advance computer networking practical file

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cn.practical file
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2. PUNJAB COLLEGE OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION
BADDOWAL (LUDHIANA)
BACHELORES OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
(Session 2023-2026)

Computer Networks Practical File
(UGCA-1916)
Submitted To:- Submitted By:-
Ms. Geetika Khatri Vansh Sablok
(Assistant Professor) (Student)
Roll no.:-
2322239

INDEX
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3. S.NO TOPIC REMARK

1.
Familiariza�on with
networking
components and
devices


2.
Familiariza�on with
transmission media
and
tools


3.
Preparing straight and
cross cables




4.
Study of various LAN
topologies and their
crea�on using
network devices,
cables and computers.



5.
Con�gura�on of
TCP/IP Protocols in
Windows and Linux.
6.
Implementa�on of
Resource Sharing
(File, Printer, etc.)
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4. 7.
Designing and
Implemen�ng Class A,
B, C Network.
8. Subnet Planning and
its Implementa�on
9.
To con�gure dynamic
IP address for a
computer connected
to a LAN
10.
Use of commands like
ping, ipcon�g for
trouble shoo�ng
network related
problems
11. Installa�on of FTP
server and client
12. To con�gure proxy
server
EXPERIMENT NO: -1
Aim:- Familiarization with Networking Components &
Devices:- Lan Adapter,Hub,Switches, Router.
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5. Equipment required:- Pc’s for Connection, Wires, Adapter,
Hub, Switch, router.
Theory:-
LAN ADAPTERS:- A LAN adapter is a device used to allow a
computer to interface with a network. Many computers may
have some sort of LAN adapter already installed, but others may
require a special installation, which is accomplished by adding a
network interface card to the system or possibly connecting the
adapter to a USB port.
TYPES OF LAN ADAPTERS:-
Wireless LAN adapter:- wireless LAN provides instant
connectivity to mobile personnel. It also avoids the costly
expense of running Ethernet cable throughout a building,
providing easy, effortless desktop connectivity between clients.

Switches:-A network switch is a computer networking device
that links network segments or network devices. The term
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6. commonly refers to a multi-port network bridge that processes
and routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model.
WIFI LAN Adapter:-It normally requires opening the case and
plugging the card into an Expansion slot. A local area network
(LAN) adapter is a small piece of hardware that allows a
Computer to join a LAN. It can be internally installed in the
computer as a network interface Card (NIC), or it can take the
form of an external adapter.


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7. USB LAN Adapter:-The USB router adapter simply connects
to the computer through a USBport, and then will find wireless
networks in the area and allow the user to connect to one.
HUB:-A special type of network device called the hub can be
found in many home and Small Business networks. Hub Is a
small rectangular box, often made of Plastic that Receives its
power From an ordinary wall outlet. A hub joins multiple
computers (or other net Work devices) together to form a single
network segment.
ROLE OF SWITCH:-Switches may operate at one or more
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8. layers of the OSI model, including Data link and network. A
device that operates simultaneously at more than One of these
layers is known as multilayer.
ROUTERS:-A router is a device that forwards data packets
between computer networks, Creating an overlay internetwork.
A router is connected to two or more data lines from
differentNetworks. When a data pack Et comes in one of the
lines, the router reads the address information In the packet to
determine its ultimate destination.







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9. EXPERIMENT NO:-2
Aim:- Familiarization with Transmision media & Tools:-
Coaxial Cable,UTP cable, Crimping tools and Connectors.
Equipment required:-Cables, Devices. Crimping tools, RJ45
Connectors.
Theory:-
Transmission media:-The medium through which
communication takes place b/w the PCs. At The lowest level, all
computer communication involves encoding data in the form of
energy and sending the energy across a transmission medium.
Hardware devices attached to the computer perform encoding
and decoding of data.
Co-axial Cable:-The copper wiring used in Now is co-Axial
cable (coax) the same type of wiring Used for cable TV. It
provides even more protection from interference than twisted
pair. Instead Of twisting the wires around one another to limit
interference, a coaxial cable consists of a single Wire
surrounded by a heavier metal shield. In coaxial cable it forms a
flexible cylinder around the inner wire that provides a barrier to
electromagnetic radiation.

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10. UTP Cable:-It stands for Unshielded Twisted Pair. It consists of
two insulated copper wires of thickness 1mm each. They are
twisted to each other to reduce the electrical inference from the
Similar pair.

Crimping tool:-Crimping is joining two pieces of metal or other
malleable material Deforming one Or Both of them to hold the
other. The bend or deformity is called the crimp. Crimping is
most Extensively Used in metalworking. Crimping is commonly
Used to join bullets to their cartridge Cases, for Rapid but
lasting Electrical connectors, Securing lids on metal food cans,
and myriad other than Applications.
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11. Connectors:-Connector may refer to a device for joining
electrical circuits together. Implementation of Cables using
Connectors and crimping Tools.







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12. EXPERIMENT NO:-3
Aim:-Preparing Straight and cross cables.
Apparatus required:-Cables.
Theory:-
Straight through Cable:-Here, the connections are same on
both the ends the cable. This type of Cable is used when we
connect dissimilar devices [switch and router, router and hub,
switch andPC, etc. The Colors Of the wires and their respective
pin numbers are mentioned below:
Green [Pin 1]…………………Green [Pin 1]
White Green [Pin 2]…………………White Green [Pin 2] White
Orange [Pin 3]………………White Orange [Pin 3]
Blue [Pin 4]…………………. 0 Blue [Pin 4] White
Blue [Pin 5]………………….White Blue [Pin 5]
Orange [Pin 6]……………………Orange [Pin 6]
White Brown [Pin7]…………………..White Brown [Pin 7]
Brown [Pin 8]…………………….Brown [Pin 8]
Cross Cable:-
Here, the connections are different with a specific pattern. This
type of cable is used when we Connect similar devices [router
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13. and router, switch and switch, PC and PC, etc] and with some
Exceptions [switch and hub, Router and PC]. The Colors Of the
wires And their respective pin Numbers are mentioned below:
White orange [Pin 1] …………………. White Green [Pin 1]
Orange [Pin 2]………………….Green [Pin 2]
White Green [Pin 3]………………….White Orange [Pin 3]
Blue [Pin 4] ……………….. [White Brown [Pin 4]
White Blue [Pin 5] ……………….. LiBrown [Pin 5]
Green [Pin 6]…………………Orange [Pin 6] White
Brown [Pin 7]…………………….Blue [Pin 7]
Brown [Pin 8]…………………..White Blue [Pin 8]
EXPERIMENT NO:-4
AIM:-Study of various LAN topologies and their creation
using network devices, cables And Computers.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:- Cables, computers.
THEORY:-
LAN TOPOLOGY:-The way how the pcs are connected with
each other is called physical or Network topology.
BUS TOPOLOGY:-It comprises of stations that are connected
to a single communication line. This Single communication line
is referred to as bus. If destination field does not match the
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14. station Address, the station discards the information frame back
on to the bus. If it matches the station Address , it accepts the
information frame and processes the frame.


RING TOPOLOGY:- LAN that have each station attached to
an adjacent station using point-To—Point links from physical
ring. Each station attached and active to the ring regenerates the
Information frame, then there-Transmit information frame on
the ring. The ring itself is logically Circular and flow of
information is unidirectional.


STAR TOPOLOGY:-It comprises no. of stations connected
directly to central station Communications on the connecting
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15. links b/w the stations and the central station of star Topography
can be bidirectional and are point-To-Point. The central
controller manages and controls All communications b/w
stations on the n/Kw.

TREE TOPOLOGY:-The corollary to the topology is tree
topology.It extends the branches of the bus Topology allowing
more stations to access the bus. On bus or tree new, there is no
central management and Control functions are distributed to
each station of the bus.

MESH TOPOLOGY:- A mesh topology is a type of computer
network in which each node (computer or other device) is
connected to every other node in the network. This type of
network is often used in large organizations or companies
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16. because it can handle a large amount of data traffic and can be
easily expanded.


EXPERIMENT - 5
AIM:-
Con�guration of TCP/IP Protocols in Windows and
Linux.
STEPS :-
Step 1 :-
Click on windows key+ R key on the keyboard at
the same time.
Step 2 :-
Type ncpa.cpl in the box, then press OK
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17. Step 3 :-
Select the local area connection, right click it and
select Properties.
Step 4 :-
Select Internet Protocol Version 4(TCP/IPv4),
double click it or click Poperties.
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18. Step 5 :-
There are two ways to con�gure the TCP/IP
Properties, Assigned by DHCP server
automatically or manually.
1. Assigned by DHCP server :-
Select Obtain an IP address automatically and
Obtain DNS
server address automatically. If necessary, then
click OK to save the settings.
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19. 2.Assigned manually :-
a) Select Use the following IP address, type IP
address, subnet mask and default
gateway IP address into it. If the router’s LAN IP
address is 192.168.1.1, please type in
IP address 192.168.1.x ÿx is from 2 to 253Ā,
subnet mask 255.255.255.0, and default
gateway 192.168.1.1.
b) Select Use the following DNS server addresses,
as shown in the following �gure. And
then type the DNS server IP address, which should
be provided by your ISP. If necessary,
then click OK to save the settings.
Note: In most cases, type your local area DNS
server IP addresses into it.
The Preferred DNS server is same to default
gateway. For Secondary DNS server, you could
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20. leave it blank or type in 8.8.8.8.
Step 6 :-
Click OK to save and apply your settings.
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21. EXPERIMENT - 6
Aim:-
Implementation of Resource Sharing (File, Printer, etc.)
Requirements
Networked computers (connected to LAN or Wi-Fi)
Administrative access on each computer
Files and/or printers to be shared
Steps: -
Part 1: File Sharing
Step 1: -
Enable File Sharing on the Host Computer
Open the Control Panel and navigate to Network and Sharing
Center.
Click on Change advanced sharing settings.
Under Private (current profile), select Turn on file and printer
sharing.
Save the changes.
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22. Step 2: -
9Share a Folder
Locate the folder you want to share, right-click it, and select
Properties.
Go to the Sharing tab and click Advanced Sharing.
Check Share this folder and give it a Share name.
Set Permissions (e.g., read-only, full control).
Click Apply and then OK.
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23. Step 3: -
Access the Shared Folder from Another Computer
On another computer, open File Explorer.
In the address bar, type \\ComputerName or \\IPAddress of the
host computer and press Enter.
The shared folders on the host computer should be visible.
Part 2: Printer Sharing
Step 4: -
Enable Printer Sharing on the Host Computer
Open Control Panel > Devices and Printers.
Right-click the printer to be shared, and select Printer properties.
Go to the Sharing tab, check Share this printer, and give it a
Share name.
Click OK to save.
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24. Step 5: -
Connect to the Shared Printer on Another Computer
On another computer, go to Control Panel > Devices and
Printers.
Click Add a printer.
Select The printer that I want isn’t listed.
Choose Select a shared printer by name, enter \\ComputerName\
PrinterName, and click Next.
Follow the setup instructions to connect.
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25. EXPERIMENT - 7
AIM:-Designing and implementing Class A, B, and C Networks.
IP Address Classes:-
• IP addressing supports five different address classes: A, B, C, D and E.
Only classes A, B and
C are available for commercial use.
Class A addresses
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26. 1. Class A addresses are designed for large organizations with a large
number of hosts or routers.
2. In this the first octet of the address identifies the network and the next
three octets are used to
identify the host.
3. The first bit of first octet is always 0 and the remaining 7 bits are used
to identify the network
address.
4. The next three octets i.e. 24 bits are used to identify the host.
5. The class support addresses from 0.0.0.0 to 0.255.255.255
6. The first block of network address starts with 1.0.0.0 and the last
block of network address
starts with 127.0.0.0.
7. As there are 7 bits in network address, 27
= 128 blocks of network address are possible. Out of
these two network blocks are reserved. Hence total 126 address blocks
are used.
8. Each network blocks can have 224
--- 2 hosts i.e. 16,777,214 host address. Two addresses are
less as one address is reserved for the broadcast address and one address
is reserved for the
network.
9. A block in class A is too large for almost any organization. This
means most of the addresses
in class A are wasted and are not used.
Class B address
1. The class B addresses are designed for medium sized organizations
with tens of thousands of
attached hosts or routers.
2. In this, the first two octets of the address identify the network and the
next two octets identify
the host within the network.
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27. 3. The first two bits (high order bits) of first octet are always 1, 0. Thus
the remaining 14 bits
identify the network
4. The third and fourth octet i.e. 6 bits are used to identify the host.
5. The first network block of this class covers the addresses from
128.0.0.0 to 128.0.255.255 (net
id 128.0). The last network block of this class covers addresses from
191.255.255.255 (net id
191.255)
6. The maximum number of network blocks in class B is 214 = 16384.
7 Each network block in class B can have 216
--- 2 = 65,534 hosts.
8. A block in class B is also very large and most of the address in class B
is also wasted.
Class C address
1. The class C addresses is designed for small organizations with a small
number of attached
hosts or routers.
2. In class C, the first three octets of address are used for network and
the last octet is used to
identify the host.
3. The first three bits of first octet are always set to 1, 1, 0.
4. The remaining 24 - 3 = 21 bits are used for network identification and
only 8 bits are used for
host.
5. In class C, 221 = 2,097,152 network blocks are possible.
6. Thus, each block in class C address can have 28
- 2 = 254 hosts.
7. The first block of network covers addresses from 192.0.0.0 to
192.0.0.255.
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28. The last block of network covers the addresses form 223.255.255.0 to
223.255.255.255
8. The class C addresses are too less for many organizations as it
supports only 254 hosts in a
network.
Following are the classes of IP:-
CLASSES Range
Class A 1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
Class B 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
Class C 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
Class D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
Class E 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
Class D address
1. Class D addresses are used for multicast groups (multicasting)
2. The concept of division of octets into network id and host id does not
apply to class D.
3. The first four bits of first octet in class D are always set to 1,1,1,0.
4. The address range is 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
Class E address
1. The Class E address is reserved for future use and is experimental.
2. The concept of network id and host id does not apply on class E also.
3. The first four bits of first octet are always set to 1,1,1,1.
4. The address range for class E is 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.
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29. EXPERIMENT - 8
AIM:- Subnet Planning and its Implementation.
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30. Steps to Configure and Verify Three Router Connections in Cisco
Packet Tracer:-
Step 1: First, open the Cisco packet tracer desktop and select the devices
given below:
S.NO Device Model-Name Qty.
1. PC pc 6
2. Switch PT-Switch 3
3. Router PT-Router 3
IP Addressing Table for PCs
S.NO Device IPv4 Address Subnet Mask Default-
Gateway
1. pc0 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
2. pc1 192.168.1.3 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
3. pc2 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1
4. pc3 192.168.2.3 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1
5. pc4 192.168.3.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1
6. pc5 192.168.3.3 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1
Then, create a network topology as shown below the image.
Use an Automatic connecting cable to connect the devices with others.
Step 2: Configure the PCs (hosts) with IPv4 address and Subnet Mask
according to the IP addressing table given above.
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31. To assign an IP address in PC0, click on PC0.
Then, go to desktop and then IP configuration and there you will IPv4
configuration.
Fill IPv4 address and subnet mask.
Assigning IP address using the ipconfig command.
Or we can also assign an IP address with the help of a command.
Go to the command terminal of the PC.
Then, type ipconfig <IPv4 address><subnet mask><default gateway>(if
needed)
Example: ipconfig 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
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32. Repeat the same procedure with other PCs to configure them thoroughly.
Step 3: Configure router with IP address and subnet mask.
IP Addressing Table Router
S.NO Device Interface IPv4 Address Subnet mask
1. router0 FastEthernet0/0 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Serial2/0 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
2. router1 Serial 2/0 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Serial 3/0 12.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
3. router 3 FastEthernet0/0 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
Serial2/0 12.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
To assign an IP address in router0, click on router0.
Then, go to config and then Interfaces.
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33. Then, configure the IP address in FastEthernet and serial ports according
to IP addressing Table.
Fill IPv4 address and subnet mask.
Repeat the same procedure with other routers to configure them
thoroughly.
Step 4: After configuring all of the devices we need to assign the routes
to the routers.
To assign static routes to the particular router:
First, click on router0 then Go to CLI.
Then type the commands and IP information given below.
CLI command : ip route <network id> <subnet mask><next hop>
Static Routes for Router0 are given below:
Router(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 11.0.0.2
Router(config)#ip route 11.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.2
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34. Router(config)#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 11.0.0.2
Router(config)#ip route 12.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.2
Static Routes for Router1 are given below:
Router(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 11.0.0.1
Router(config)#ip route 11.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 11.0.0.1
Router(config)#ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 12.0.0.2
Router(config)#ip route 12.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 12.0.0.2
Static Routes for Router2 are given below:
Router(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 12.0.0.1
Router(config)#ip route 11.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 12.0.0.1
Router(config)#ip route 12.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 12.0.0.1
Router(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 12.0.0.1
Step 5: Verifying the network by pinging the IP address of any PC. We
will use the ping command to do so.
First, click on PC0 then Go to the command prompt
Then type ping <IP address of targeted node>
As we can see in the below image we are getting replies which means
the connection is working very fine
Example : ping 192.168.2.2
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36. EXPERIMENT - 9
AIM:- To configure dynamic IP address for a computer connected to a
LAN.
Steps to Configure Dynamic IP Address for a LAN-connected Computer
1. Open Network Settings
Right-click the Network icon in the taskbar and select Open Network &
Internet settings.
2. Open Network and Sharing Center
Scroll down and click on Network and Sharing Center in the settings
window.
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37. 3. Choose Network Adapter
Click Change adapter settings on the left panel of the Network and
Sharing Center.
Right-click the active network adapter (e.g., Ethernet or Wi-Fi) and
select Properties.
4. Access TCP/IP Settings
In the Properties window, scroll down and select Internet Protocol
Version 4 (TCP/IPv4), then click Properties.
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38. 5. Set to Obtain IP Address Automatically
In the IPv4 Properties window, select Obtain an IP address automatically
and Obtain DNS server address automatically.
Click OK to apply these settings.
6. Check Connection
Close all windows and return to the Network and Sharing Center. Ensure
the network connection status shows Internet access.
7. (Optional) Renew IP Address using Command Prompt
Open Command Prompt as an administrator.
Type the following commands, pressing Enter after each:
bash
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39. Copy code
ipconfig /release
ipconfig /renew
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40. EXPERIMENT - 10
AIM:- Network configuration commands
ipconfig :- This is the networking command is used to obtain IP
configuration details and provides information such as the IPv4 address,
subnet mask, and default gateway.

ipconfig/all :- This command is the updated version of the ipconfig
command and provides necessary information about our device's
network configuration. It displays the physical address, as well as key
details such as the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, default gateway, and subnet
mask. Additionally, it identifies the devices to which our device is
connected and offers configuration details for those connections.
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41. Furthermore, it provides insights into the DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol), which primarily functions to automatically
assign IP addresses to devices on the network.
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43. SystemInfo :- This command is utilized to display necessary
information about our system, including configuration settings, version
details, hostname, processor specifications, network card information,
and more.
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44. nslookup :- This command is used to convert the specified search terms
into their corresponding IP addresses. For instance, when we search for
the Amazon website, our browser does not search for "Amazon"
directly; instead, it retrieves the associated IP address for the Amazon
site.

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45. Trace-Route (Tracert) :- This command can be interpreted as a trace
route, which indicates the path our computer takes to reach a specific
server. For instance, when we trace the route to the Google website, the
command reveals the sequence of nodes our computer traverses to
connect to the root server. This process can accommodate up to 30 hops,
representing the maximum number of node-to-node deliveries.
Additionally, we can initiate a trace route using either the IP address or
the destination site name.

netstat :- The netstat command is a command line tool that identifies and
displays the network connections and ports associated with our
computer.
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46. ping :- The ping command is used to determine whether a specific site is
reachable. It accomplishes this by sending packets of data to the
destination address; if the data returns within the specified time frame, it
indicates that the website is accessible. To perform this check, we
simply enter the command "ping" followed by the IP address of the site
we wish to test, such as the any abc…. site. If an incorrect IP address or
destination is provided, we will receive a message indicating a 100%
loss of the data packets sent.
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47. EXPERIMENT - 11
AIM:-Installation of ftp server and client.
Steps:-
1. First, you should start by retrieving your Windows XP CD.
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48. 2. Next, click the Start button and go to the Control Panel.
3 After that, select "Add/Remove Windows Components."
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49. 4. Select "Internet Information Services" under "Windows
Components."
5. Click "details" and select the "File Transfer Protocol (FTP)" service.
(Remember that this will also automatically select "Common Files" and
"Internet Information Services Snap-In.")
6. Click OK and follow the instructions for the install Wizard (or you
can justpush next if you don't feel like reading). Be prepared with your
Windows XP CD, because it might prompt you for it if you haven't
already installed it. Once it is done, youmight have to restart your
computer after this.
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50. 7. After that, all you need to do is just paste the files you want to be
public into "C:\INETPUB\FTPROOT." Note that by default, these files
are read-only and public.
Public meaning that anyone who knows the IP addresses may download
copies from it.
8. There's more to go! Now, you need to configure your router's firewall
to let FTPtraffic through. This can be done through your router's
administration menu. Note that this will vary depending on your router.
9. After letting your router firewall let FTP connections in, you will have
toconfigure your regular firewall to let FTP connections in through a
certain port.
10. Finally, after done with everything, you may access your FTP site
throughyour browser. All you need to do is type ftp://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/
in the URL where "xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx" is the WAN address of your
computer
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51. EXPERIMENT – 12
AIM:- TO Set Up Proxy Server
Steps:-
Step 1: Set Up Proxy Server
Install Proxy Software: Download and install a proxy server software
(like Squid for Linux or CCProxy for Windows).
Configure Proxy Settings: Open the proxy server application and set up
configurations:
Define IP address and port for the proxy server (e.g., 192.168.1.1:8080).
Set access rules to restrict or allow connections based on IP ranges, time,
or other conditions.
Step 2: Configure Network Clients to Use the Proxy
Open Network Settings on the client computer (Windows, Mac, or
Linux).
Navigate to Proxy Settings:
On Windows: Go to Settings > Network & Internet > Proxy.
On Mac: Go to System Preferences > Network > Advanced > Proxies.
Save the settings.
Step 3: Test the Proxy Connection
Open a Web Browser: Try to browse any website to check if the
connection goes through the proxy.
Verify in Proxy Logs (Optional): Check the proxy server logs to confirm
that requests from the client are being processed by the proxy.
Step 4: Additional Configurations (Optional)
Authentication: Some proxies allow username/password configurations
to control access.
Caching and Logging: Configure caching for faster access to frequently
visited sites and enable logging for monitoring purposes.
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52. Downloaded by Dilpreet Kaur ([email protected])
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