agricultural drainage

agricultural drainage its types benefits of drainage and components problems of drainage and their solution

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Agricultural
Drainage





Hamood u Rehman
2019-ag-5221
BS (hons) Agriscience
Section (A)
Submitted to: Dr .Usman



University of agriculture Faisalabad

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Sub campus Depalpur Okara

Outlines




1. Drainage

2. Agricultural drainage

3. Drainage types


 Surface drainage
 Subsurface drainage
4. Mole drains

5. Surface water drainage cycle components

6. Components of drainage

7. Benefits of drainage

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Drainage


Drainage refers to the process and practices used to remove excess water from the soil surface and
from the soil profile .Agricultural drainage is a system by which water is drained on or in the soil
to raise agricultural production of crops. It involve any combination of stormwater control, erosion
control, and watertable control.
Agricultural Drainage


Agriculture is one of geographical leading industries with over 300 product. Corn and potatoes
are two leading crops with combined growing area of 4.48 million acres, and a production value
of $1.1 billion for grain corn and $983 million for potatoes in 2017 (USDA-NASS, 2016). As the
world population increase, providing food security at an international scale will require increased
production per acre.







Drainage types

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The two general types of drainage practices are surface and subsurface. Surface drainage is the
removal of extra water from the soil surface. Subsurface drainage is the removal of water from
the soil profile.
Surface drainage

For the purpose of avoiding surface water pounding and controlling runoff without causing
erosion, surface drainage is the cheapest and easiest option in some cases. In this system, excess
water from the soil surface is removed by flowing over the naturally or artificially sloping ground
toward surface inlets, shallow ditches.

Subsurface Drainage

Surface drainage is not sufficient or practical in poorly drained soils where the water is naturally
near the ground surface. In these cases, perforated plastic pipes are buried in the ground to remove
the excess water and lower the water table. This practice is referred to as subsurface drainage. The
material layout is a subset of the parallel layout. A random layout is common in rolled landscapes
where surface drainage provides enough drainage for field operations on most of the field except
in isolated depression areas where removal of water is needed for uniform field operations. In some
cases, surface inlets are connected to the subsurface drainage system in sections of the field where
there is a need for earlier removal of water from the soil surface

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Parallel herringbone random

Mole drains
Mole drains are favorable where clayey soils are present. In some clay soils where surface drainage
is not sufficient and applied subsurface drainage is wasteful, mole drains can be used for short-
term and inexpensive means to drain the excess water from the field. This system is mostly used
in European countries. The major benefits of this system is less cost .the disadvantages of this
system is less duration as such 1-5 years.











Surface water drainage cycle components
To understand subsurface drainage, we need to understand water cycle components at the field
scale. The water cycle components in a field with subsurface drainage are composed of
precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, surface runoff, lateral seepage, deep
percolation, capillary rise, storage and drainage discharge. Precipitation is the primary source of
water for crop use. As precipitation falls on the soil, this water evaporates, infiltrate, percolate,

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deep percolate and some of water is store in the soil .water can rise as capillary action by plants
and evaporate as evapotranspiration but mostly water held in root zone in excess amount and cause
drainage problems. When precipitation rate increase the infiltration capacity of the soil, water starts
to come up on the surface, and with a sloping field, surface runoff will be created. Water in the
soil profile moves toward the ditch through lateral seepage.

Drainage discharge = Precipitation
Evapotranspiration = Surface runoff - Lateral seepage.
Deep percolation = Soil water storage












Components of drainage system
The three main components of drainage systems are as followed:
A field drainage system
this system is used to control the water table and prevent ponding. This component is the most
important part of the drainage system. It is comprised of a network which gathers extra water
from the land. This is manage with the help of field drains.
A main drainage system
this part of drainage system take the water away from the farm land to the outer cannel. The
water comes from the field drainage system, surface runoff and groundwater flower using a main
drain known as a canalized stream. This means there were a manage stream that was adopt to
improve the flow.

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An outlet
this is the drainage water is take out of the area and discharged into another water sources lake,
river, and sea. An outlet either be gravity powered or required a pumping station. If it is gravity
powered, the water levels rise and fall. An outlet required a pumping station if the water level in
a drainage system is lower than the levels of the source water.
Benefits of drainage
There are many benefits of agricultural drainage. The biggest and most important being the
improvement of aeration within soils which results in better yields. This is due to the fact that:
1. The crop roots can go more deeply
2. The choice of types of crops that can be planted is expanded
3. There will be fewer weeds
4. Efficiency in fertilizer use will be improved
5. It can reduced denitrification
6. Grass swards will be better
The other benefits related to land are:
1. Easy access to the land
2. Greater bear capacity in the land
3. The soil has better tilth and workability
4. Tillage operations can take place over a longer period of time
5. A better environment for micro-fauna is created which improves permeability
6. Crops can be grown earlier due to increases in soil temperature
Drainage also makes it possible to inhibit soil salinity