Aerophonics

agronomy

1. Seminar – I ( AGRON 649) Date : 4/12/2018 SCOPE OF AEROPONICS IN INDIAN AGRICULTURE AND FUTURE STRATEGIES SOUMEN KARAK M.Sc. (Ag.) Agronomy, 3 rd Semester Dr. Sibajee B anerjee Chairman, Advisory Committee Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, Pin: 741252 Prof. Mrityunjay Ghosh (Seminar Leader) Prof. Sukanta Pal Dr. S. K. Gunri ( Member)

2. INTRODUCTION With the current global and local economic crisis the word. Diversification is on everyone’s mind and even though we are aware of the important role the agriculture sector played in our economy in the past, it has been difficult to really get the sector to grow as fast as the economy requires. Fortunately on a scientific basis the sector is just beginning to be explored with methods and possibilities. One of the most recent discoveries is A eroponics a technology that proves plants do not require soil to grow, not only that but that soil may even inhibit swift and healthy growth of plants.

3. VERTICAL FARMING Vertical farming is the practice of growing produce in vertically stacked layers. Vertical farms come in different shapes and sizes, from simple two-level or wall-mounted systems to large warehouses several stories tall . Vertical farming typically uses a mix of natural light and artificial light. Artificial lighting is often LED-based and may be driven by a renewable power source such as solar power or wind turbines.

4. Vertical farming Vertical farming  is the practice of producing food and medicine in vertically stacked layers, vertically inclined surfaces and/or integrated in other structures (such as in a skyscraper, used warehouse, or shipping container). The modern ideas of vertical farming use indoor farming techniques like Hydroponics A eroponics

5. Aeroponics in India

6. Some picture of vertical farming

7. AGENDA Introduction Objectives Methods and types Commercialization Future scope Drawbacks conclusion

8. What is Aeroponics? It is a practice of growing plants without soil, with roots in misty evvironment .

9. AEROPONIC

10. AEROPONICS Aeroponics is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium (known as geoponics). The word " aeroponic " is derived from the Greek meanings of aer ( "air") and ponos ( " labour ").

11. OBJECTIVE The core objective for our Aeroponics services is to: Make farming easier to manage. Eliminate waste of vegetables during harvest caused by pathogens( Algae and mold). Increased profit allows for the re invesment and expension . Sustantial expansions creates more job and raises the standard of living. Aeropo reduces cost of maintenance requirements such as fertillizer,chemicals,insect,fumigation,soil,staff and more. Aeroponics dreastically reduces the amount of water required due to the recycled water structure put in place. Aeroponics can be applied on a small,medium and industrial large scale.

12. 1911, V.M.Artsikhovski published in the journal "Experienced Agronomy" an article "On Air Plant Cultures", which talks about his method of physiological studies of root systems by spraying various substances in the surrounding air - the aeroponics method. Despite this leap in advancement, aeroponics actually had a fairly slow start Techniques for growing plants without soil were first developed in the 1920s by botanists In 1944, L.J. Klotz was the first to discover vapor misted citrus plants in a facilitated research of his studies of diseases of citrus and avocado roots. It was F. W. Went in 1957 who first coined the air-growing process as “ aeroponics ”, growing coffee plants and tomatoes. As of 2006, aeroponics is used in agriculture around the globe. [11] HISTORY OF AEROPHONICS

13. The basic principle of aeroponic growing is to grow plants suspended in a closed or semi-closed environment by spraying the plant's dangling roots and lower stem with an atomized or sprayed, nutrient -rich water solution. There are three types of aerophonics - Low-pressure units High-pressure devices Commercial systems Types of aerophonics

14. Low pressure aeroponics (LPA) is one of two types of aeroponic growing systems. In an aeroponic growing system, plants are not grown in soil. Instead, they are grown with their roots hanging suspended in air while a nutrient solution is delivered to the roots as a mist. Low pressure aeroponic systems deliver the mist to plant roots at a low pressure with large droplets . in most low-pressure aeroponic gardens, the plant roots are suspended above a reservoir of nutrient solution or inside a channel connected to a reservoir. A low-pressure pump delivers nutrient solution via jets or by ultrasonic transducers, which then drips or drains back into the reservoir. Low-pressure units

15. LOW PRESSURE AEROPONIC

16. High-pressure aeroponic techniques, where the mist is generated by high-pressure pump(s), are typically used in the cultivation of high value crops and plant specimens that can offset the high setup costs associated with this method of horticulture . High-pressure aeroponics systems include technologies for air and water purification , nutrient sterilization , low-mass polymers and pressurized nutrient delivery systems. High-pressure devices

17. HIGH

18. Hydroponics is relatively modern technology and can be proved as a good option for traditional cultivation using soil for better yield of crops .  Hydroponics are easier to establish and one can make a small garden in front of home and can get good quality of vegetables with a little more effort.  Aeroponics helps to conserve water, land and nutrients, so the aeroponics system is the way of the future, making cultivation of crops easier. Aeroponic growing allows plants and crops to grow without the use of pesticide and thus it will be disease free. COMPARISON BETWEEN HYDROPONICS AND AEROPONICS

19. Advantages  Crops are grown close together, so more crops can be grown .  Plants are not exposed to soil disease or bacteria, so no pesticide is needed, which means healthier crops .  The crops mature faster, which means there will be more harvests . Disadvantages  A lot of money is needed to set- up an aeroponics farm.  Many consumers believe that aeroponically grown plants are not as nutritious as other grown plants  Maintenance of an aeroponics farm is very expensive. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

20. Aeroponic propagation (cloning) Aeroponic culturing revolutionized cloning (propagation from cutting) of plants. Firstly, aeroponics allowed the whole process to be carried out in a single, automated unit. Numerous plants which were previously considered difficult, or impossible, to propagate from cuttings could now be replicated simply from a single stem cutting. This was a major boon to green houses attempting to propagate delicate hardwoods or cacti – plants normally propagated by seed due to the likeliness of bacterial infection in cuttings.

21. Aeroponics significantly advanced tissue culture technology. It cloned plants in less time and reduced numerous labor steps associated with tissue culture techniques. Aeroponics could eliminate stage I and stage II plantings into soil (the bane of all tissue culture growers). Tissue culture plants must be planted in a sterile media (stage-I) and expanded out for eventual transfer into sterile soil (stage-II ). Air-rooted transplants

22. The aeroponic system is probably the most high tech type soilless agricultural system. In aeroponic system the roots hang in the air and are misted with nutrient solution. The mistings are usually done every few minutes. B ecause if the roots are exposed to the air they will dry out rapidly if the misting cycle are interrupted. in aeroponic,growing medium is primarily air. AEROPONICS IS A SOIL LESS AGRICULTURE

23. COMPARISM BETWEEN SOIL AND AEROPONICS GROWING

24. Aeroponic Facility Inaugurated at CPRI Shri Arvind Kaushal , Additional Secretary, DARE and Secretary, ICAR inaugurated the Aeroponic facility-II for disease free seed production at Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla on 16th November, 2013.

25. Researches Dignitaries also visited different laboratories and reviewed the work done by CPRI in the field of potato research and development.

26. Hi-tech seed production system revolutionizing the seed potato industry in India Availability of quality planting material has always been a limitation in vegetatively propagated crops. Potato, largely being a vegetatively propagated crop, is subjected to large number of seed-borne diseases responsible for yield degeneration. Hence, it is imperative to use good quality healthy seed for sustainable and economic production of potato. The conventional seed production technology based on “ seed plot technique” is successfully being used in India since last five decades for quality potato seed production.

27. System and technology are used Keeping that in view, ICAR-CPRI, Shimla has standardized a number of high-tech seed production systems based on tissue culture and micropropagation technologies.

28. Several Government/Private seed producing organizations procure virus-free  in vitro mother cultures of important notified and released potato varieties every year from ICAR-CPRI, Shimla for further multiplication in their high-tech seed production programmes.

29. 68th Foundation Day of CPRI Shimla, 20 August 2016. Dr Trilochan Mohapatra (Secretary, DARE and DG, ICAR) inaugurated 68th Foundation Day, and launched ‘ Smart Potato Portal’ for providing all decision support systems developed in potato under one umbrella. Dr Mohapatra emphasized on ‘Farmer based research to increase the production and productivity’ and also urged that India must be the torch bearer in potato development for the world .

30. . Dr Trilochan Mohapatra emphasized on ‘Farmer-based research to increase the production and productivity’ and also urged that India must be the torch bearer in potato development for the world. Dr Mohapatra visited in Cell Biology Lab., Genomics Lab. Tissue Culture Facility, Diagnostic Lab., Post Harvest Technology Lab ., AKMU, Library etc

31. Comparison between hydroponics and aeroponics

32. Advantage and dis advantage of aeroponics

33. Benefits of A eroponics cultivation -1 Field verses soil less grown Open field : • Farmer has no control on environment . • Yields are not accurately predicted. • Budgeting is ineffective. • Cannot always ensure adequate aeration of the root zone. Soil-less/ Aeroponics : • Gives grower effective control over the environment . • Yields are very predictable . • Budgeting is easier , • Root zone aeration as well as adequate porosity of medium is ensured.

34. Benefits of Aeroponics cultivation -2 Plant nutrition • Aeroponic nutrient solutions can be tailored to the plant’s requirements, whereas in the field there is a tendency to over or under- fertilise . • Aeroponic produce has all the macro/micro-nutrients that are needed by the human body . • Nutrients in the soil are often fixed as insoluble compounds that are not available to plants and therefore a loss to the grower . • Uneven nutrition is ensured by virtue of leaching and sloping of land gradients.

35. Benefits of Aeroponics cultivation -3 Water Security and Savings • Irrigation water in field grown operations cannot be effectively recycled . • Aeroponics can reduce irrigation water usage by 95% by recycling the run-off water . • As water becomes scarce , and important as a resource, the use of aeroponics and other water saving technologies is needed now and is poised to increase in time.

36. Benefits of Aeroponics cultivation -4 Microbial Diseases • Fungal disease can be significantly reduced through controlled humidity . • The Aeroponic system will reduce the amount of exposed moisture in the growing environment . • Aeroponics will effectively prevent wetting of the leaf surfaces which, in normal agriculture, provides the fungal spores with the perfect medium to proliferate . • Aeroponics eliminates the possibilities of root diseases by allowing sufficient porosity for drainage of excess water as well as increases oxygen availability to the root zone . • Root zone temperatures are maintained as is ideal to ensure good growth of the plant.

37. Benefits of Aeroponics cultivation -5 Labour • Weeds are a major problem in Soil cultivation and calls for the use of harmful herbicides. Most farmers spend an enormous amount of money on labor for weeding . • All labour inputs associated with soil management, such as digging and weeding are eliminated with aeroponics . • Substrates being sterile and inert, do not influence or allow weeds to flourish.

38. Benefits of Aeroponics cultivation -6 Pest Management The use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in protected environments is ideally suited to Aeroponic growing techniques, especially when carried out in a protected environment such as a glasshouse or plastic/polythene tunnels. • The use of IPM can virtually eliminate the need to use toxic and expensive chemical pesticides . • Whereas IPM is much more difficult in Soil cultivation and calls for near total use of dangerous, life threatening chemical pesticides . • Diseases and pests from neighboring farms can cause spread of diseases in one’s field crops.

39. Commercial Aeroponics Some Yields Tons/Acre/Year/Season • Lettuce 300-400 Tons • Strawberries 50 Tons • Cucumber 200 Tons • Tomato 180-200 Tons • Bell Pepper 120-140 Tons *Note: Figures are conservative . You see and ask “Why ”? I believe and say “Why Not?”

40. In 1986, Stoner became the first person to market fresh aeroponically grown food to a national grocery chain. He was interviewed on NPR and discussed the importance of the water conservation features of aeroponics for both modern agriculture and space. [11] Aeroponically grown food

41. AEROPHONICS IN DIFFERENT CROPS.(POTATO) There are several seed production techniques that are currently used worldwide such as tissue culture, hydroponics and Aeroponics. Among these techniques, Aeroponics is one of the most effective techniques because of its perceived numerous advantages over these other techniques. The technology is based on the concept that it uses no soil and grows the root systems in the air Saveer R & D Unit developed an Aeroponics facility for the production of potato. This facility is unique of its kind in India. Such facility helps in the reduction of the cropping time of the Potato crop. At the same time production is increased by about 6 times. The main purpose of this facility is to produce quality virus free potato plants which in turn will boost the quality production of the potato in the state

42. Special features of Aeroponics technology for potato seed production Aeroponics is a relatively new technique, especially for seed potato production. Potato seed production can be increased dramatically in the greenhouse. Aeroponics production is particularly sensitive to climate. Sequential harvests are needed. Vegetative period of plants is increased in 1 to 2 months. Minimized use of nutrients and water due to recycling capability. Independence from local land and climate conditions when grown in the  controlled environment of a greenhouse. Initial investment can be recovered rapidly. Aeroponics can significantly increase income or reduce the production   costs of quality potato seed to make it more accessible to growers.

43. Benefits of Potato seed Production by Aeroponics: The vertical Aeroponics growing system is a game changer for the farmers and the commercial plant growing industry. Air grown system benefits include: 100% ensure of availability of seed Save money and transportation International mileage Good for carbon food chain reduces food mileage Greater yield, Superior taste &Ease of harvest Eco- friendly Organic certification relatively easy Aeroponics can significantly increase income or reduce the production costs of quality potato seed to make it more accessible to growers

44. ORNAMENTAL AEROPONIC

45. In 1999, Stoner, funded by NASA, developed an inflatable low-mass aeroponic system (AIS) for space and earth for high performance food production.This advancements are very useful in space aeroponics . NASA inflatable aeroponics

46. Aeroponics in space Space plants:- Plants were first taken into Earth's orbit in 1960 on two separate missions, Sputnik 4 and Discoverer 17 (for a review of the first 30 years of plant growth in space, see Halstead and Scott 1990). [17] On the former mission, wheat , pea , maize , spring onion , and Nigella damascena seeds were carried into space, and on the latter mission Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells were brought into orbit . Biocontrols in space:- In 1996, NASA sponsored Stoner’s research for a natural liquid biocontrol , known then as ODC (organic disease control), that activates plants to grow without the need for pesticides as a means to control pathogens in a closed-loop culture system. ODC is derived from natural aquatic materials

47. Aeroponic bio-pharming is used to grow pharmaceutical medicine inside of plants. The technology allows for completed containment of allow effluents and by-products of biopharma crops to remain inside a closed-loop facility. As recently as 2005, GMO research at South Dakota State University by Dr. Neil Reese applied aeroponics to grow genetically modified corn . Aeroponic bio-pharming

48. Aeroponics is an improvement in artificial life support for non-damaging plant support, seed germination, environmental control and rapid unrestricted growth when compared with hydroponics and drip irrigation techniques that have been used for decades by traditional agriculturalists. 21st century aeroponics

49. In 2006, the Institute of Biotechnology at Vietnam National University of Agriculture , in joint efforts with Stoner, established a postgraduate doctoral program in aeroponics . The university's Agrobiotech Research Center, under the direction of Professor Nguyen Quang Thach , is using aeroponic laboratories to advance Vietnam 's minituber potato production for certified seed potato production Large scale integration of aeroponics

50. Summary of Aeroponics benefits Market Control Environment Control No Soil – No Problem Pests and Diseases are eliminated Less labour inputs for the owner of the system Higher Value Crops as they are healthier and tastier Longer Shelf Life due to minimum injury to produce Extended Growing Season as it is not weather dependent Improved Produce Quality because of greenhouse technology Increased Yields and Growth Rates due to exposure to oxygen Reduced water consumption unlike geoponics (soil) or hydroponics Happier Workers using remote and different technologies to control plant growing

51. Beneficiaries from Commercial Aeroponics Retail Chains Private Investors Public Sector Companies Hotel Chains Fast Food Chains Processed Food Industry as Backward Integration Railway Catering companies Corporate Hospitals FFV Exporters Large land owners NGO’s Foreign Retail Companies (Outsourcing) Defence establishments Public-Private Partnerships. * FFV-Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

52. AEROPONICS IN INDIA

53. SCOPE IN INDIA

54. Before Aeroponics, you should capital costs. Trained Manpower. Education required . Attention to shifting market demands . Attention to crop growing or cultural practices . Knowledge of IPM . Knowledge of Environment Controls in GH . Knowledge of Climate Controls. Knowledge of Bio-friendly insects.

55. Is Aeroponic Industry Expanding?

56. Aeroponic product marketing It is marketed more on the quality and the quality and consistancy , rather then the method of production Should not compete with soil grown produce. Usually gets a better price based on looks, texture, taste, consistency on daily basis, high nutrition value, reliable supply year round etc . Extent to which premiums are realized are based on seasonal volumes, marketing, presentation (Branding), product quality. It is marketed more on the quality and consistency, rather than the method of production. Aeroponic Product Marketing

57. Capital 2. Location and Siting is very important . 3. Climatic conditions in the area . 4. Water must be of good quality in chosen area . 5. Choice of right crop and a potential market. 6 . Proximity to markets. 7 . Logistics involved. 8 . Good Agronomists selected prior with ground level experience. No theory masters. 9 . Topography of the land/ slope characteristics . 10. Wind direction and speed, temperature range, frost frequency, rainfall, humidity are all important considerations. Requirement for Aeroponic Set-up

58. choice of Commercial Aeroponics System Type 1 Boutique style growers with a niche market close by. Produces special produce. Eg . Culinary/Medicinal Herbs Type 2 Family farms that are part of a larger cooperative. Product sold by cooperative and achieves greater economies of scale. Type 3 Corporate farms with investors who are not in day to day operations but left to a central management. Has a production sufficient to capitalize on economies of scale

59. commercilization in Israel in 1982, L. Nir developed a patent for an aeroponic apparatus using compressed low-pressure air to deliver a nutrient solution to suspended plants, held by styrofoam [ clarification needed ] , inside large metal containers. [14 ] In summer 1976, British researcher John Prewer carried out a series of aeroponic experiments near Newport, Isle of Wight , U.K., in which lettuces (variety Tom Thumb) were grown from seed to maturity in 22 days in polyethylene film tubes made rigid by pressurized air supplied by ventilating fans . The equipment used to convert the water-nutrient into fog droplets was supplied by Mee Industries of California. [1

60. List of crop can growing in aeroponics system Group A GroupB Spanich Egg plant saint leaf Tomato Bitter leaf pepper pumpkin lettuce Group D Group B Yam Bean Irish potato Rice Group E Wheat Onions Maize Carrot Ginger Garlic

61. Venture not established in a realistic economic framework like manageable loan repayments, cash flow etc. II . Selection of system/crop/markets/correct management not done . III. Crop production management inadequacy . IV. Yield and quality did not meet budget projections . V. Lack of diligence on part of the crew . VI. Non adherence to growing protocols . VII. Insufficient attention to marketing. VIII . Lack of necessary labour . IX. Incorrect pricing of produce . X. Product not tailored as per demand. Reasons for Failure of Commercial Aeroponics System

62. Drawbacks Aeropnonics A Hydroponic garden requires your time and commitment. ... Experiences and technical knowledge. ... Organic debates. ... Water and electricity risks. ... System failure threats. ... Initial expenses. ... Long return per investment. ... Diseases & pests may spread quickly.

63. •Production scale, increasing returns to increasing size. Ability to supply promised amount with quality and consistency . •Capacity to add value and/or.. • Find and exploit a unique and high return/value market niche. Profitability of Commercial Aeroponics System

64. More and more research work should be done on the subject.  Government should take more interest to encourage the people for investing in these types of cultivations .  Various types of funding should be made available for promoting establishment of soilless cultivation by Government on large scale .  Educational seminars on the topic should be arranged through out the country to educate more and more people so as to increase the soilless type of cultivation .  Separate topic should be included in the curriculum of agriculture to implement the new thinking about agriculture in young generation. SUGGETIONS

65. The Commercial Aeroponics industry is a successful industry and is rapidly expanding . The market is larger than opined as produce is sold on quality rather than production method. Aeroponics cannot displace bulk commodity items . The industry is expected to grow exponentially as conditions of soil growing is becoming difficult. Government intervention and university interest can propel the use of this technology. Conclusion

66. REFERENCE en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics  www.simplyhydro.com/whatis.htm  ag.arizona.edu/ hydroponictomatoes  www.hydroponics.about.com  Hydroponics for the 21st century.pdf  en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Aeroponic  www.aeroponics.com  Aeroponics for vegetable growing.pdf

67. Presented by Asanul hoque

68. Members of the advisory committee : Sl. No. Name of the Teacher Discipline Advisory Committee 1. Dr. Sibajee banerjee Agronomy Chairman 2. Prof.Mrityunjay Ghosh Agronomy Member 3. Prof. Rajib nath Agronomy Member 4. Prof. Lalu Das Soil and water coservation Member