Agriculture Grade 12 unit three ST (1).pptx

This document briefly describe about several types of crops

1. Unit 3 Root and Tuber crops production and management.

2. Contents 3.1. Definition of terms 3.2. Classification of root and tuber crops 3.3.Importance of root and tuber crops 3.4.Prospects of root and tuber crops production in Ethiopia 3.5. Problems of root and tuber crops production in Ethiopia 3.6.Root and tuber crops managements and protection 3.7.Harvesting and post-harvest handling of root and tuber crops

3. Learning Outcomes At the end of this unit, the students will be able to: define common terms used in the unit. classify root and tuber crops. explain the importance of root and tubers crops. elaborate factors considered during harvesting and post- harvest handling of root and tuber crops production. analyze different management and protection methods used in the production of root and tuber crops. assess the constraints in the production of root and tuber crops production in Ethiopia and suggest solutions to increase productivity. describe the production and management practices of root and tuber crops. describe some of the root and tuber crops in their school and/or home garden.

4. 3.1. Definition of common terms objective of the lesson: At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to: define roots, tubers, roots, and tuber crops Root: Root is a compact, often enlarged storage organ with hairy stems that develops from root tissue . Tuber: Tuber is an enlarged storage organ that develops from elongated stem tissue, or rhizome. Root crop: Root crop is a crop grown for its enlarged and edible roots. E.g. beet roots, carrot, parsnip , cassava

5.   Parsnip The  Parsnip  ( Pastinaca sativa) is a root vegetable closely related to carrot and parsley, all belonging to the flowering plant family Apiaceae .

6. Cassava  is a major staple food in the developing world, providing a basic diet for over half a billion people. ... It is one of the most drought-tolerant crops

7. Tuber crops   Tuber crops are crops with swollen underground stems and roots. Potatoes, sweet potatoes and yams , are edible tuber crops. Yams

8. Rhizomes and roots are both found underground, rhizomes are stems that grow horizontally. including ginger, calatheas , poplar trees , and bamboo.

9. T he Calathea plant is a popular plant used for indoor office decoration purposes. It is often used in homes and businesses as well. It is a type of plant that prefers indirect lighting, which means makes it perfect for indoor usage and office buildings.

10. Poplar trees: are a fast-growing tree, making them a useful component for forestry, especially since it's humidity tolerant. Roots and Tubers Roots and tubers are plants with edible modified roots. The modified roots consist of the tuberous and fleshy roots. A tuberous root is a thickened secondary root as seen in Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and cassava (Manihot esculenta). A fleshy root is usually an enlarged primary root, as in carrot (Daucus carota), and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris).

11.  A sugar beet is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of sucrose and which is grown commercially for sugar production. Root and tuber crops produce large quantities of energy, in comparison with cereals.

12. 3.2. Classification of root and tuber crops objective of the lesson: at the end of this lesson the students will be able to: classify root and tuber crops

13. Food and agriculture organization (FAO) classifies roots and tuber crops based on their use in to seven primary crops . These are: 1. POTATOES  (Irish potato): Solanum tuberosum A seasonal crop grown mainly in temperate zones all over the world, but primarily in northern hemisphere. 2. SWEET POTATOES : Ipomoea batatas A seasonal crop grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions. 3. CASSAVA  (manioc, mandioca, yuca): Manihot esculenta, utilissima and dulcis A semi-permanent crop grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions.

14. 4. YAUTIA  ("Chou caraibes"): Xanthosoma Grown mainly in the Caribbean and used for food. 5. TARO  :Colocasia esculenta Taro is grown throughout the tropics for food. 6. YAM : Dioscorea Grown throughout the tropics for food. 7. OTHER ROOTS AND TUBERS

15. Five of the above crops are significant in Africa in terms of production and consumption by the populations in the continent: Irish potatoes, Sweet potatoes, Cassava, Taro and Yam . Yam:

16.  The major indigenous root and tuber crops find in Ethiopia include: enset, Ethiopian potato, and yams. The exotic species include taro, cassava, potato, and sweet potato. 1.Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum): - Potato is a seasonal crop grown in temperate zones all over the world including Ethiopia, but primarily in the northern hemisphere. - It is currently the fourth most important food crop in the world after maize, wheat, and rice.

17. - It provides significant amounts of carbohydrates, potassium, and vitamin C in the diet.

18. 2.Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) : - Sweet potato is a seasonal crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions. - The origin of sweet potato is Central America, but at present it is widely grown in many tropical and subtropical countries in different ecological regions. - Sweet potato can be grown all around the year under suitable climatic conditions; thus it is considered as an “insurance crop” and is typical food security crop. sweet potetoes are reach in deitery fiber, minirals and vitamins.

19. Figure3.4. Sweet potato

20. 3. Cassava (Manihot esculenta): - Cassava is grown in tropical and subtropical regions. - It is one of the world’s most important food crops, with annual global production at approximately 276 million metric tons (MT) in 2013. - It is most widely produced in Nigeria (accounting for ~19% of the total), Thailand (~11%), Indonesia (~9%), Brazil (~8%) and Democratic Republic of Congo (~6%).

21.  Cassava can be converted into a large number of products ranging from traditional and novel food products, livestock feeds to ethanol, starch and numerous other products.

22. 4 .Cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta): Cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) is a starchy root vegetables that is commonly used in South American, African, and Caribbean. It has a rough, hairy outer skin, with a crisp, white or pink flesh. Once prepared, yautia (Cocoyam)’s earthy flavor can be likened to that of a nut, versus the mild flavor of a potato or yam. Yautia is nutrient-dense, low in fat, and contains fiber. Yautia also provides vitamin C, riboflavin, thiamine, and iron.

23. 5. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) Taro, (Colocasia esculenta), also called eddo or dasheen, is an herbaceous plant of the arum family (Araceae) and its edible root like corm. Taro is probably native to south eastern Asia where it spread to Pacific islands and became a staple crop. It is cultivated for its large, starchy, spherical corms (underground stems), commonly known as “taro root,” which are consumed as a cooked vegetable,

24. Figure 3.7. Taro (Colocasia esculenta)

25. 6 .Yams (Dioscorea sp.) : The principal edible yams are widely grown throughout the tropics. Starchy staple foodstuff, normally eaten as a vegetable, boiled, baked or fried. In West Africa they are consumed mainly as “fufu”, stiff glutinous dough.

26. 3.3. Importance of root and tuber crops production objective of the lesson: at the end of this lesson the students will be able to : list the importance of roots and tuber crops in Ethiopia

27. Roots and tuber crops play significant roles for food and nutritional security of farmers and other parts of communities. Root crops in general, and sweet potato in particular, are drought resistant and serve as security food crops in drought-prone areas of the country. Root and tuber crops enabled farmers to get additional income which helped them to improve their livelihoods. They are also used for animal feed and raw materials for various industrial applications.

28. 3.4. Prospect of root and tuber crops production in Ethiopia objective of the lesson: describe prospects of roots and tuber crops production in Ethiopia

29. prospects of roots and tubers production in Ethiopia includes the following: the huge number of the labor force, Water resource And proximity to the Middle East and other African countries to sheep products within a short period of time. A great variety of climate and soil type that can grow diverse horticultural crops.

30. 3.5. Problems of root and tuber crops production in Ethiopia objectives of the lesson at the end of this lesson the students will be able to: list problems of root and tuber crops production in Ethiopia.

31. the major problems of root and tuber crops production in Ethiopia includes: 1. poor access to improved seed and pesticide, 2. weed, diseases and pest problems, 3. Policy related problem 4. Socioeconomic problems 5. Technical Constraints 6. Unforeseen climatic conditions.

32. 1. Poor access of important inputs include the following: lack of wide adaptive and improved varieties, shortage of quality planting material, Lacks of pesticides, weak extension systems delays in distributing the important inputs Weak Technology transfer system to successfully promote the improved varieties to farmers

33. 2. Disease and pest problems Diseases and insect pest problem are another major constraint in production of root and tuber sector. Major insect pests of root crop in Ethiopia include aphids , tuber moths, leaf miners, green mite, beetle, butterfly, hornworm and weevil. Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea . Common names include greenfly and blackfly , although individuals within a species can vary widely in color .

34. Aphids

35.  Phthorimaea operculella , also known as the  potato tuber moth  or tobacco splitworm, is a moth of the family  Gelechiidae . It is an  oligophagous  insect that feeds on the plant family  Solanaceae  and is especially known for being a major pest of potato crops.

36. potato tuber moth/ Phthorimaea operculella

37.  Pests such as weevil and butterfly on sweet potato, tuber moth on potato and green mite and red spider mite on cassava greatly hampered the productivity of these crops. Major diseases of root and tuber crops in Ethiopia include late blight, virus and bacterial wilt. Late blight constitutes the most serious threat to increased potato production.

38. 3. Policy related problems The policy of Ethiopia did not give attention for these crops rather the policy so far has focused mainly on cereals. As a result of that there was the problem in providing improved seed, chemical fertilizers, and extension services for small-scale and resource-poor farmers

39. 4. Socioeconomic problems Compared to other food crops, production of root and tuber crops is capital- intensive , so that it requires the purchase of large quantities of bulky seed and the application of high cost inputs such as pesticides. to do so the farmers face the following problems: lack of money to purchase, weak and limited access to markets, lack of storage, and processing facilities, lack of information services, logistics for distribution of agricultural products, problem on transportation access and post-harvest handling.

40. 4. Technical Constraints The technical constraints includes the following: bulkiness of the crop, low multiplication rates, phytosanitary restrictions and dry matter content/yields of the crops.

41. 3.6. Root and tuber crops managements and Protection objective of the lesson at the end of this lesson the students will be able to:  explain different managements and protection methods of roots and tuber crops

42. Roots and tuber crops have to be managed effectively to ensure the sustainability in production. the following should be considered for successful production and managment: 1. Land preparation: Land should be prepared in line with the requirement of each root and tuber crops. 2. Irrigation procedures has to be followed carefully: The suitability of the irrigation water in terms of total dissolved salts, heavy metals , and microbial load and pH value for vegetable crop production should be evaluated.

43. 3. Protection of post-harvest: The main causes of loss are associated with mechanical damage, physiological condition (maturity, respiration, water loss, sprouting), diseases and pests. To ensure effective storage of root and tuber crops, these major causative factors need to be properly controlled. Protecting Mechanical Damage: Root and tuber crops need to be handled gently to minimize bruising and breaking of the skin.

44. 4. Proper packaging and handling Packaging is to protect the produce from damage during handling, transport and storage and to provide containers of uniform size that are conveniently stacked and handled, easily accounted for in quantity and, where appropriate, in weight. 5. Temperature: is important factor affecting the rate of respiration; it also influences the rate of sprout growth, the development of rotting micro-organisms and insect infestation.

45. 6. Preventing pests: Choose the appropriate pest management options and implement it properly Use the Integrated pest management methods such as: Cultural control methods (such as crop rotation; weed control and sanitation; use of resistant or tolerant varieties; host eradication. Mechanical & physical control methods (use of trap; handpicking; tillage and mulching; seed and or seedling treatment Biological controls : This involves the use of living organisms to control pests such as insects,

46. 3.7. Harvesting and post-harvest handling of root and tuber crops objective of the lesson at the end of this lesson the students will be able to: explain factors considered during harvesting and post-harvest handling of roots and tuber crops production.

47. some physical, chemical and physiological processes are continuing in the storage unless they are properly handled. Such processes lead to postharvest losses. To reduce these losses, the causative factors need to be properly understood and managed. the losses of roots and tubers are caused primarily by physiological disorders including loss of moisture and microbial spoilages.

48. Review Exercise Part I. Write true if the statement is correct or false if it is incorrect. 1.Tuber is a compact, often enlarged storage organ with hairy stems that develops from root tissue. 2.Root crop is a crop grown for its enlarged and edible seeds. 3.Beet roots and cassava are tuber crops.

49. Part II. Choose the correct answer 1.Which one of the following is the major problem of root and tuber crops production? A. Poor access for important inputs B. Policy related problem C. Socio-economic problems D. disease and pets) E. all

50. 2.One of the following is the disease and pest that affect root and tuber crops? A. Aphids B. tuber moths C. leaf miners and green mite D. beetle, butterfly, hornworm and weevil E. all

51. 3.Why different protection mechanisms are required for roots and tuber crops A. losses that occur during storage B. to prevent diseases and pests C. to prevent from spoilage D. all

52. Part III. Give short answers 4. Name different types of roots and tuber crops 5. Write similarities and difference between roots and tuber crops 6. Explain the importance of root and tuber crops production in Ethiopia 7. Describe the problems associated with root and tuber crops production in Ethiopia

53. 8. What are different managements and protection methods of root and tuber 9. What factors considered during harvesting and post-harvest handling of root and tuber crops production

54. definition and explanation of important terms heavy metals: Heavy metals are defined as metallic elements that have a relatively high density compared to water . With the assumption that heaviness and toxicity are inter-related, heavy metals also include metalloids, such as arsenic, that are able to induce toxicity at low level of exposure. Mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic have been the most common heavy metals that induced human poisonings. Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers. The criteria used, and whether metalloids are included,

55. Sources of heavy metals include mining, industrial production (foundries, smelters, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, pesticide production, chemical industry), untreated sewage sludge and diffuse sources such as metal piping, traffic and combustion by-products from coal-burning power stations. Heavy metals disrupt metabolic functions in two ways: They accumulate and thereby disrupt function in vital organs and glands such as the heart, brain, kidneys, bone, liver, etc. They displace the vital nutritional minerals from their original place, thereby, hindering their biological function.