Agriculture-1.pptx

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1. GETh 405 : Agricultural Geography Introduction to Agricultural Geography: Definition and Scope; Methods, Themes and Concepts Agricultural Origin, Development and Diffusion: Plants, Animals and Technology Agricultural System: The Role of Physical, Socio-economic and technological factors: Eco-environmental and biological approaches including perception. Socio-Economic Concepts and Principles: Land, Labour , Capital and Scale of Production; Ownership Tenancy, Farm Size; Intensification, Co-operation and Mechanization; Transportation and Marketing; Processing and Storing; Agricultural Organization: Peasant Farming, Commercial Farming

2. GETh 405 : Agricultural Geography Models in Agriculture : Crop Combination Regions (Weaver Model); theoretical Approach to Agricultural Landuse Patterns: Input-Output Relationships; Agricultural location in relation to market, distance - Function and landuse (Von Thunen ); Decision-Making under risk and Uncertainty (Game Theory Model); including behavioural models- Diffusion concept in agriculture. Agricultural Classification : Regionalization of agricultural patterns, Types and Typology of Agriculture, Agricultural systems of the world ( Whittelesy’s ). Agriculture in Bangladesh: Nature and characteristics, Types, Patterns, Landuse , Crop Diversification, Intensity; Recent Trends, Govt. Policies, Food security and prosperity of Agriculture in Bangladesh.

3. Suggested Readings A. Aliam ,: Agriculture of Bangladesh B.M. Rogers : Diffusion of Innovations D. R. Harris: The Ecology of Agricultural Systems in Trends in Geography, Coke R.V. and Johnson, J. H. ( eds ) D.B.Grigg : Agricultural systems of the world Duckhan :The Fabric of Farming H. F. Gregor : Geography of Agricultures Themes in Research H.H. McCarty: Agricultural Geography" in ( ed ) S.E. Jones and C.F. Jones J. Burton : Types of Agricultural Occapance of floodplains in the United States (Dept. of Geography, University of Chicago) Res. Pap. 75 J. R. Tarrant: Agricultural Geography J.D . Henshall : Models of Agricultural Activity in socio-economic Geography( ed ) R.J. Chorley and Peter Haggett L. D. Stamps: The Land of Britain : Its Use and Misuse L.D. Stamp: Applied Geography M. Chisholm : Geography and Economics T. Hagerstrand : The Propagation of Innovation Waves, Land Studies in Geography, Series-B. Human Geography T. R. Saarieen : Perceptions of the drought Hazard on the Great Plains, Res. Paper 196, Dept. of Geography, University of Chicago W.B. Moefan and R.J.C. Muntan : Agricultural Geography W.C. Found: Theoretical Rural Land Use Madjid , H. : Systematic Agricultural Geography Sing, J and Dhillon : Agricultural Geography Brammer , Hugh : Land Use and Land Use Planning in Bangladesh Brammer , Hugh : Agricultural Development Possibilities in Bangladesh. Hossain , Mosharraf : Agriculture in Bangladesh. Faruquee , Rashid: Bangladesh Agriculture in the 21 st Century. Mandal & Dutta : Crop diversification.

4. Overview of Agricultural Geography

5. What is Agriculture The word “agriculture” comes from the Latin agri ‘field’ and cultura ‘till, care for The expanded definition of Agriculture includes the cultivation of plants and animals . Agriculture is defined as the science, art, and business of cultivating the soil, producing crops and raising livestock . The goal of agriculture is produce sufficient food supplies. In the broadest sense, agriculture comprises the entire range of technologies associated with the production of useful products from plants, and animals through soil cultivation, and crop and livestock management.

6. What is Agriculture Agriculture  as a "branch of economic  geography  has its emphasis on the spatial pattern of  agricultural activities as well as on the nature of relationships between agricultural   activities and biological, economic and cultural elements that influence those activities.

7. What is Agricultural Geography Etymologically Agricultural Geography means the art of cultivation of soil with reference to natural environment and human circumstances in a particular region. Thus Agricultural Geography is concerned with the spatial variations, distribution and location of agricultural activities on the earth’s surface and the factors responsible for them. It is dominated by the interrelationship and effects of both physical and socio-economic factors on spatial farm enterprises and farm operations.

8. Agricultural Geography: Concepts As a sciences of agricultural geography is concerned with the formulation and testing of hypothesis interpretation of spatial distribution and location of various characteristics of agricultural activities and m easurement of geographic relationships Further as a science it seeks to identify, describe and clarify the problems of agriculture against the geographic background

9. Agricultural Geography: Nature Agricultural potentialities of a region determines the human societal condition. The growth of the agricultural production brings economic prosperity through better planned industrial location and developed communication. Without improving the conditions of the people, agricultural land use and industries no progress will occur in regional development and planning. So the subject matter interlinked with the all kind of spatial and economic aspects of agricultural activities.

10. Agricultural Geography : Scope of the subject Regional agricultural analysis Food and commercial crops Agricultural problems and planning The ownership of agricultural land Agroclimatology Classification of agricultural region Land conservation Crop combination Crop diversification Crop concentration Agricultural productivity and efficiency Levels of agricultural development Supply of food in relation to population

11. Agricultural Geography : Aims and objectives To know the different kinds of agricultural systems are distributed over a region and how they function with spatial arrangement To understand how particular types of agriculture have developed in a particular area and how they are similar or dissimilar to farming in other areas To analyze different systems of farming and their operations and also to know the changes that they undergo To highlight the volume and direction of the changes in agriculture of region To define the crop regions with reference to crop production and combination or the system of agricultural enterprise

12. Agricultural Geography: Aims and objectives (Co nt’d) To measure and examine the causes for the levels or agricultural development and disparities To identify weaker areas of agricultural productivity and efficiency To delimit the areas of agricultural stagnation, transition and dynamisms

13. Agricultural Geography: T heme One of the biggest established themes in agricultural geography is the study and analysis of agricultural region

14. Geographer’s Perspective of World Agriculture Geographers are interested in the patterns and distribution of agriculture in the world today. What are the patterns of agriculture worldwide? Why are agricultural areas distributed in the manner that they are?

15. Location, Location, Location… Geography People Places Time Agriculture Food Land People Does a continent latitude or longitude matter? Source: Guns , Germs, & Steel : Jared Diamond

16. Topography and climate Does Geography determine where civilizations begin?

17. Topography and Soils Can soil types predict where civilizations thrive? Do you know about the soils in the various colors?

18. Geography: Food, Land & People Different culture, religions, traditions based on food and land.

19. What does the average family around the world consume and spend for food for one week? Source: “Hungry Planet” - Peter Menzel Geography: Food, Land & People

20. Country Weekly Total, US $ Number of People Per Person % of USA Chad 1.23 6 $0.21 0.4% Bhutan 5.03 13 $0.39 1.5% Ecuador 31.55 9 $3.51 9.2% Egypt 68.53 12 $5.71 20.0% Poland 151.27 5 $30.25 44.2% Mexico 189.09 5 $37.82 55.3% Italy 260.11 5 $52.02 76.1% USA 341.98 4 $85.50 100.0% Germany 500.07 4 $125.02 146.2% Cultural Comparisons

21. Another way to look at it!

22. Geography and Agriculture… How will we feed a hungry planet? www.agclassroom.org/ut

23. World Land Area for Agriculture 27 % too cold 27 % too dry 36 % too mountainous 2 % too swampy 8 % juuuuuuust right! To feed over 7 BILLION PEOPLE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

24. Focused area of Agricultural Geography Agricultural Geography addresses bio-physical determinants of agricultural patterns and productivity ; socio- cultural and economic determinants of agricultural patterns and productivity ; agricultural activities and spatial organization; agricultural decision making analysis; agricultural technological changes; agriculture and economic development ; global emerging issues in agriculture from spatial and temporal perspectives.

25. Factors of Influencing Agricultural Production Physical Factors Location (latitude and altitude) Sun ( temperature, evaporation rates ) Land/Soil (fertility) W ater (precipitation & rivers) Climate/season Cultural Factors Population Distribution Diet of population-calorie supply, protein, health Living Material-clothes, houses Cultural Tradition-nomadic, sedentary/rain dances Economics-cash crops with greatest profit ie . viticulture Government/Political Policies-Argentina wheat, Japan rice

26. Agricultural Trends Over years, cultivation methods have changed significantly depending upon the characteristics of physical environment, technological know-how and socio- cultural practises . Hand Labor - Mechanization Small Plots - Large corporately - owned holdings No fertilizers - natural fertilizers - chemical fertilizers Natural Seed Production - Hybrid Seeds Farm to family - Farm to processing to supermarkets Nature controlled water - man controlled water