Agricultural soil tests and its importance.pptx

Importance and steps in soil testing

1. Elements and Properties of Indian Soils Dr. Sowmya NJ

2. Soil can be distinguished its layers by their colour and the size of their particles. The layers of soil include Topsoil, Subsoil, Parent Rock and Bedrock. Soil also includes Inorganic   Minerals , Organic Matter, Water and Air and Living Matters Microorganisms. Soil

3. Soil formation

4. Characteristics of Agriculture Soil There are several characteristics of soil that determine whether or not they qualify as top-notch agricultural soil.  These factors include:  High Water capacity of holding Water Good Aeration Fertile and soft soil Suitable pH level (alkaline or acid content) Good texture or consistency Rich in   nutrients  ( micro and macro )

5. Essential plant nutrient elements and their primary form utilized by plants.

6. Agricultural soils have several types of microorganisms found in them as part of their ecosystem, like bacteria and fungi. These organisms break down and recycle organic matter that relies on nutrients within the soil and some microorganisms like cyanobacteria carry out nitrogen fixation inside the soil, which facilitates improving the general productiveness of agricultural soil.  The suitability of soil relies upon numerous of its elements including fertility, aeration, texture, etc, and as a result, the kind of soil can vary from loam to sandy and other various types. The education of soil for agriculture is carried out in steps consisting of ploughing , levelling and manuring .  Heavy use of fertilizers or different chemical substances frequently destroys the high-quality of Agriculture Soil.

7. Ploughing Makes soil loose and the  nutrients  deep below the soil. Makes the roots to breathe and easily penetrate the soil. To uprooting of weeds, integration of manure and removal of infectious insects,  pathogens , etc. Manuring Levelling It helps to rejuvenate the  soil  with   nutrients   It helps in the even distribution of nutrients & also in water drainage and distribution. Agriculture Soil: Preparation

8. Soil for construction

9. SOIL SAMPLING and TESTING

10. Why test soils? SOIL TESTING determines the AVAILABILITY of NUTRIENTS which in turn tells us how much FERTILIZER to apply NUTRIENTS can be : DEFICIENT - growth and productivity is affected SUFFICIENT - satisfies plant needs HIGH – plant yields are at the maximum TOXIC – plant yields decline

11. Why test soils? GROWERS can determine nutrient shortages by: VISUAL INSPECTION Symptoms of deficiency SOIL TEST Confirms suspicions as to deficiency TISSUE TESTS Important if seeing deficiency and soil test is negative, may see something soil test missed

12. Appropriate Soil Sample Depth Consistently take samples from the same depth 6 inch sample – P, K, pH, Organic Matter Approximate depth of historical tillage 24 inches – Nitrate, Chloride, Sulfate Mobile nutrients can be taken up from deeper in the soil

13. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Steps in Soil sample collection

14. 10/7/2024 33 Flame photometer, pH meter, Electrical Conductivity meter, U-V Spectrophotometer, STRF meter/Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer(AAS), Kjeldahl Nitrogen digestion and distillation system Computer, Printer, Laminator, Internet connection, A/C (for AAS) Water distillation Unit, TDS meter, COD digester Refrigerator. Turbidity meter, Ion meter Automatic titration unit, Hot air oven and hot plate Digital weighing balance Dissolved oxygen meter Muffle furnace EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT

15. RELEVANCE OF EQUIPMENTS Major Equipment Purpose Soil Water Manure Flame Photometer Sodium and Potassium √ √ √ pH meter pH measure √ √ √ Electric Conductivity meter EC √ √ √ UV -Spectrometer Phosphorous, Sulphur, Boron, Organic Carbon √ √ √ Atomic Absorption Spectrometer Zn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Mg, As, Hg, Cu, Pb, Mn √ √ √ Kjeldahl  Nitrogen √ √ √ PQWT-TC Deep Water Detector To detect water table √ 10/7/2024 34

16. TIME SCHEDULE OF TEST 10/7/2024 35 1.Sample collection 1day 2.Soil air drying 1-2 days 3. Tests on Soil, water and manure 3-4 days 4. Test report/ Soil health card 1day 5.Location of water table 2days Total : 7-8 working days

17. ಲಭ್ಯವಿರುವ ಪೋಷಕಾಂಶ ಕಡಿಮೆ (kg/ha) ಮಧ್ಯಮ (kg/ha) ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನದು (kg/ha) ಸಾರಜನಕ (ಎನ್) <280 280-560 >560 ರಂಜಕ (ಪಿ) <10 10-24.6 >24.6 ಪೊಟ್ಯಾಸಿಯಮ್ (ಕೆ) <108 108-280 >280

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