Adjuvants

Adjuvants, type of adjuvants and mechanism of adjuvants

1. TOPIC ADJUVANTS Presenter/student Sandesh paudel Supervisor Prof.dR . hom bhadur basnet

2. Adjuvants Latin, “ adjuvare ,” meaning “to help ”, Have ability to enhance and modulate immune response, Also, increases high degree of cellular immunity, Injected together with antigen.

3. Role of Adjuvants: Improve the immunogenicity of antigens/vaccines. Reduce the dose of antigen. Improve the efficacy of vaccines in immune-compromised persons

4. Types of Adjuvants Alum:( Aluminium potassium sulphate ): makes slower release of antigen. Acts to increase antigen persistance . ↑ Local cytokines and chemokines . ↑ Cell recruitment ( eosinophils , monocytes, macrophages )

5. Delay release of antigen . Enhanced uptake by macrophages 2. Freund’s Adjuvants A: F reund’s incomplete adjuvants:  antigen emulsified in  mineral oil . B: F reund’s complete adjuvants : Oil-in-water with inactivated and dried  mycobacteria Induction of co-stimulators in macrophages

6. 3. Synthetic polyribonucleotides and bacterial lipopolysaccharides(LPS ) Stimulates APCs Induction of co-stimulators Stimulates non-specific lymphocytes proliferation

7. Mechanisms of Adjuvants Precipitates the antigen Activates macrophage increases size, enhance phagocytosis prolongs persistence increases expression of B7 and MHC- ll Stimulates local inflammation

8. Pattern recognition receptor , receptors of the innate immune system

9. Adverse effects of Adjuvants classified into 1. Local reactions : Local injection site pain, inflammation, swelling, and necrosis, granulomas, ulcers and generation of sterile abscesses etc. 2 . Systemic reactions: Induction of acquired immunodeficiency, immunosuppression, eosinophilia, allergy, organ specific toxicity and immunotoxicity .

10. Okay!! That’s my time By sandesh paudel