African Solutions to Africa Problems.pptx

Solutions Available for Africans societies.

1. African SOLUTIONS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS THROUGH AFRICAN PROBLEMS IN THE GLOBAL ARENA.

2. George Ayittey The catchall phrase “African solutions to African problems” was coined by the eminent political economist George Ayittey in response to the behavior of the international community in the crisis in Somalia -  Washington DC in 1993. Rationale: if you formulate your own solutions to your problems, you will have every reason and incentive to see them work.

3. George Ayittey African solutions to African problems” is unrealistic because it is not reflective of the present realities of Africa . The participant seemed to question the capacity of Africans to mobilize their own resources to face their problems. Instead, the same participant suggested a possible replacement for the notion by proposing we look for “Appropriate solutions to African problems”. This argument emanates from a position that criticizes the notion of “African solutions to African problems” as unrealistic and Utopian. Ultimately, such a slogan may also invite the further marginalization and isolation of the African continent.

4. different dimensions When speaking of African solutions we need to realize that solutions encompass the notions of content, ideas, practical action, and financial dimensions. The content and ideas should emerge from Africans. On financial sources and action, the domain can be expanded to include the rest of the world. Adding to the above, another speaker argued that some of the problems in Africa are not only Africa’s problems, because the United Nations Charter for example reserves the right to maintain international peace and security. Thus, the rest of the world should share the burden of responsibility since there is mutual obligation and accountability between Africa and the rest of the world.

5. KNOWLEDGE War is a human problem, not an African Problem. One security analyst argued that we should first understand our problems and come up with solutions employing our own perspectives. Here knowledge is important to develop a capacity to understand our own problems. Let’s learn from the past and improve our actions to resolve problems in the future.

6. THE PROBLEMS GOVERNANCE ECONOMIC SOCIAL HISTORICAL

7. Social Social Protection Malnutrition Primary and Secondary education Early Childhood development Violence Against all

8. Economic Targets Energy Services Economic Growth Employment and Decent Work Migrant Workers Infrastructure ICT Inclusion Equality Migration Development Assistance

9. HEALTH TARGETS Universal health coverage Maternal mortality Child mortality End epidemics of AIDS , TB, NTDs, etc. Sexual and reproductive health NCDs and mental health Injuries & RTA Contamination FCTC Medicines Financing , staff Risk management

10. Environmental targets Drinking water Sanitation and hygiene Water quality H ousing Transport systems Human settlement Disasters Cities Climate-related hazards Climate change

11. Political targets Violence Violence against and torture of children Corruption and bribery Institutions Decision making Birth registration Domestic resources mobilization Knowledge sharing National plans Policy space and leadership Global Partnership Strategies of partnerships

12. Financial Institutions African Development Bank ( AfDB ) has been deeply shaped by the history of its continent. Fueled by a sentiment of independence, the creation of the AfDB was driven by a determination to create a regional bank run by Africans, funded by Africans, and serving African needs . Has it achieved its mandate?

13. DEBT Debt. There is ample evidence that Africa's external debt burden is a severe obstacle to investment and renewed growth. Attempts to reduce or eliminate the debt burden are crucial to Africa's development. Reduce or Eliminate. Debate.

14. SHAREHOLDERS - 2022 NON-BORROWING SHAREHOLDERS Japan 15.6 % United States 15.6 % Australia 5.8 % Canada 5.2 % Republic of Korea 5.0% Germany 4.3 % France 2.3 % United Kingdom 2.0% Italy 1.8 % New Zealand 1.5% Others 7.7 % BORROWING SHAREHOLDERS People's Republic of China 6.4% India 6.3 % Indonesia 5.4 % Malaysia 2.7 % Philippines 2.4% Pakistan 2.2 % Thailand 1.4% Bangladesh 1.0% Others 5.3 %

15. RESOURCE CURSE The resource curse (also known as the paradox of plenty) refers to the failure of many resource-rich countries to benefit fully from their natural resource wealth, and for governments in these countries to respond effectively to public welfare needs R esource-rich countries tend to have higher rates of conflict and authoritarianism, and lower rates of economic stability and economic growth, compared to their non-resource-rich neighbors. Honeypot -The abundance of mineral resources is consistently associated with higher levels of conflict and lower levels of human and institutional development.

16. Solutions to resource curse and honeypot. The most popular solutions emphasize macroeconomic policies(fiscal policy, monetary policy, and exchange rate policy), economic diversification, natural resource funds, transparency and accountability, and direct distribution to the general population . The success of these solutions has been limited because they either presuppose strong state institutions, which are widely absent in the developing world or assume state ownership over mineral wealth and thus the need for external actors to constrain the state. A more viable way to avoid the resource curse is by fostering institutions that more effectively constrain state leaders, encouraging them to invest in institution-building and enabling them to respond more successfully to commodity booms and busts.

17. Solutions to resource curse and honeypot. The way to fight the ‘curse’ of natural resources is by sharing the benefits fairly between private and public sectors and by better allocating public budgets to improve spending on basic health care and education, tackling inequality and generating employment for poor people.

18. democracy , IMF, neoliberalism, political conditionality, World. The failure of policies designed by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is evidence that institutional impairment exists, thus it is imperative to examine the sources of the impairment. The formation of the institutions didn’t have Africa at the core. Colonial period. Therefore, Africa can develop its own institutions independent in capital structure and at the board level. Specific policies to reform the IFIs to promote political and space for economic experimentation

19. four alternative sources of funding for African economies - DAMBISA MOYO Follow Asian emerging markets in accessing the international bond markets and taking advantage of the falling yields paid by sovereign borrowers over the past decade . Encourage the Chinese policy of large-scale direct investment in infrastructure. Third, the African governments should continue to press for genuine free trade in agricultural products, which means that the United States, the European Union, and Japan must scrap the various subsidies they pay to their farmers, enabling African countries to increase their earnings from primary products . Fourthly, they should encourage financial intermediation.

20. OVERRELIANCE ON AID AND COMMODITIES FOR FOREIGN EXCHANGE INFLOWS. AID – The disease which it pretends to cure. Despite decades-long efforts to diversify, 45 out of the continent’s 54 countries remain dependent on exports of primary products in the agricultural, mining, and extractive industries (UNCTAD) Commodities and primary products - By addressing barriers to trade in services, boosting relevant skills, and improving access to innovative alternative financing, the region’s manufacturing productivity can be enhanced, driving Africa’s economic growth and structural transformation for many years.

21. Common pitfalls to industrialization The Link to Underdevelopment.

22. Developmental State Summary – A LESSON FOR AFRICA.

23. integration Africans have also learned from the failures of past initiatives. As a result, many proponents of integration now pursue a less grandiose and more practical approach. Africa must unite not simply to enhance the continent's weight in global affairs, they say, but also to meet the very real needs of its people . Global politics. And Economic negotiations eg . EU, EAC (Kenya vs Tanzania) Although there are already established economic blocs, it would be better if the AU could establish free markets throughout Africa so that goods and services can be moved across the borders without much restriction and trade barriers.

24. globalization Globalization, which is not a new phenomenon, may be defined as the increasing interaction among, and integration of, the activities—especially economic activities—of human societies around the world. To mean? There are no solutions in isolation. International trade – Export-oriented production. Protect before opening up. Targeted Government intervention Capital Flows – Incentivize investments. FDI & FPI Integration through human migration Advances in telecommunications and transportation

25. globalization Education and technology, an export-oriented strategy, a sound macroeconomic environment, and high saving and investment rates . Key areas to watch: Transaction costs, Science and encouragement of innovation Laws – patent and copyright Reliable infrastructure Economies of scale

26. Participation, transparency and accountability Participation, transparency and accountability Participatory and consultative governance is recommended to deepen democracy, and promote , transparency and accountability in public affairs. It is essential to revolutionize public administration to ensure that scarce human capital is skilled and used cost-effectively to improve service delivery . Corruption robs the poor masses the opportunity to satisfy their needs because the available resources will be used through corrupt activities to benefi t a few people that are within the corridors of power and/or their cohorts.

27. CONCLUSION The recommendations will assist Africans in providing solutions to their problems which are unique to the African continent, created mainly by slavery, colonialism, the Cold War, and even the marginalization of the continent from participation in world affairs African Journal of Public Affairs 62 as an equal partner. These recommendations are made taking into consideration the fact that the size of most African countries and the level of development differ from country to country. Therefore, the challenges facing the African Union and Africa, require collective efforts from all the African leaders and the African people which are more essential than ever before.