Agricultural biotechnology, overview

Biotechnology has been helping scientists to attain unbelievable and unattainable goals. biotechnology is not only making progress day by day but also has been helping other fields of science to rise. there are many applications, in this slideshare fragment i will sharing few application of biotechnology in the field of agriculture.

1. Application of Recombinant DNA Technology Agricultural Biotechnology An overview

2. Our greatest weakness lies in giving up. The most certain way to succeed is always to try just one more time. -  Thomas A. Edison

3. Content Agriculture Agricultural Biotechnology History Applications Genetic Engeenering Pharmaceutics Nutrition factory Tissue culturing Bioreactors Ben e fits Limitations Future Aspects What about Pakistan?

4. AGRICULTURE Cultivation of Plants Agriculture  is the cultivation of   plants  and  fungi  for  food ,  fiber ,  biofuel ,  medicinal plants  and other products used to sustain and enhance human life .” Rich in nutrition More Immune to viruses Better in quality Aid easy and healthy `cultivation

5. Agricultural Biotechnologhy Agricultural biotechnology is the term used in crop and livestock improvement through biotechnology tools. This will focus only on agricultural crop biotechnology Agricultural biotechnology is the term used in crop and livestock improvement through biotechnology tools.we will focus only on agricultural crop biotechnology

6. HISTORY I n 1990 -The first food product of biotechnology (an enzyme used in cheese production and a yeast used for baking) appeared on the market In1995, farmers have been growing GE crops . Plant biotechnology is founded on the principles of cellular totipotency and genetic transformation , which can be traced back to the Cell Theory of Schleiden and Schwann and the discovery of genetic transformation in bacteria by Frederick Griffith, I n 2003, 7 million farmers in 18 countries—more than 85 percent of them resource- poor farmers in the developing world—were planting biotech crops. Almost one third of the global biotech crop area was grown in developing countries..

7. Applications Genetic Engineering and GM Crops Pharmaceutics TISSUE CULTURING BIOREACTORS NUTRITION FACTORY Many More

8. Gene cloning provides a new dimension to crop breeding by enabling directed changes to be made to the genotype of a plant, circumventing the random processes inherent in conventional breeding. Two general strategies have been used: Gene addition in which cloning is used to alter the characteristics of a plant by providing it with one or more new genes. Gene subtraction , in which genetic engineering techniques are used to inactivate one or more of the plant’s existing genes.

9. GENE ADDITION 1-Plants that make their own insecticides In agricultural settings the greatest problems are caused by insects . To reduce losses,crops are regularly sprayed with insecticides ( pyrethroids and organophosphates )insecticides also have potentially harmful side effects for members of the local biosphere chemicals in the ecosystem sometimes insects escape the toxic effects. Hight selective and effective Biologically degradable No danger to biospherd IDEAL INSECTICIDES

10. BT CROPS Maize is an example of a crop plant that is not served well by conventional insecticides. A major pest is the European corn borer ( Ostrinia nubilialis ), which tunnels into the plant from eggs laid on the undersurfaces of leaves, thereby evading the effects of insecticides applied by spraying. Gram + ve bacteria cry gene protein called delta-endotoxin active against a specific species of target pest. highly poisonous to insects, 80,000 times more toxic than organophosphate insecticides, relatively selective, effective against the larvae of different groups of insects.

11. Cloning a 4-endotoxin gene in maize The first attempt at countering this pest by engineering maize plants to synthesize c-endotoxin was made by plant biotechnologists in 1993, working with the CryIA (b ) version of the toxin . Cry protein is 1155 amino acid in length. Toxic activity residing in 29-607 amino acids. Rather than isolating the natural gene, a shortened version containing the first 648 codons was made by artificial gene synthesis. Introduction into the maize embryos . Use of tissue culturing Introduction of BT crops to Farmers Crops were insecticides.

12. GLYOPHOSATE In commercial terms the most important transgenic plants are those that have been engineered to withstand the herbicide glyphosate . . Non toxic to insects and animals Glyphosate kills all plants, both weeds and crop species, and so has to be applied to fields very carefully in order to prevent the growth of weeds without harming the crop itself PLANT contain an enzyme (EPSPS), which converts shikimate and phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP ) into enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate(EPSP) , an essential precursor for synthesis of the aromatic amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine. . Glyphosate competes with PEP for binding to the enzyme surface, thereby inhibiting synthesis of EPSP and preventing the plant from making the three amino acids. As a result Without these amino acids, the plant quickly dies. . 2-Herbicides and crops

13. ROUND UP READY CROPS Monsanto Co. and called “Roundup Ready”, reflecting the trade name of the herbicide. Search was carried out for an organism whose EPSPS enzyme is resistant to glyphosate inhibition and whose EPSPS gene might therefore be used to confer resistance on a crop plant . Place your screenshot here CROPS

14. Place your screenshot here Glyphosate resistance, the EPSPS gene from Agrobacterium strain CP4 was chosen Agrobacterium EPSPS gene was cloned in a Ti vector Biolistics was used to introduce the recombinant vector into Patunia Alpa callus culture. After regeneration, the GM plants were found to have a threefold increase in herbicide resistance .

15. GENE SUBSTRACTION mRNA Silencing and the engineering of fruit ripening in tomato Fruit ripening Effect the colour , taste and texture. Tissue softening of fruits during ripening is the result of solubilization of the cell wall by a group of enzymes . One of the key enzymes is polygalacturonase (PG), functioning in the breakdown of pectin, a polymer of galacturonic acids that forms part of the structural support in cell wall . Flavour Saver

16. Antisense RNA and FLAVR SAVR In normal gene function, the gene is transcribed into mRNA, which is translated into the enzyme PG If one can introduce a piece of RNA with a sequence complementary to that of the PG mRNA, RNA would be able to bind to the mRNA preventing the translation of the mRNA and consequently the production of the enzyme. The RNA molecule that is complementary to the mRNA is called antisense RNA, and the mRNA is the sense RNA

17. Nutrition Factory 124 million children worldwide are deficient in vitamin A, which leads to death and blindness b-carotene is precursor to vitamin A & consuming milled rice leads to vitaminA deficiency. Mammals make vitamin A from b-carotene , a common carotenoid pigment normally found in plant photosynthetic membranes . The prototype of golden rice was developed in 2000 and is a light yellow color It contains 1.6 mg/g of carotenoid In 2005, new transgenic lines were developed that dramatically increased the amount of carotenoid synthesized, making the rice a deep golden color’ latest form contains 37 mg/g of carotenoid, of which 84% is b-carotene – trial. Golden R ice

18. The Orange cauliflower has higher than normal levels of b-carotene that encourages healthy skin Purple colour comes from Anthocyanin which may prevent Heart disease by slowing blood clotting Tests of the orange cauliflowers in America found that they contained 25 times the concentrations of beta carotene in normal cauliflowers Ra in bow ca ul if l ow er

19. Hirudin is a protein which is anti coagulant. Found in the sliva of leach Very important Cloning of the hirudin gene to B rassica napus . Seeds containing Hirudin Isolation of the seeds Edible vaccines are vaccines produced in plants that can be administered directly through the ingestion of plant materials containing the vaccine . Eating the plant would then confer immunity against diseases. Edible vaccines produced by transgenic plants are attractive for many reasons. The first human clinical trial took place in 1997. Vaccine against the toxin from the bacteria E.coli was produced in potato. Polio vaccine and bannanas Rabies-Tomato plants expressing rabies antigens could induce antibodies in mice Cholera-Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibrio Cholerae Hepatitis B-First human trials of a potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported encouraging results HIRUDIN PHARMACEUTICS EDIBLE VACCINES

20. Micropropagation Virus free plants Polen cultures Somaclonal variations Protoplast cultures Conservation of germ lines Synthetic seeds TISSUE CULTURING

21. A device in which a substrate of low value is utilized by living cells to generate products of higher value. BIOREACTORS Seed-based plant bioreactors Plant Suspension Cultures Hairy Root System Bioreactor Simple and Cost effective . Plant pathogens do not infect humans or animals . Easy scale up & rapid harvesting . Chimeric plant viruses can be used in production of vaccines.Produce large biomass.

22. BENEFITS GM crops are more productive and have a larger yield. Offer more nutritional value and better flavor . A possibility that they could eliminate allergy-causing properties in some foods. Inbuilt resistance to pests, weeds and disease. More capable of thriving in regions with poor soil or adverse climates . More environment friendly as they require less herbicides and pesticides. Foods are more resistant and stay ripe for longer so they can be shipped long distances or kept on shop shelves for longer periods. As more GM crops can be grown on relatively small parcels of land, GM crops are an answer to feeding growing world populations.Increasing food production . improvement and the production of new products with new traits like improvement in health & safety standard less environment pollution . P otential productivity Medicines and pharmaceutics Safe Easy Liable

23. LIMITATIONS Health-related issues : Allergens and toxins People with food allergies usually react only to one or a few allergens in one or two specific foods. A major safety concern raised with regard to genetic engineering technology is the risk of introducing allergens and toxins into otherwise safe foods. Social issues “Terminator ” technology Most farmers buy fresh seeds each season, particularly of such crops as corn, green peppers, and tomatoes. Anyone growing hybrid varieties must buy new seeds annually, because seeds from last year’s hybrids grown on the farm will not produce plants identical to the parent . There is a belief among some opponents of genetic engineering technology that transgenic crops might cross pollinate with related weeds, possibly resulting in “ superweeds ” that become more difficult to control. Environmental issues:

24. Future Aspects Genetically- modifiedfoods have the potential to solve many of the world'shunger and malnutritionproblems , and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides . Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments, especially in the areas of safety testing, regulation, international policy and food labeling. Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits. However , we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology. At the present time,genetically modified foodsare dangerous for the world that we live in, not just for its people, but the delicate balance between organisms that inhabit it..

25. Pakistan and Biotechnology Pakistan is an agricultural country yet the applications of biotechnology are less then other countries. In 2005 BT cotton was introduced but farmers couldn’t get enough ben e fit , it was the terminator technology which became the reason of loss, that’s why we need to provide ethical education to the farmers. Moreover GM crops can play a better role.. T hrough GM crops we can avoid Food Adultration that has more bad effects on our health. Pakistan has more threats from food Adultratiion. For now as an indicidual we can start Kitchen gardening Organic food is more important.