agriculturalextansionunit-1introductiontoagriculturalextension-150316081052-conversion-gate01 (1).pptx

agriculturalextansionunit

1. Agricultural Extension Unit -1 Introduction to Agricultural Extension B.Sc Agriculture II

2. Extension Education Definition and Concepts: The term extension was first used in the United States of America in the first decade of this century to con notes the extension of knowledge from land grant colleges to the farmers through the process of informal education.  In India, extension work was primarily started by F.L. Brayne (1920) in Punjab the term community development and extension education became more popular with the launching of community development projects in 1952 and with the establishment of the national extension service in 1953, Since then, community Development has been regarded as a programme for all-round development of the rural people and extension education as the means to achieve this objective

3. Definition and Concepts: Extension Education deals with practical items of information which is useful for rural people which solve their daily problems, specially those relations to agricultural production. ( Thorat ) 2. Extension Education is an integral behavioral science which contributes towards the understanding and formulation of methods and procedures for bringing planned change in human behavior. 3. Extension education is education for the betterment of people and for changing their behavior i.e. knowledge, skill and attitude. 4. Extension education is the dissemination of useful research findings and ideas among rural people to bring out desirable changes in their social and cultural behavior.

4. 6. Extension education in an applied behavioral science, the knowledge of which is to be applied for desirable changes in the behavioral complex of the people. 7. Extension is an education and its purpose is to change the attitude and its purpose is to change the attitude and practices of the people with whom the work is done. 8. Extension education is a science which deals with various strategies of change in the behavioral patterns of human beings through technological and scientific innovation for the improvement of their standard of living. 9. Extension is to teach a person how to think, not what to think, and to teach people, to determine accurately their own needs to find solution to their own problems and to help them acquire knowledge and develop convictions in that direction. 10. Extension is an out-of school system of education in which adults and young people learn by doing. It is a partnership between government, the land grant colleges and the people, which provider services and education designed to meet the needs of the people

5. Importance of Extension Education: Extension uses democratic methods in educating the farmers. 2. Extension helps in adoption of innovations. 3. Extension helps in studying and solving the rural problems. 4. Extension increases farm yields and improve the standard of living of farmers. 5. Extension makes good communities better and progressive. 6. Extension contributes to national development programmers. Importance and Scope of Extension Education

6. Scope of Extension Education It includes all activities of rural development. So extension programmers should be dynamic and flexible. The areas indicating scope of Extension are listed below: 1. Increasing efficiency in agricultural production. 2. Increasing efficiency in marketing, distribution and utilization of agricultural inputs and outputs. 3. Conservation, development and use of natural resources. 4. Proper farm and home management. 5. Better family living. 6 . Youth development 7. Leadership development. 8. Community and rural development. 9. Improving public affairs for all round development.

7. Objectives of Extension Education Objectives: To raise the standard of living of the rural people by helping them in right use of their resources. To help in planning and implementing the family and village plans for increasing production in various occupations. 3. To provide facilities for better family living.

8. Specific Objectives 1. To provide knowledge and help for better management of farms and increase income. 2. To encourage the farmers to grow his own food, eat well and live well. 3. To promote better social, natural, recreational, intellectual and spiritual life among the people. 4. To help rural families in better appreciation of SWOT in their village. 5. To open new opportunities for developing talents and leadership of rural people. 6. To build rural citizens who are: i ) Proud of their occupation. ii) Independent in thinking. iii) Constructive in outlook. iv) Capable, efficient and self-reliant in character. v) Having love of home and country in their heart.

9. Principles of Extension Education Principles: A principle is a statement of policy to guide decision and action in a consistent manner (Mathews). A principle is a universal truth that has been observed and found to be truth and a settled rule of action. The principles of extension education are given hereunder: Principle of cultural difference: 1. People differ in thinking, living and culture. 2. Extension education methods should be in line with these differences. 3. It is difficult to recognize non-material culture than material culture. 4. The blue print of extension programme for one area may not suit to other areas. 5. Changes will have to be made in the programmes according to changing situations.

10. 2. Principle of cultural change: 1. Culture undergoes change due to extension. 2. Change occurs otherwise also. 3. Extension Workers should gain the confidence of people. 4. Extension workers should organize result demonstration. 5. After increasing production, the Extension workers should concentrate on marketing. 6. Extension workers have to change to meet the cultural changes among the people. 3. Principle of grass-root organization: Extension workers should pay attention to all the groups’ needs and interests. 2. Imposed innovations have no relevance to groups. 3. People will accept the innovations only when they find those useful. 4. Principle of interests and needs: 1. People and extension workers should work together. 2. Co-operation and help of each other needed for social upliftment .

11. 5. Principle of interests and needs: People should voluntarily participate. 2. Work should start from interests and needs of people. 3. Fulfillment of needs create interests. 4. First concentrate on felt needs and then develop felt needs. 6. Principle of participation: 1. Attachment will not develop by offering ready made things. 2. Participation develops leadership and increases confidence. 3. Involving leaders increases people’s participation. 7. Principle of adaptability in the use of teaching methods: 1. People differ in knowledge and understanding. 2. Method should vary accordingly. 3. Use of more than one method is beneficial. 4. If needed new methods must be devised to meet new situations.

12. 8. Principle of leadership: 1. Extension workers should utilize local leadership for increasing speed of work. 2. Identification, training and encouragement of leaders is necessary. 9. Principle trained specialists: 1. Agricultural and other sciences are developing speedily. 2. Maintaining competency in any of these sciences is a continuous process. 3. Without specialist’s support the extension cannot strive. 4. SMS is responsible to solve the extension workers problems. 5. Subjects Matter Specialist (SMS) is a link between research and application of research. 6. SMS should have broad outlook and be well versed. 10. Principle of satisfaction: 1. The extension programme should give satisfaction to the people. 2. People will not participate if they do not get satisfaction.

13. 11. Principle of whole family approach: 1. Extension work should reach all the family members. 2. Neglecting any member may result in rejection of innovations e.g. Hybrid  maize in U.P. 12. Principle of evaluation: 1. Determining the research results in unbiased way is necessary. 2. Intermittent review of progress is necessary. 3. Corrective measures are needed if the direction is found wrong 4. Behavioural changes should be measured. 5. Evaluation helps in improving the quality of work. 13. Principle of applied Science and Democracy: 1. People have freedom to accept or reject the technology. 2. Applied agricultural Science is a two way process.

14. There is no universally accepted definition of rural development.  The term is used in different ways in vastly divergent contexts.  As a concept, it connotes overall development of rural areas with a view to improve the quality of life rural people.  As a phenomenon, it is the result of various physical, technological, economic, socio-cultural and institutional factors.  As a discipline, it is multi-disciplinary in nature representing an intersection of agricultural, social, behavioural and management of sciences. In short, rural development is a process that aims at improving the standard of living of the people living in the rural areas. Rural development may be defined as overall development of rural areas to improve the quality of life of rural people.  It is an integrated process, which includes social, economical, political and spiritual development of the poorer sections of the society. What is Rural Development

15. Rural development can be defined as, helping rural people set the priorities in their own communities through effective and democratic bodies, by providing the local capacity; investment in basic infrastructure and social services, justice, equity and security, dealing with the injustices of the past and ensuring safety and security of the rural population, especially that of women. According to Robert chambers, rural development is a strategy to enable a specific group of people, poor rural women and men, to gain for themselves, and their children more of what they want and need.  It involves helping the poorest among those who seek a livelihood in the rural areas to demand and control more of the benefits of rural development.  The group includes small scale farmers, tenants and the landless. Thus, the term rural development may be used to imply any one of the above-mentioned connotations.  The avoid ineffective floundering among the myriad definitions, we shall define rural development as A Process leading to sustainable improvement in the quality of life of rural people, specially the poor.

16. Objectives of Rural Development 1. Changes in what people know their knowledge of themselves of their society and of their physical environment. 2. Changes in what people can do their skills, mental and physical. 3. Changes in what people think and feel their attitude towards themselves towards their society and towards their physical environment. 4. Changes in what people actually do their actions related to factors determining their own welfare.

17. As we know the 60-70% of rural population in India lives in primitive conditions.  This sorry state exists even after 60 years of independence.  So that Rural Development programmes have urgency in the present condition also.  There are many obstacles in the rural development programmes which are as under   1. In 21st Century, there is no electricity supply in many villages. 2. Now also many rural peoples using primitive methods of cooking, living and farming and they have trust on these methods. 3. By using primitive cook stoves, around 300,000 death / year takes plan due to pollution. 4. 54% of India’s population is below 25 years and most of them live in rural areas with very little employment opportunities. Problems in Rural Development

18. 5. Literacy is the major problem in rural development programme . 6. The poor extension linkage causes slow growth of rural development. 7. Untrained, unskilled, inexperienced staff in extension linkage cannot provide satisfactory help to rural peoples. 8. Every one want to go to the cities, so that rural people’s remains as ignores part by the policy makers also. 9. Privatization concept is useful for rural development but, government not praying much attention to this aspect. 10. Policy makes prepared policies, programmes for betterment of rural people but, if these programmes are not implemented very well then have no used.

19. Improvement in the quality of life of rural people is the important agenda of rural development programme .  In India – a country where the number of people living in rural areas, rural development programme is necessary aspect. Rural development implies both the economic betterment of people as well as greater social transformation.  The basic objective of all rural development endeavors / programmes has been the welfare of the millions.  In order to achieve this, planned attempts have been made to eliminate poverty, ignorance and inequality of opportunities.  A wide spectrum of programmes has been undertaken so far, to alleviate rural poverty and ensure improved quality of life for the rural population especially those below the poverty line.  Importance of Rural Development

20. In the initial phase of planned rural development, the concentration was on sectors of agriculture industry, communication, education and health.  The Ministry of Rural Development places importance now on health, education, drinking water, housing and road so that the quality of life in rural areas improves and the fruit of economic reform are shared by all sections of the society. With time and experience, it is realized that accelerated and meaningful development can be achieved only if people of the grass root are involved, “people’s participation” has become the keyword in rural development programmes .  The participation of the people is necessary to provide the rural people with better prospects for economic development

21. In 1908, Shri Rabindranath Tagore, under his Scheme of Rural Development work, started Youth Organizations in the villages in the Kaligram Pargana of his Zamindari (West Bengal). He tried to create the field workers who could identify themselves with the people. In 1921, he established a Rural Reconstruction Institute at Shantiniketan , in collaboration with Mr. L.K. Elmhirst . A group of eight villages was the center of the programme . Objectives: 1. To create a real interest in people for rural welfare work. 2. To study rural problems and to translate conclusions into action. 3. To help villagers develop their resources. 4. To improve village sanitation. Shriniketan Attempt

22. Methods to Achieve the Objectives: 1. Creating a spirit of self help. 2. Developing village leadership. 3. Organizing village scouts called “ Brati Balika ”. Activities: 1. Demonstrations on farmers’ fields. 2. Dairy to supply pure milk and animals to farmers or breeding. 3. Poultry farm. 4. Training and organizing the weavers. 5. Training in tanning, pottery, embroidery, tailoring etc. 6. Film shows, meetings, village meals. Short Comings: 1. Too much emphasis on ‘Center’. 2. Confined to limited villages. 3.Tagore’s interest in ‘idea’ catching on.

23. This project was started by Mr. Spencer Hatch, an American Agricultural Expert in Travancore State under the auspices of Y.M.C.A. in 1921. Objectives: To bring about completed upward development towards a more abundant life for rural people spiritually, mentally, physically, socially and economically. Activities: 1. Self help with intimate expert counsel working principles of the centre. 2. Agriculture. 3. Cottage Industries. 4. Community projects. 5. Bee Keeping. 7. Poultry Keeping etc. Marathandam Attempt

24. Strong Points: 1. Special training of staff, their enthusiasm and sincerity was developed. 2. A comprehensive plan. 3. Started with the existing conditions. 4. Low cost. Short Comings: 1. Lack of adequate funds. 2. Lack of Government banking. 3. Lack of continuous contacts with the villagers. 4. Religious standing of the institution.

25. Rural uplift movement on a mass scale was first started by Mr. F.I. Brayne , Dy. Commissioner in the Gurgaon district of Punjab in 1920. The work gathered momentum after 1933 when Mr. Brayne was appointed as Commissioner of Rural Reconstruction in the Punjab. In 1935-36, the Government of India granted Rs. One crore for the work which acted as a stimulus. After that the work was transferred to the Cooperative Department and Better Living Societies were organized to take up this work in the villages. Objectives: 1. To increase agricultural production. 2. To stop wastage of money on social and religious functions. 3. To improve healthy standard of the people. 4. To organize welfare programmes . Gurgaon Experiment

26. Activities: 1. Appointment of village guides. 2. Propaganda through films, folk songs, dramas etc. 3. Rural Economics and domestic Economics Schools. Short Comings: 1. A one man show. 2. Village guides were un-experienced and untrained. 3. No comprehensive planning. 4. No continuity in the work. 5. Limited to few villages. 6. Force not persuasion.

27. Gandhian Constructive Programme / Sewagram :   Self contained and self sufficient village life was the dream of Gandhiji .  He was aware about the grassroots’ problems of India, rural set up and he wanted to solve these problems without intervention of any outside agency.  He wanted to solve these problems by local people and through local resources.  People know Gandhiji not only as a Mahatma or political agitator, but also as a social and economic reformer.  He made people to understand that India lives in villages and that the common man’s upliftment is the upliftment of the country. Regarding development work in the country, he emphasized that the “salvation of India lies in cottage industries.”  They key-words of his economy are: -Decentralized production and equal distribution of wealth Self-sufficiency of Indian villages. For equal distribution of wealth, cruel process of extermination was not followed but throughout the heart of the owners by persuasion and appeal to the better sense of man.

28. According to him self-sufficiency of Indian villages can be achieved by eradicating middlemen, so that the farmer could get the full price for his produce.  He wanted that the tiller should be able to consume his own products like fruits, milk, vegetables etc. Only then will come up the true India. For better of people he formulated an 18 point programme , which includes the promotion of village industries, basic and adult education rural sanitation, uplift of backward tribes, uplift of women, education in public health and hygiene, propagation of natural language, love for the mother tongue, economic equality, organization of kisans , labour and students and so on.

29. He wants to make villagers self-sufficient and also want to develop stamina which is useful against oppression and injustice.  The important institutions, which were organized to foster his ideas were; all India Spinner Association, All India Village Industries Association, Gandhi Ashram at Tiruchungodi , Gandhi Niketan at Kallupatti , Gandhi Gram at Dindigal , Gandhi Sewa Sadan at Porur ( Malawar ), Kasturba Ashram in Trichr , Kerala. Truly speaking, the Gandhian constrictive Programme was became big institutions and simple ideas became philosophies.  His emphasis on Khadi became the Charka movement and then, the All India Khadi a Village Industries Board.  His thought, against untouchability and caste system, resulted in the organization of Harijan Sewak Sangh and many like this.  He created leaders like Vinoba Bhave , Nehru, Jayaprakash Narayan , Mira Ben etc. who came form common stock, but got inspiration from Gandhi.

30. All the people engaged in reconstructive programme felt that their work was needed in a great programme for their country reconstruction.  They were soldier of the Grand Army of the Father of Nation.  They were builders of a new society and torchbearers of new civilization in this country which, due to their efforts, has again been recognized as an important country.