Agricultural poison.pptx

Agricultural poisons and ayurvedic view

1. AGRICULTURAL POISON Dr Anu Mariam Varghese 3 rd MD Scholar Dept . of Agadatantra GAVC, Trivandrum

2. Very common poisoning in Kerala and India Differential diagnosis in clinical set up from common diseases ( gastritis etc.) Emergency management Prophylactic advice for prevention to exposure Medicinal pant cultivation Knowledge about common agricultural poisons Academic interest IMPORTANCE

3. ENDOSULPHAN

4. CLASSIFICATION

5. AGRICULTURAL POISON Virtually harmless Comparatively harmless Mildly toxic Highly toxic

6. INSECTICIDAL

7. ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS chlorinated hydrocarbons

8. Mode of action – CNS stimulant and then depression (nerve impulse) Fatal dose – DDT and Lindane – 15-30 gm; Endrine , diendrine , aldrine – 2.5 gm Fatal period – within hours Absorption – skin, orally, inhalation Fate and excretion – metabolised in liver and excreted in urine and faeces PROPERTIES

9. Signs and Symptoms ACUTE Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea – initially Headache, dizziness, weakness Convulsions, incoordination, paralysis, respiratory failure CHRONIC Usually by inhalation or skin absorption Vague neurological symptoms – anxiety, insomnia, tremor Skin rash

10. Ingested – gastric lavage or emesis or maxsulph purgation Contact poison – removal of clothing and washing of skin Convulsion management – phenobaritone No fats and oils should be given – fat solvents TREATMENT

11. Signs of asphyxia death Kerosene smell Blood stained froth from nose and mouth Internally Stomach content – kerosene smell Lungs – oedema, sub pleural haemorrhage Organs – congested PM APPEARENCE

12. MEDICOLEGAL IMPORTANCE

13. Most common in Indian subcontinent Grain preservative - fumigant Pesticide insecticide rodenticide Brand name – Celphos , Alphos - white tablets Each weighing 3gm & has the capacity to liberate 1gm of phosphine(PH3 ) Fatal dose- 1 to 3 tablets; 1-2 g Fatal period- 1hr to 4 hrs ALUMINIUM PHOSPHIDE

14. Action – inhibits respiratory chain enzymes and cytotoxic action On coming in contact with moisture ALP liberates phosphine Phosphine is a systemic poison & affects all organs of the body Chemical reaction is accelerated by the presence of HCl in the stomach Absorption & excretion- Rapidly absorbed by simple diffusion After ingestion, some ALP is absorbed & metabolized in the liver, wherePH3 is slowly released accounting for its prolonged symptoms Also excreted in unchanged form through lungs

15. S/S Affects GIT – nausea, vomiting CVS – hypotension, shock RS – cough and dyspnoea Renal failure CNS – convulsion, headache PM appearance - garlic like odour, Blood stained froth, congestion TREATMENT Gastric lavage Activated charcoal No specific antidote

16. Action : phosphine inhibits respiratory chain enzymes and has cytotoxic action Signs& symptoms : depend upon the dose and severity of poisoning PM appearences : garlic like odour present at mouth, nostrils, gastric contents Blood stained froth found in mouth & nostrils Internal organs are congested Treatment : gastric lavage, activated charcoal, antacids, liquid paraffin, MgSO 4

17. Steel grey crystalline powder with garlicky or fishy odour. Symptoms similar to Alumminium phoshide , but slow because of slow release of phosphine Used to preserve grain and as rat poison Fatal dose: 5 g Fatal period : 24 hrs ZINC PHOSPHIDE

18. Derivatives of carbonic acids Common brands – Furaxdan ( Carbofuran ), Baygon ( Aprocarbon ) Absorption – all routes Action – anticholinergic and inhibit carboxylic estrase enzyme. S/S – CNS toxicity is limited Dyspnea , Bronchospasm Slow Pulse, Low BP Tremor, Convulsion Death due to respiratory failure CARBAMATES

19. Specific antidote – Atropine Symptomatic management Gastric lavage Artificial respiration with ventilator MLI - Suicidal or Accidental TREATMENT

20. Pyrethrin – chrysanthemum plant ; Pyrethroid – synthetic analogues Low toxic due to rapid metabolism Example – Allethrin Action – prolonged inactivation of sodium channel S/S – oral  nausea, vomiting Inhalation  rhinorrhoea, wheezing and dyspnoea Direct contact  itching, burning sensation, tingling , numbness Treatment  Stomach wash Oils, Fats, Atropine, oximes – should not given PYRETHRINS AND PYRETHROIDS

21. ORGANOCHLORINES They are one variety of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Can be divided into four distinct categories DDT and analogues eg - DDT, methoxychlor Benzene hexa chloride group eg -BHC, gamma- hexa chloro cyclo -hexane( lindane ) Cyclodienes & related compounds- eg-Aldrin , dieldrin , endosulfan , endrin , isobenzan , chlordane Toxaphene compounds

22. PHYSICAL APPEARENCE Available as dusting powders, wet powders, emulsions, granules& solutions. They are insoluble in water but soluble in kerosene& ethyl alcohol Uses Insecticide at home(also in gardens, agricultural fields), used to kill bedbugs, mosquitoes, lice, flies& fleas Gamma benzene hexachloride is used in the treatment of scabies& head lice. It is available as topical ointment, cream or lotion.

23. MODE OF ACTION All the organochlorines can be absorbed trans dermally, orally & by inhalation DDT & analogues affect the sodium channel& sodium conductance across the neuronal membrane especially of the axon They also alter the metabolism of serotonin, norepinephrine & acetylcholine

24. CLINICAL FEATURES ACUTE POISONING : *GIT: nausea, vomiting, hyperaesthesia / paraesthesia of the mouth & face *CNS: head ache, vertigo, myoclonus, rapid& dysrythmic eye movements, mydriasis, agitation, confusion& convulsions * other systems: fever, aspiration pneumonitis, renal failure CHRONIC POISONING : long term exposure to some of these compounds result in cumulative toxicity with manifestations such as weightloss , tremor, weakness, ataxia, oligo spermia and increased tendency to luekemia , aplastic anemia& liver cancer

25. DIAGNOSIS Abdominal X-ray may reveal the presence of certain radiopaque organochlorines Organochlorines can be detected in serum, adipose tissue& urine by gas chromatography

26. TREATMENT Decontamination- same measures as that of organophosphates Seizures should be controlled by benzodiazepines, phenytoin… Cholestyramine- effective in enhancing the feacal excretion of organochlorine compounds. Dose- 16gm/day; mixed with fruit juice& given orally Hyperthermia should be managed aggressively with cooling. Oil based cathartics, adrenaline, atropine are contraindicated

27. POSTMORTEM FINDINGS External findings: Characteristic odour near mouth Discharge of blood stained froth from nose & mouth Cyanosis Dilatation of pupils Internal findings: Stomach- chlorinated or kerosene/turpentine smell of solvent& content, mucosa-congested Visceral organs are congested Froth in the respiratory tract

28. MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS S uicidal– common in rural areas Homicidal– very rare where the smell of kerosene is masked by alcohol Accidental—usually in children, and one who handle the poison

29. ENDRIN Polycyclic, polychlorinated hydrocarbon belongs to the group of cyclodiene insecticides Soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones but not soluble in water Bitter in taste Also called plant penicillin ( because of broad spectrum activity against various pests) Commonly used as sprays or as dusts Fatal dose- 5 to 6gm Fatal period – 1 to several hours

30. CHLORATES Used as weed killer, in match heads & in fire works Sodium salt is more toxic than potassium salt Powerful oxidizing agent and attack all body cells Fatal dose- 20 to 30gm FLUORIDES Fluoride compounds react with acid in the stomach and form hydrofluoric acid which is corrosive Sodium fluoride is used in rat poison & cockroach powders Sodium silicofluoride , fluoroacetamide are used as rodenticides Fatal dose- 5mg/kg body weight

31. PARAQUAT Bipyridylium compound, used as herbicide& weed killer Produced commercially as a brownish concentrated liquid of the dichloride salt in 10 to 30% strength, under the trade name Gramoxane For horticultural use, as brown granules called weedol at about 5% strength Fatal dose-3 to 5 gm DINITRO COMPOUNDS Dinitroorthocresol & dinitrophenol are commonly used weed killers Also used to kill insect & fungi and to preserve wood Fatal dose – 1 to 2 gm

32. Brand name Use Chemical composition Goodnight vapouriser , coil, mortein Mosquitocide Allethrin Rat cakes (Hit cake) Rodenticide Bromadiolone Hit ( Cockroach) Insecticide imiprothrin + cypermethrine ( pyrethroids ) Harpic Toilet cleaner HCl Common household poisons that contain agricultural poisons

33. ENDOSULPHAN THE KASRAGOD STORY

34. ENDOSULPHAN… First introduced by Hoescht , under the trade name ‘ Thiodan ’ in Germany One of the agricultural poisons Neurotoxic, organochlorine insecticide & acaricide It is an endocrine disruptor & highly toxic Effective against a wide range of insects Used as a pre harvest insecticide. Also used on non food crops such as tobacco & cotton

35. Rules while spraying endosulphan Endosulphan should be sprayed at a height of not more than 2-3m above foliage Prior information has to be given to people in that particular area Advice them to keep away from the area of application for about 20 days All water bodies should be kept covered while spraying endosulphan

36. By 1990’s health disorders of very serious nature among the human population came to the limelight Children were found to be the worst affected with congenital anomalies, mental retardation, physical deformities, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, hydrocephalus etc Men and women were also affected with various chronic ailments, many irreversible and difficult to treat. There is a high incidence of disorders of the central nervous system, cancer & reproductive disorders

37. Concepts of GARA VISHA – acute poisoning Concepts OF DOOSHI VISHA – chronic poisoning Concepts of STHAVARA VISHAM – dhatu visham Susruth Samhitha Kalpasthanam – 1 st chapter – Annapana reksha vidhi Ashtanga Hridayam and Ashtanga Sangraham AYURVEDIC VIEW

38. Protective clothing – shield, gloves, respirator, boot cover Washing after use Maximum 2 hour spraying, max 6 successive days, then rest Person with respiratory disease should be avoided Workers should not smoke, chew or drink or eat in spraying area PROPHYLAXIS

39. THANK YOU “A MAN CANNOT BE COMFORTABLE WITHOUT HIS OWN APPROVAL”