Aerobic Metabolism 2018 P1.pptx

microorganism

1. Aerobic Metabolism

2. AEROBIC METABOLISM Part I

3. Describe briefly the function of the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration. Describe briefly the chemio -osmotic theory of generation of ATP as a result of an electron transport chain. Compare where the electron transport chain occurs in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells. Compare and contrast between Malate-Aspartate shuttle and Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle Understand the metabolic profiles in brain, skeletal muscles, heart muscle, liver and adipose tissue Describe metabolic control by hormones Describe metabolic responses to stress condition Identify biochemical factors in obesity

4. DO WE NEED AIR IN OUR LIFE? 4

5. Thinking Map 5

6. 6 Define: Substrate level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Intermediates Reduced electron carrier Oxidized electron carrier DISCUSS in 4

7. AEROBIC METABOLISM Citric acid cycle Electron transport system Oxidative phosphorylation Shuttles 7

8. DEFINE Aerobic Metabolism 8

9. Retrieve & Connect 9

10. Quickly retrieve and fill in the blanks Amino acid degradation Glycolysis β - oxidation Location Energy molecules End product(s) 10

11. List all products/intermediate from the catabolism reactions that can be further breakdown to form MORE ENERGY molecules Molecules/ Intermediates Originate from _______________ catabolism Enter _____________ pathway/cycle via________ reaction Krebs cycle/TCA cycle via transition reaction to form acetyl CoA and + OAA  citrate Glucose /Glycolysis Pyruvate 11

12. Flow of discussion Krebs Cycle/ TCA Cycle Electron transport system Oxidative phosphorylation to form ATP from Mitochondrial generated NADH and FADH 2 Malate-Aspartate shuttle Gylcerol-3-phosphate shuttle 12

13. I wonder, What if… 13

14. What if this cycle is absent? What if this reaction could not happen? What if this stage could not occur? 14

15. What we are blessed with 15

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18. http:// highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__how_the_krebs_cycle_works__quiz_1_.html

19. Krebs Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle / Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle CHAIN QUESTIONS 19

20. Krebs cycle occurs in ________________ 20

21. The starting reaction of Krebs Cycle is _____________  _____________ 21

22. 6C 4C 2C 6C Acetyl CoA enter the cycle. [ citrate synthase] 2. Citrate is isomerized [aconitase] 22

23. Reactions that produce energy molecules are ____________________ 23

24. Overview of TCA cycle 24

25. To reduce 6C to 5C, ___________ occurs which will produce ___________ 25

26. 6C 4C 2C 6C 5C 4C 3. Conversion of isocitrate [isocitrate dehydrogenase] -1 st NADH - Decarboxylation occur 4. α -ketoglutarate is oxidized [ α -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase] -2 nd NADH -Decarboxylation occur 26

27. Rearrangement of atoms can be seen during ________________ 27

28. 6C 4C 2C 6C 5C 4C 3. Conversion of isocitrate [isocitrate dehydrogenase] -1 st NADH - Decarboxylation occur 4. α -ketoglutarate is oxidized [ α -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase] -2 nd NADH -Decarboxylation occur 28

29. There are ______ types of energy molecules produced from Krebs cycle 29

30. Energy molecules that are produced in Krebs cycle are __________________ 30

31. Energy molecules are produced via the process of _______________ 31

32. Give an example of the oxidation process that produces an energy molecules. __________________ 32

33. 6C 4C 2C 6C 5C 4C 3. Conversion of isocitrate [isocitrate dehydrogenase] -1 st NADH - Decarboxylation occur 4. α -ketoglutarate is oxidized [ α -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase] -2 nd NADH -Decarboxylation occur 33

34. 6C 4C 2C 6C 5C 4C 4C 4C 4C 5. Succinyl-CoA is cleaved [succinyl-CoA synthetase] -GTP 6. Succinate is oxidized [succinate dehydrogenase] -1 st FADH 2 7.Fumarate is hydrated [fumarase] 8. Malate is oxidized 3 rd NADH From one cycle, how many NADH, FADH 2 and GTP are formed ? At which stage ?

35. What are the output from one cycle? _______________________________ 35

36. What will happen to the output? ________________________ 36

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38. Connection with others pathways/reactions 38

39. 3 minutes – Quick D : Produce the best definition; ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC) is ……………………………. (not more than 20 words) 39

40. ETS may be found in: -the cytoplasmic membrane in _____________ cells -the inner membrane of mitochondria in _______________ cells. 40

41. Quick D Compare proton transportation in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

42. Depending on the type of cell, the electron transport chain may be found in the cytoplasmic membrane or the inner membrane of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells protons are transported from the cytoplasm of the bacterium across the cytoplasmic membrane to the periplasmic space located between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall . In eukaryotic cells protons are transported from the matrix of the mitochondria across the inner mitochondrial membrane to the intermembrane space located between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

43. Intermembrane space matrix 43

44. In an electron transport system, electrons are passed from carrier to carrier through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions. During each transfer, some energy is released. 45

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46. I = NADH dehydrogenase II = Sucinate dehydrogenase complex -coenzyme Q III = cytochrome b IV = cytochrome c V = cytochrome oxidase oxidation reduction I IV V III II NADH + H + NAD + + 2H + 2e ATP ADP +P 2e 2e ATP ADP +P 2e H 2 O ½O 2 + 2H + 2e ATP ADP +P 47

47. oxidation reduction IV V III II 2e 2e ATP ADP +P 2e H 2 O ½O 2 + 2H + 2e ATP ADP +P FADH 2 FAD + 2H + Remember this: FADH 2 is a two electron donor II = Sucinate dehydrogenase complex -coenzyme Q III = cytochrome b IV = cytochrome c V = cytochrome oxidase 48

48. flow of electrons from NADH (or FADH 2 ) to molecular oxygen via the ETC Release large amounts of energy to drive the second process: Phosphorylation of ADP by inorganic phosphate to form ATP  Catalyzed by inner mitochondrial membrane enzyme, ATP synthase Q : State the TWO activities combined in Oxidative phosphorylation 49

49. For animation visit this URL: http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/electron_transport/electron_transport.htm http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/animations/oxidative/oxidativephosphorylation.html 50 http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/electron_transport/electron_transport.swf

50. Source of NADH and FADH 2 energy molecules for Oxidative phosphorylation to form ATP are generated in: Mitochondria Cytoplasm Malate-Aspartate shuttle Gylcerol-3-phosphate shuttle

51. Production of Energy from Glucose

52. Complete oxidation of glucose depend on the cellular location of its catabolism Either yields 36 ATP or 38 ATP Why? NADH generated outside mitochondria cannot be transported through the inner mitochondrial membrane Therefore  cytoplasmic NADH must be recycled by electron shuttle system (ESS) ESS carry electrons through the membrane in form of reduced substrates

53. ESS: Malate-Aspartate shuttle Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle

54. Shuttle system Malate-Aspartate shuttle Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle Location Heart and liver Skeletal muscle and brain Pathway Electrons from cytoplasmic NADH are carried by malate through the inner membrane Electrons from cytoplasmic NADH are oxidized to form Glycerol-3-phosphate Malate is oxidized in matrix to form OAA Glycerol-3-phosphate is oxidized to form DHAP Enzyme used is mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase  an NAD-linked enzyme Enzyme used is glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase  a FAD-linked enzyme Electrons in NADH enter ETC Electrons in FADH 2 enter ETC ATP 3 ATP are formed 2 ATP are formed

55. Shuttle system Malate-Aspartate shuttle Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle Location Heart and liver Skeletal muscle and brain Pathway Electrons from cytoplasmic NADH are carried by malate through the inner membrane Electrons from cytoplasmic NADH are oxidized to form Glycerol-3-phosphate Malate is oxidized in matrix to form OAA Glycerol-3-phosphate is oxidized to form DHAP Enzyme used is mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase  an NAD-linked enzyme Enzyme used is glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase  a FAD-linked enzyme Electrons in NADH enter ETC Electrons in FADH 2 enter ETC ATP 3 ATP are formed 2 ATP are formed

56. Refer Boyer,pp 529

57. Refer Boyer,pp 530