loves and support her and often ask her if she is expecting again hoping to encourage her focus on her next baby. Her mother passed away two years ago and her father’s health is rapidly deteriorating. Mrs. M faces the probability of placing her father in a skilled nursing care facility within a few weeks, against his wish. At work Mrs. M runs a tight shift. Mrs. M visited her physician numerous times in the last six months, complaining frequent headaches, backache and indigestion. She insists that she is feeling happy and is not having stress. Yet she finds herself making more mistakes at work, unable to keep up with house work and office work. She also feels tired and overwhelmed. Now she began to question her capabilities at work and effectiveness as an employee, wife, daughter and potential mother. Her pain seems to be increasing and she cannot find any physical cause for her discomfort. 18

19. What is the cause of stress in Mrs. M’s life? How is stress affecting her health? How are these stressors impacting her self-concept and self-confidence? What management might be useful and effective for her to deal with the stress? 19

20. Any queries ? 20

21. 21 Thank You