Advances in chemotherapy techniques and common chemotherapy strategies

Recent advances in chemotherapy techniques
approaches done so far to get targetted release of chemo drugs
chemotherapy
cancer drugs

1. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs Under the Guidance of DR.Sachin Kumar Singh And Dr.Sanjeev Kumar Sahu * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * By Anuradha Acharya , M.Pharm,1st yr,Regd.No -12019781

2. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs CONTENTS Introduction Rate of Different Types of Cancer -- According to Global Survey Chemotherapy Stages w here only Chemotherapy is required Adjuvent Chemotherapy Types of Chemotherapy Clinical status of chemotherapy drugs Limitations of Existing Chemotherapy Conclusion

3. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs INTRODUCTION The modern era of cancer chemotherapy began approximately 40 years ago and since then a variety of chemicals and natural products have been synthesized to identify potential clinically effective drugs . Today there are approximately 30 drugs that have been approved and d eemed valuable in the treatment of various human cancers. The success of chemotherapy in the management of human cancer shows that in at least seven tumor types , chemotherapy now offers either cure or at the very least a Significant prolongation of life . -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C ontinued

4. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs introduction Four Chemo-- therapeutic agents recently approved for clinical use and their impact when used in combination regimens should be Examined. The increasing use of all four drugs necessitates a basic understandingof them by every physician participating in the care of a particular cancer patient.

5. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs RATE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CANCER ACCORDING TO GLOBAL SURVEY

6. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs Rate of different types of cancer according to global survey

7. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs

8. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs STAGES WHERE CHEMOTHERAPY IS REQUIRED Chemotherapy for early-stage disease Early-stage cancer generally means cancer that is classified as : stages IA and IB , stages IIA and IIB , some stage III # Chemotherapy is used after surgery to remove the cancer to get rid of any cancer cells that may be left behind and to reduce the risk of the cancer coming back. # In some cases, may be used before surgery to shrink the tumor so less tissue needs to be  removed. # Chemotherapy is almost always recommended if there is cancer in the lymph nodes, regardless of tumor size or menopausal status. # Chemotherapy may be recommended for some patients diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer if the cancer is hormone-receptor-negative and HER2-positive. # Both of these characteristics are associated with cancer that is more aggressive. # Chemotherapy usually is NOT recommended for non-invasive, in situ cancers such as DCIS because they have very little risk of spreading to other parts of the body.  

9. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs stages where chemotherapy is required Chemotherapy for advanced-stage/metastatic disease Advanced-stage cancer generally means cancer that is classified as: # S ome stage III and stage IV. # Metastatic disease is cancer that has spread beyond the affected area and nearby lymph nodes to other parts of the body. Metastatic cancer is considered stage IV. # Each person's treatment plan will be different, but there are some general guidelines that physicians follow when using chemotherapy to treat advanced stage cancer : # If the patient had chemotherapy before, then the physician may recommend using only one chemotherapy medicine at a time to treat advanced-stage disease. This way patient get benefits with fewer possible side effects . # Some chemotherapy medicines seem to work better against cancer tumors when used in combination. So it may be recommend a combination of medicines for the patient because research has shown that combining treatments has contributed to a better overall prognosis for some advanced-stage cancers.

10. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs STAGES WHERE CHEMOTHERAPY IS REQUIRED If the cancer is hormone-receptor-positive, then the physician may choose to use hormonal therapy before or after initiating chemotherapy . If you have metastatic cancer and chemotherapy is part of your treatment plan, the physician may use different tests to determine how well the chemotherapy works and how do you handle chemotherapy : B lood cell count B lood tumor marker tests B one scans X-rays of parts of the body MRI and CT (CAT) scans

11. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs adjuvent chemotherapy Adjuvant chemotherapy is usually defined as the use of chemotherapy together with surgery and radiotherapy. Clinical trials have now demonstrated a definite role for adjuvant chemotherapy in at least delaying the occurrence of metastases in premenopausal patients with breast cancer.

12. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs TYPES OF CHEMOTHERAPY (List of Drugs) .

13. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs TYPES OF CHEMOTHERAPY ( List of Drugs)

14. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs TYPES OF CHEMOTHERAPY ( List of Drugs) Antitumor Antibiotics Antitumor antibiotics are chemo treatments  made from natural products produced by species of the soil fungus Streptomyces.  Anthracyclines :   Doxorubicin , Daunorubicin , Epirubicin , Mitoxantrone and Idarubicin . Thromomycins :   Dactinomycin and Plicamycin . Miscellaneous :  Mitomycin and Bleomycin .

15. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs TYPES OF CHEMOTHERAPY (List of Drugs)

16. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs TYPES OF CHEMOTHERAPY (List of Drugs) .

17. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs TYPES OF CHEMOTHERAPY ( List of Drugs)

18. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs CLINICAL STATUS OF CURRENT CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS Over the past several years there have been four new agents introduced clinically that occupy important roles in cancer chemotherapy. The increasing use of all four drugs necessitates a basic understanding of them by every physician Participating in the care of a particular cancer patient.

19. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs CLINICAL STATUS OF CURRENT CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS Doxorubicin The drug Doxorubicin and the closely related drug Daunorubicin ( Daunomycin ) are anthracyclene derivatives obtained as fermentation products from Streptomyces. The mechanism of action of both drugs Is believed to be via inhibition of DNA synthesis.

20. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs CLINICAL STATUS OF CURRENT CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS bleomycin Bleomycin , the antibiotic class of chemotherapy agents isolated from Strepto myces is actually a mixture of several similar polypeptides.The mechanism of action of Bleomycin appears to be by scission of double- - stranded DNA, resulting in fragmentation of DNA , in turn causing inhibition of DNA synthesis.

21. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs CLINICAL STATUS OF CURRENt CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS c is- Diamminedichloroplatlnum ( Cis -platinum, Platinol ) This agent is a heavy metal coordination complex of platinum containing two ammonia groups and two chlorines in the Cis conformation. The mechanism of action appears to be through inhibition of DNA synthesis thought to result from both interstrand and intrastrand crosslinks in DNA .

22. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs CLINICAL STATUS OF CURRENT CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS Tamoxifen Tamoxifen is a synthetic non-steroidal triphenylethylene Derivative. The mechanism of action appears to involve inhibition of estrogen binding to cyctoplasmic estrogen receptors present in sensitive cells such as breast cancer.

23. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs cLINICAL STATUS OF CURRENT CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS Combination drugs The addition of new agents has made possible new combinations taking into account not only the principle of cell cycle And cell kinetics, but also permitting modification of toxicity. Two particularly interesting new combinations include the ABVD regimen ( Adriamycin, Bleomycin , Vinblastine and 5-(3, 3-Dimethyl-1-triazene)~imidazole- 4-carboxamide) used in Hodgkin disease and the Cis -platinum- Bleomycin -Vinblastine combination used in testicular cancer

24. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs Limitations of chemotherapy Side Effects Chemotherapy often causes side effects which are different for each person. They depend on the type of cancer, location, drugs and dose and general health . How it happens ? Cancer cells are active, but so are some healthy cells .. Side effects happen when chemotherapy damages these healthy cells.

25. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs Limitations of chemotherapy (COMMON SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY)

26. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs conclusion Main goal of Chemotherapy is to cure cancer patients or prolong their life considerably & ensuring a good quality of life. In order for a diagnosis and treatment programme to be effective, it must never be developed in isolation. It needs to be linked to an early detection programme so that cases are detected at an early stage, when treatment is more effective and there is a greater chance of cure. It also needs to be integrated with a palliative care programme , so that patients with advanced cancers, who can no longer benefit from treatment, will get adequate relief from their physical, psychosocial and spiritual suffering. .

27. Approaches done so far to get targeted release of anti-cancer drugs THANK YOU