Agricultural Biotechnology.pptx

K. Vanangamudi
Agricultural Biotechnology
Biotechnology definition
Stages of biotechnology development
Types of biotechnology
Applications of biotechnology
Branches of biotechnology
Agricultural biotechnology
Technologies in plant biotechnology
Achievements in Agricultural Biotechnology
Genetically Modified (GM) crops status in the world and India
Biotechnology institutes

1. AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Prepared by Dr. K. Vanangamudi Formerly Dean (Agriculture), AC & RI, Coimbatore, Dean, Adhiparashakthi Agricultural College,Kalavai, Professor and Head - Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. B iotechnology Term biotechnology was first coined in 1919 by Karl Ereky . Bio means life Technology means application of knowledge for practical use. Use of living organism to improve a product. Brings true-to-type plant. Refers to technology based on biology - biotechnology harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products that help to improve our lives and the health of our planet. Used the biological processes of microorganisms for more than 6,000 years to make useful food products, such as bread and cheese and to preserve dairy products. Stages of biotechnology development Ancient biotechnology : 800 - 4000 BC - Early history related to food and shelter includes domestication Classical biotechnology : 2000 BC; 1800 - 1900 AD - Built on ancient biotechnology; fermentation promoted food production and medicine. Genetics - Darwin and Mendel - 1900 - 1953 DNA research and science explodes - 1953 - 1976 Modern biotechnology : 1977 Manipulation of genetic information in organism is called as genetic engineering.

2. Types of biotechnology Medical biotechnology Involves the use of living cells to develop technologies for the improvement of human health. Also helps in DNA study to identify the causes of genetic disorders and methods to cure them. Vaccines and antibiotics have been developed with the help of medical biotechnology that is essential for human health. Agricultural biotechnology D ea l s w i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f g e n e ti cal l y m od i f i e d p l a n ts b y introducing the gene of interest in the plant to increase the crop yield. Various pest-resistant crops such as Bt-cotton and Bt-brinjal are created by transferring the genes from Bacillus thuringiensis into the plants. Animals with the most desirable characteristics are bred together to obtain the offspring with the desired traits. Applications of biotechnology Nutrient supplementation Nutrients can be infused into food in situations of aid. e.g., Golden rice is prepared by the infusion of beta-carotene into the rice. Abiotic stress Production of crops that can handle abiotic stress such as cold, drought, salinity, etc. Industrial biotechnology Biotechnology involves the production of alcohol, detergents, cosmetic products, etc. Fibre strength Spider webs have materials with the strongest tensile strength. Genes from the spiders have been picked up through biotechnological techniques and infused in goats to produce silk proteins in their milk. Biofuels Fuels produced using biotechnology tools are environment friendly and do not release any greenhouse gas. Healthcare Biotechnology is applied in the development of pharmaceuticals.

3. Branches of biotechnology Bi o i n f o r m a t ics ( Al s o cal l ed biology ) gold biotechnology/ computational Conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules and then, applying informatics techniques to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules, on a large scale Plays a key role in functional genomics , structural genomics , and proteomics , and forms a key component in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector. Blue biotechnology Based on the exploitation of sea resources to create products and industrial applications. Mostly used for the industries of refining and combustion principally on the production of bio-oils with photosynthetic micro-algae. Green biotechnology Biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. Selection and domestication of plants via micropropagation . s peci f ic D e s ign i ng o f t r a n s g e n ic p l a n t s to g r ow under environments in the presence (or absence) of chemicals. Involves microorganisms to clean and reduce waste. Red biotechnology o U s e of b i o te c hn o l o gy in t h e medical and pharmaceutical industries, and health preservation. of vaccines and antibiotics , regenerative therapies, o f a r t i f i c i a l o r g a n s , ne w d i a g n o s t i cs o f o Pr o d u c t i o n creation diseases, development of hormones , stem cells , antibodies , siRNA and diagnostic tests . White biotechnology (Also known as industrial biotechnology) Biotechnology applied to industrial processes. Designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. Yellow biotechnology Use of biotechnology in food production ( Food industry ). Making wine ( Wine making ), cheese ( Cheese making ), and beer ( Brewing ) by fermentation .

4. Gray biotechnology Dedicated to environmental applications , and focused on the maintenance of biodiversity and the remotion of pollutants . Brown biotechnology Related to the management of arid lands and deserts . Creation of enhanced seeds that resist extreme environmental conditions of arid regions. Violet biotechnology Re l ated to l aw, eth i c a l a n d p hi l o s o ph i c a l i s s u es a r o u n d biotechnology. Dark biotechnology Color associated with bioterrorism or biological weapons and bio warfare which uses microorganisms, and toxins to cause diseases and death in humans, livestock and crops. Agricultural biotechnology To produce genetically modified plant by removing genetic information from an organism. Manipulating it in the lab. Transferring it in to the plant to change certain characteristics. Two objectives of agricultural biotechnology Crop improvement Nutritional value of the crop. 1. Crop improvement Herbicide tolerance, pest resistance, drought tolerance, nitrogen fixing ability, acidity and salinity tolerance, improved colour and quality. 2. Nutritional value of crops Improved nutrition and taste. Healthier cooking oils by decreasing the concentration of saturated fatty acids in vegetable oils. Improving healthier foods. Eg. Golden rice Improved handling qualities. Eg. Delayed ripening in tomato Pharmaceuticals: Developing plants for edible vaccine. Industrial: Plants that produce plastics, fuels and other products. Plants for environmental cleanup.

5. Developing pesticides from naturally occurring micro-organisms and insects. Technologies in plant biotechnology Genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology Tissue culture Molecular breeding: Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) Genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology Manipulation of gene is called genetic engineering or Recombinant DNA technology. Removal of genes from one organism and either Transfer them to another organism. or Put them back in the original with a different combination. Techniques used in genetic engineering Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer Isolate desired trait from DNA of original organism. Insert into Agrobacterium. Target plant is infected Cells that accept DNA are grown into plants with the new trait. Gene gun Coat the DNA of desired trait on tiny particles of tungsten. Fire in to the plant cell. Cells that accept DNA are grown into plants with the desired trait. Tissue culture method Manipulates a cell, anther, pollen grains or other tissues under laboratory condition to become whole living and growing organism. Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) To study DNA sequences to identify genes, QTLs (quantitative trait loci), and other molecular markers and to associate them with organism functions, i.e., gene identification. Identification and inheritance tracing of previously identified DNA fragments through a series of generations. 2.2. Achievements in Agricultural Biotechnology Insect resistance Produces Bt. Gene ( Bacillus thuringiensis ) that contains toxic protein and not harmful to human. Eg. Tomato, brinjal, cotton, corn, tobacco

6. Toxic protein – Cry gene (crystal protein) Cry gene is located to plasmid of B. thuringiensis . Herbicide resistance : Tobacco, maize, soyabean Disease resistance : Virus resistance in papaya, cassava and sweet potato. Temperature tolerance : Papaya tolerant to hot and cold conditions. Other traits : Genetically modified crops for water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, salt tolerance, nutritional or dietary value, improved food processing and storage and elimination of toxins and allergens. Genetically Modified (GM) crops status in the world and India USA have more of GM crops in canola (rape seed), sugar beet, papaya, apple and potato. GM apple: Artic apples are non-browning apple that reduces food waste and brings flavor. India planted Bt. cotton in 2011which results in reduction of insecticide application. Biotechnology institutes Regional office of ICGEB (International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology) at New Delhi (Headquarters at Trieste, Italy established in 1983). ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology (ICAR-NIPB), Lal Bahadhur Shastri Centre at IARI, New Delhi (Elevated in 1993). (Institute was founded in 1985 as the ‘Biotechnology Centre’ of Indian Ag r i c u l t u r a l Re s ea r ch I n s t i t ute ( I A R I ) f or m o l e c ular b i o l o gy a n d biotechnology research in crop plants) National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad (Established in 2010) Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum (Established in April 18, 1994.) Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi (Established in August 25, 2014) Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata (Established in 1935 and renamed in 1982) Ce n t r e f or Cel l ular a nd M o l e c u l ar B i o l o gy ( CC M B ) , Hyd e r abad (Established in April 1, 1977) National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Established in 1923) Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar (Established in 1889)