African English

African English

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1. ‘’Presentation’’ Presented By : Laiba Yaseen Presented To : Sir Mubashir Iqbal Subject : World Englishes ‘’African English’’ Department : BS - English Semester : 8 th

2. African English

3. English in Africa: In Africa, several states use English as their L2 such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, Liberia, West Africa and South Africa. Regarding to government policy, we can have an examples from South Africa, which stated that English is one of 11 languages which granted official status from 1994 constitution.

4. Facts: Has roots in African languages -Creole, Gullah, Jamaican English and Patois. Is not sub-standard English but a systemic, rule-governed and patterned language. Surviving words: banana, banjo, gumbo, voodoo, yam, jumbo and zombie.

5. History: Can be traced to West African Languages Great Migration: Africans forced into concentrated areas Southern language began to merge with Northern language Residential segregation: Speakers of African English live near other speakers of African English.

6. Attitudes towards type of Speech: Racism effects Haphazard, sub-standard, undesirable, illogical, lazy, and broken Media Akeelah and the Bee: Akeelah is criticized for using ‘’improper English’’ Languages are meant to be nuanced, unique and innovative Transmitting culture, history, personality, and identity

7. History: The history of English in Africa dates from the arrival of the British at the Cape in 1806. English has evoked differing reactions in the different African language communities. In the early years of the 19th century English was introduced into many black communities of the Eastern Cape (and subsequently Natal) by missionaries – who at the same time codified Xhosa, and later the other African languages. English was used as the medium of instruction in mission schools – “superior English, classical and mathematical education” being offered. Despite the treatment of English as a ‘Cinderella’ language in official circles from 1948–94, English was too powerful to be adversely affected, and it retained its dominance as the language of higher education, commerce, science, and technology, and as the internal and international language of communication.

8. Grammatical and Idiomatic Variations: Bamgbose (1998: 2) states that an innovation is to be seen as ‘an acceptable variant.’ The salient feature of African English according to Bokamba is ‘’omission of function words such as … articles’’. He gave me tough time Let strong… team be organized

9. Second Property: Sentences which use generic nouns or pronouns in regionally characteristic ways: He is real/ whole person (i.e. an adult) You are a sociably somebody (i.e. a sociable person)

10. Insertion of pronouns to ‘echo’ expressed subjects My daughter , she is attending… Pronouns may occur in non-subject positions The guests whom I invited them have arrived. Polarity of responses to negative questions Hasn’t the President left? (a) No (not yet) [if he has not left] Yes (he has) [if he has left] Yes (He hasn’t left yet) No (he has left)

11. Black South African English English has acquired various identities and multiple ownerships (Kachru 1986: 31), one of them being black South African English (BSAE). BSAE is the variety of English commonly used by mother-tongue speakers of South Africa's indigenous African languages.  In terms of Platt et al's criteria (1984: 2–3), BSAE fits the category ‘new English’ in that it has developed through the education system as an L2 in an area where English is not the language of the majority. H as become localized for use in intra-regional communication, as is typical of colonial contexts in which English has been imported to compete with indigenous languages. 

12. Black South African English education context C haracteristic features can be linked to the mother tongues of the early BSAE speakers. The policy of mother tongue promotion in schools ultimately failed. I n 1979, the  Department of Bantu Education   allowed schools to choose their own language of instruction. English was largely the language of choice, because it was viewed as a key tool of social and economic advancement.

13. Thank You