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afro music

1. Quarter II: AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN AND POPULAR MUSIC

2. a. African Music b. Latin American Music c. Jazz d. Popular / Pop Music e. OPM CONTENT STANDARDS The learner demonstrates understanding of... 1. Characteristic features of Afro-Latin American music and Popular music.

3. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS The learner... 1. Performs vocal and dance forms of Afro-Latin American music and selections of Popular music.

4. LEARNING COMPETENCIES The learner... 1. Observes dance styles, instruments, and rhythms of Afro Latin American and popular music through video, movies and live performances. 2. Describes the historical and cultural background of Afro-Latin American and popular music.

5. 3. Listens perceptively to Afro-Latin American and popular music. 4. Dances to different selected styles of Afro-Latin American and popular music.

6. 5. Analyzes musical characteristics of Afro-Latin American and popular music. 6. Sings selections of Afro-Latin American and popular music in appropriate pitch, rhythm, style, and expression. 7. Explores ways of creating sounds on a variety of sources suitable to chosen vocal and instrumental selections.

7. 8. Improvises simple vocal/instrumental accompaniments to selected songs. 9. Choreographs a chosen dance music. 10. Evaluates music and music performances using knowledge of musical elements and style.

8. MUSIC OF AFRICA Historical and Cultural Background Music has always been an important part in the daily life of the African Work Religion ceremonies communication.

9. Singing, dancing, hand clapping and the beating of drums are essential to many African ceremonies, including: Birth Death Initiation Marriage Funerals Music and dance are also important to religious expression and political events.

10. Some Types of African Music 1. Afrobeat Afrobeat is a term used to describe the fusion of West African with black American music.

11. Apala ( Akpala ) Apala is a musical genre from Nigeria in The Yoruba tribal style to wake up the Worshippers after fasting during the Muslim holy feast of Ramadan. Percussion instrumentation includes the rattle ( sekere ) , thumb piano ( agidigbo ) , bell ( agogo ) , and two or three talking drums.

12. Axe Axe is a popular musical genre from Salvador, Bahia, and Brazil. It fuses the Afro- Caribbean styles of the marcha , reggae, and calypso.

13. Jit Jit is a hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean dance music played on drums with guitar accompaniment,influenced by mbira-based guitar styles.

14. Jive Jive is a popular form of South African music featuring a lively and uninhibited variation of the jitterbug, a form of swing dance.

15. Juju Juju is a popular music style from Nigeria that relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms, where the instruments in Juju are more Western in origin. A drum kit, keyboard, pedal steel guitar, and accordion are used along with the traditional dun-dun (talking drum Or squeeze drum).

16. Kwassa Kwassa Kwassa Kwassa is a dance style begun in Zaire in the late 1980’s, popularized by Kanda Bongo Man. In this dance style, the hips move back and forth while the arms move following the hips.

17. Marabi Marabi is a South African three-chord township music of the 1930s-1960s which evolved into African Jazz.

18. LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC INFLUENCED BY AFRICAN MUSIC Reggae Reggae is a Jamaican sound dominated by bass guitar and drums.

19. Salsa Salsa music is Cuban, Puerto Rican, and Colombian dance music. It comprises various musical genres including the Cuban son montuno , guaracha , chachacha , mambo and bolero.

20. Samba Samba is the basic underlying rhythm that typifies most Brazilian music. It is a lively and rhythmical dance and music with three steps to every bar, making the Samba feel like a timed dance.

21. Soca Soca is a modern Trinidadian and Tobago pop music combining “soul” and “calypso” music. Were This is Muslim music performed often as a wake-up call for early breakfast and prayers during Ramadan celebrations. Relying on pre-arranged music, it fusesthe African and European music styles with particular usage of the natural harmonic series.

22. Zouk Zouk is fast, carnival-like rhythmic music, from the Creole slang word for ‘party,’ originating in the Carribean Islands of Guadaloupe and Martinique and popularized in the 1980’s.

23. VOCAL FORMS OF AFRICAN MUSIC Maracatu Maracatu first surfaced in the African state of Pernambuco,combining the strong rhythms of African percussion Instruments with Portuguese melodies.

24. Maracatu The Maracatu uses mostly percussion instruments such: Alfaia Drum Tar ol Agbe Sakere Caixa Miniero or Ganza Gongue

25. Blues The blues is a musical form of the late 19th century that has had deep roots in African- American communities. These communities are located in the so-called “Deep South” of the United States. The slaves and their descendants used to sing as they worked in the cotton and vegetable fields.

26. Soul Soul music was a popular music genre of the 1950’s and 1960’s. It originated in the United States. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, and often jazz. James Brown Etta James

27. Spiritual The term spiritual, normally associated with a deeply religious person, refers here to a Negro spiritual, a song form by African migrants to America who became enslaved by its white communities.

28. Classification of Traditional African Instruments A. Idiophones These are percussion instruments that are either struck with a mallet or against one another. 1. Balafon - The balafon is a West African xylophone.

29. 2. Rattles - Rattles are made of seashells, tin, basketry, animal hoofs, horn, wood, metal bells, cocoons, palm kernels, or tortoise shells.

30. 3. Agogo - The agogo is a single bell or multiple bells that had its origins in traditional Yoruba music and also in the samba baterias (percussion) ensembles.

31. 4. Atingting Kon - These are slit gongs used to communicate between villages.

32. 5. Slit drum - The slit drum is a hollow percussion instrument. 6. Djembe - The West African djembe (pronounced zhem -bay) is one of the best-known African drums is.

33. 7. Shekere - The shekere is a type of gourd and shell megaphone from West Africa, consisting of a dried gourd with beads woven into a net covering the gourd. 8. Rasp - A rasp, or scraper, is a hand percussion instrument whose sound is produced by scraping the notches on a piece of wood

34. B. Membranophones Membranophones are instruments which have vibrating animal membranes used in drums. 1. Body percussion - Africans frequently use their bodies as musical instruments.

35. 2. Talking drum - The talking drum is used to send messages to Announce births, deaths, marriages, sporting events, dances, initiation, or war.

36. C. Lamellaphone One of the most popular African percussion instruments is the lamellaphone , which is a set of plucked tongues or keys mounted on a sound board. It is known by different names according to the regions such as mbira , karimba , kisaanj , and likembe .

37. Mbira (hand piano or thumb piano) - The thumb piano or finger xylophone is of African origin and is used throughout the continent.

38. D. Chordophones Chordophones are instruments which produce sounds from the vibration of strings. These include bows, harps, lutes, zithers, and lyres of various sizes. 1. Musical bow - The musical bow is the ancestor of all string instruments. It is the oldest and one of the most widely-used string instruments of Africa.

39. 2. Lute ( konting , khalam , and the nkoni ) - The lute, originating from the Arabic states, is shaped like the modern guitar and played in similar fashion.

40. 3. Kora - The kora is Africa's most sophisticated harp, while also having features similar to a lute. Its body is made from a gourd or calabash.

41. 4. Zither - The zither is a stringed instrument with varying sizes and shapes whose strings are stretched along its body.

42. 5. Zeze - The zeze is an African fiddle played with a bow, a small wooden stick, or plucked with the fingers. It has one or two strings, made of steel or bicycle brake wire.

43. E. Aerophones Aerophones are instruments which are produced initially by trapped vibrating air columns or which enclose a body of vibrating air. 1. Flutes - Flutes are widely used throughout Africa and either vertical or side-blown.

44. 2. Horns - Horns and trumpets, found almost everywhere in Africa, are commonly made from elephant tusks and animal horns. Kudu horn - This is one type of horn made from the horn of the kudu antelope.

45. 3. Reed pipes - There are single-reed pipes made from hollow guinea corn or sorghum stems, 4. Whistles - Whistles found throughout the continent may be made of wood or other materials.

46. 5. Trumpets - African trumpets are made of wood, metal, animal horns, elephant tusks, and gourds with skins from snakes, zebras, leopards, crocodiles and animal hide as ornaments to the instrument.

47. WHAT TO KNOW 1. What are the classifications of African music? 2. What are the characteristics of each classification of African music? 3. Name some African musical instruments under the following categories: a. idiophones b. chordophones c. membranophones d. aerophones 4. Describe how African musical instruments are sourced from the environment. Give examples.

48. MUSIC OF LATIN AMERICA (Day 2) The music of Latin America is the product of three major influences – Indigenous, Spanish-Portuguese, and African. Sometimes called Latin music, it includes the countries that have had a colonial history from Spain and Portugal, divided into the following areas:

49. a. Andean region (a mountain system of western South America along the Pacific coast from Venezuela to Tierra del Fuego) – Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru , and Venezuela b. Central America – Belize , Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama c. Carribean – Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Martinique,and Puerto Rico d. Brazil

50. INFLUENCES ON LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC 1. Indigenous Latin-American Music Before the arrival of the Spanish, Portuguese, and other European colonizers, the natives were found to be using local drum and percussion instruments Quena Turtle Shell

51. Guiro Maracas Maracas

52. 2. Native American/Indian Music The ethnic and cultural groups of the principal native Americans share many similar yet distinctive music elements pertaining to melody, harmony, rhythm, form, and dynamics. Some of the Native American music includes courtship songs, dancing songs, and popular American or Canadian tunes like Amazing Grace, Dixie, Jambalaya, and Sugar Time .

53. 3. Afro-Latin American Music The African influence on Latin American music is most pronounced in its rich and varied rhythmic patterns produced by the drums and various percussion instruments.

54. 4. Euro-Latin American Music The different regions of Latin America adopted various characteristics from their European colonizers. I Wanna Be in America from Leonard Bernstein’s Broadway hit West Side Story.

55. 5. Mixed American Music The diversity of races and cultures from the Native Americans, Afro-Latin Americans, and Euro-Latin Americans account for the rich combinations of musical elements including the melodic patterns, harmonic combinations, rhythmic complexities, wide range of colors and dynamics, and various structural formats. * music and dance forms such as the Afro- Cuban rumba , Jamaican reggae, Colombian cumbia , and the Brazilian samba .

56. 6. Popular Latin American Music Latin America has produced a number of musical genres and forms that had been influenced by European folk music, African traditional music, and native sources. Some of these Latin American popular music forms are tango , bossa nova , samba , son , and salsa .

57. Tango Salsa Samba

58. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF LATIN AMERICA Tlapitzalli The tlapitzalli is a flute variety from the Aztec culture made of clay with decorations of abstract designs or images of their deities.

59. Teponaztli The teponaztli is a Mexican slit drum hollowed out and carved from a piece of hardwood. It is then decorated with designs in relief or carved to represent human figures or animals to be used for both religious and recreational purposes.

60. Conch The conch is a wind instrument made from a seashell usually of a large sea snail Rasp The rasp is a hand percussion instrument whose sound is produced by scraping a group of notched sticks with another stick, creating a series of rattling effects.

61. Huehueti The huehueti is a Mexican upright tubular drum used by the Aztecs and other ancient civilizations. It is made of wood opened at the bottom and standing on three legs cut from the base, with its stretched skin beaten by the hand or a wooden mallet.

62. Whistles Whistles are instruments made of natural elements such as bone from animals. The eagle-bone whistle is the most common whose function is to help symbolize the piece’s purpose.

63. Incan Instruments Among the Incas of South America, two instrumental varieties were most common: a. Ocarina The ocarina was an ancient vessel flute made of clay or ceramic with four to 12 finger holes and a mouthpiece that projected from the body.

64. b. Panpipes ( Zamponas ) The zamponas were ancient instruments tuned to different scalar varieties, played by blowing across the tubetop .

65. Andean Instruments The Andean highlands made use of several varieties of flutes and string instruments that include the following: a. Pitus The pitus are side-blown cane flutes that are played all year round.

66. b. Wooden Tarkas The tarkas are vertical duct flutes with a mouthpiece similar to that of a recorder, used during the rainy season.

67. c. Quenas The quenas are vertical cane flutes with an end-notched made from fragile bamboo. They are used during the dry season.

68. d. Charango The charango is a ten-stringed Andean guitar from Bolivia. It is the size of a ukulele and a smaller version of the mandolin, imitating the early guitar and lute brought by the Spaniards. It produces bright sounds and is often used in serenades in Southern Peru.

69. Mariachi The Mariachi is an extremely popular band in Mexico whose original ensemble consisted of violins, guitars, harp, and an enormous guitarron (acoustic bass guitar).

70. VOCAL AND DANCE FORMS OF LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC 1. Cumbia Originating in Panama and Colombia, the cumbia became a popular African courtship dance with European and African instrumentation and characteristics.

71. 2. Tango The word tango may have been of African origin meaning “African dance” or from the Spanish word taner meaning “to play” (an instrument).

72. 3. Cha Cha The cha cha is a ballroom dance the originated in Cuba in 1953, derived from the mambo and its characteristic 4. Rumba The rumba popular recreational dance of Afro-Cuban origin, performed in a complex duple meter pattern and tresillo ,

73. 5. Bossa nova Bossa nova originated in 1958-59 as a movement effecting a radical change in the classic Cuban samba. The word bossa comes from the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro, which means either “trend” or “something charming,”

74. A foremost figure of bossa nova is Antonio Carlos Jobim , who became famous with his song Desafinado (1957). In the Philippine pop music scene, Sitti Navarro is a singer who has become known as the “Philippines’ Queen of Bossa Nova .”

75. 6. Reggae Reggae is an urban popular music and dance style that originated in Jamaica in the mid 1960’s. It contained English text coupled with Creole expressions that were not so familiar to the non-Jamaican. It was a synthesis of Western American (Afro-American) popular music and the traditional Afro-Jamaican music,

76. The best-known proponent ofreggae music is Bob Marley , a Jamaican singer-songwriter, musician, and guitarist. 7. Foxtrot The foxtrot is a 20th century social dance that originated after 1910 in the USA. It was executed as a one step, two step and syncopated rhythmic pattern.

77. 8. Paso Doble The paso doble (meaning “double step”) is a theatrical Spanish dance used by the Spaniards in bullfights, where the music was played as the matador enters ( paseo ) and during passes just before the kill ( faena ).

78. WHAT TO KNOW 1. What are the different vocal and dance forms of Latin American music? 2. What are the characteristics of each vocal and dance form of Latin American music? 3. Which type of music was popularized by Bob Marley? 4. Which type of music was popularized by Antonio Carlos Jobim ? 5. Who is known as the “Philippines’ Queen of Bossa Nova”?

79. JAZZ (Day 3) The arrival of the jazz genre did not come overnight. It was an offshoot of the music of African slaves who migrated to America. As music is considered a therapeutic outlet for human feelings, the Africans used music to recall their nostalgic past in their home country as well as to voice out their sentiments on their desperate condition at that time.

80. RAGTIME Ragtime is an American popular musical style mainly for piano, originating in the Afro-American communities in St. Louis and New Orleans. Its style was said to be a modification of the “marching mode” made popular by John Philip Sousa, where the effect is generated by an internally syncopated melodic line pitted against a rhythmically straightforward bass line.

81. Jelly Roll Morton Scott Joplin

82. BIG BAND The term ‘Big Band” refers to a large ensemble originating in the United States in the mid 1920’s closely associated with the Swing Era with jazz elements. Relying heavily on percussion (drums), wind, rhythm section (guitar, piano, double bass, vibes)and brass instruments (saxophones), with a lyrical string section (violins and other string instruments) to accompany a lyrical melody.

83. Glenn Miller Orchestra

84. BEBOP Bebop or bop is a musical style of modern jazz which is characterized by a fast tempo, instrumental virtuosity, * improvisation that emerged during World War II. Dizzy Gillespie

85. JAZZ ROCK Jazz rock is the music of 1960’s and 1970’s bands that inserted jazz elements into rock music. A synonym for “jazz fusion,” jazz rock is a mix of funk and R&B Joni Mitchell

86. WHAT TO KNOW 1. What are the different jazz forms? 2. What are the characteristics of each jazz form? 3. Name one of the Big Bands that became popular. 4. Which type of music was adopted by singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell? 5. Name three of the popular groups that used the jazz rock style.

87. POPULAR MUSIC (Day 4) * Popular music literally means “music of the populace,” similar to traditional folk music of the past. * it developed in the 20th century, pop music (as it has come to be called) *generally consisted of music for entertainment of large numbers of people, whether on radio or in live performances.

88. BALLADS The ballad originated as an expressive folksong in narrative verse with text dealing typically about love. The word is derived both from the medieval French “chanson balladee ” an * “ballade” which refers to a dancing song.

89. Characteristics : 1. Blues Ballads - The form emphasizes the character of the performer more than the narrative content, and is accompanied by the banjo or guitar. 2. Pop Standard and Jazz Ballads This is a blues style built from a single verse of 16 bars ending on the dominant or half-cadence, followed by a refrain/chorus part

90. 3. Pop and Rock Ballads A pop and rock ballad is an emotional love song with suggestions of folk music, as in the Beatles’ composition Don McLean “American Pie.”

91. STANDARDS In music, the term “standard” is used to denote the most popular and enduring songs from a particular genre or style Frank Sinatra Nat King Cole

92. ROCK AND ROLL Rock and roll was a hugely popular song form in the United States during the late 1940’s to the 1950’s. The Beatles Elvis Presley

93. DISCO The 1970s saw the rise of another form of pop music known as “disco.” Disco music pertained to rock music that was more danceable, The Bee Gees ABBA

94. Donna Summer Earth, Wind, and Fire

95. POP MUSIC Parallel with the disco era , other pop music superstars continued to emerge. Among Diana Ross and the Supremes

96. Pop superstars in more recent years include solo artists: Celine Dion (My Heart Will Go On), Madonna ( MaterialGirl ) , Whitney Houston ( I Will Always Love You ), Mariah Carey (Hero) , Justin Timberlake (Justified), Britney Spears (Oops, I Did It Again) , Beyonce ( Irreplaceable), Lady Gaga (Bad Romance), BrunoMars (Just The Way You Are) ; as well as vocal groups such as Boyz II Men ( Four Seasons of Loneliness ), The Backstreet Boys ( I Want It That Way ), N’Sync ( This I Promise You ),Destiny’s Child ( Survivor ), among many others.

97. Michael Jackson, “The King of Pop” Perhaps the most popular solo performer of all time is Michael Joseph Jackson who was born on August 29, 1958 and died on June 25, 2009. He was an American recording artist, entertainer, singer-songwriter, record producer, musical arranger, dancer, choreographer, actor, businessman, and philanthropist.

98. Today’s Pop Music Idols There are music groups like: Black Eyed Peas, K Pop (Korean), My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boys, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, Souja Boy, Train, Maroon 5, and One Direction.

99. HIP HOP AND RAP Hip hop music is a stylized, highly rhythmic type of music that usually (but not always) includes portions of rhytmically chanted words called “rap.” Kanye West Eminem

100. ALTERNATIVE MUSIC Alternative music was an underground independent form of music that arose in the 1980’s.

101. WHAT TO KNOW 1. Briefly describe the historical and cultural background of African, Latin American, jazz, and popular music. 2. Analyze the musical characteristics of African, Latin American, jazz, and popular music. 3. How did the following music reflect life in their respective cultures and the conditions at that time? a. African music – maracatu , blues, soul, spiritual, call and response b. Latin American Music – cumbia , tango , cha cha , rumba , bossa nova , reggae, foxtrot, paso doble c. Jazz – ragtime, big band, bebop, jazz rock d. Popular music – ballads, standards, rock and roll, disco, pop, hip hop and rap, alternative music

102. PHILIPPINE POPULAR MUSIC (Day 5) The one word that comes to mind when we think of contemporary Philippine music is the type commonly termed as Original Pinoy Music or Original Philippine Music, Or OPM for short.

103. In the 1960s to 1970s, * NoraAunor , Pilita Corrales, Eddie Peregrina , VictorWood , Asin , APO Hiking Society, and others were highly popular OPM singers..

104. In the 1970s to 1980s, the major commercial Philippine popmusic artists were: Claire dela Fuente , Didith Reyes, Rico Puno, Ryan Cayabyab , Basil Valdez, Celeste Legaspi , Hajji Alejandro, Rey Valera, Freddie Aguilar, Imelda Papin , Eva Eugenio, Nonoy Zuñiga , and many others

105. PHILIPPINE JAZZ Philippine musicians have also been inspired by jazz music. Lito Molina and the Jazz Friends Eddie Katindig Bobby Enriquez

106. PHILIPPINE ALTERNATIVE FOLK MUSIC The Philippines also saw the rise of alternative folk music which was different from the traditional and popular form. Freddie Aguilar

107. PHILIPPINE ROCK The year 1973 saw the birth of Philippine or “ Pinoy ” rock music which successfully merged the rock beat with Filipino lyrics. Juan de la Cruz Band

108. Parokya ni Edgar Bamboo

109. PINOY RAP In the Philippines, rap was also made popular by such composers and performers as Francis Magalona ( Mga Kababayan Ko and Watawat ) and Andrew E ( Humanap Ka ng Pangit ).

110. WHAT TO KNOW 1. How did the different forms of popular music reflect life in the 20th century? 2. Differentiate the characteristics of Philippine pop, rock, and rap music. 3. What role did media like radio, television, and recordings play in the development of these different musical genres? 4. Describe the “Manila Sound” in Philippine pop music. 5. Name some well-known OPM performers.

111. WHAT TO PERFORM (Suggested Activities) Group Activities (Day 6) 1. Class Singing Concert – live performance a. Your teacher will divide the class into four groups. b. Each group will be asked to draw lots to sing a song from one of the following musical genres: For African Music - choose from Kumbaya , Waka Waka , or Mbube For Latin-American music - One Note Samba For Jazz - choose from Someone to Watch Over Me by Ella Fritzgerald or All That Jazz from the movie Chicago For Pop and OPM - choose your own song

112. c. Decide among your group members which of you will sing, plan the choreography or movements to accompany the song, play a musical instrument, and record the group’s performance on video. d. Learn your assigned song, using the lyrics on the following pages. Practice it, with the choreography and accompaniment. Then, perform it in class.

113. 2. Dance Interaction a. As your group performs in class, invite the other class members to join you in the dance movements or choreography that you have prepared. b. Do an impromptu selection of “Best Dance Performance” among your classmates.

114. 3. Music Video Award During the class performance, the assigned group member(s) will record your group’s performance using a mobile phone, tablet, or video camera.

115. b. Simulate a “Music Video Award” event by joining the other groups in presenting your respective videos in class. c. The class members will choose the “Best Song Performance” based on how well the group presented their assigned music genre.

116. (Day 7) – Practice (Day 8 ) - Performance

117. Evaluation of Performing Activities Rating scale: 5 = Very Good 3 = Fair 2 = Poor 4 = Good 1 = Needs Follow-up Rate scores are based on the groups’ performance quality. 1. How well did our group perform our assigned music? a. African Music _______________ b. Latin American Music _______________ c. Jazz _______________ d. Pop Music / OPM _______________ 2 How well can I identify the different musical genres based on instrumentation, melody, rhythm, text,timbre , harmony, and purpose? _______________

118. 3. How well can I describe the characteristics of each genre as I listened to the melody, harmony, rhythm, and lyrics? _______________ 4. How well did our group perform the different dance moves for our assigned song?____________ 5. How well can I (individually) sing the following musical genres? a. African Music _______________ b. Latin American Music _______________ c. Jazz _______________ d. Popular / Pop Music _______________ e. OPM _______________

119. Teacher’s Rating of the Performance Musicianship (60%) ________ Presentation impact and showmanship (20%) _______ Ensemble coordination and organization (20%) ________