AGRICULTURE INTRODUCTION REVIEWER 00.pdf

Introduces Agriculture

1. AGRI. ELECTIVE
First Quarter


Introduction to Agriculture
What is Agriculture?
-​Derived from the Latin words ager (land) and
cultura (cultivation)
-​“Cultivation of Land”
-​It is a science, art, and business of producing
crops and livestock for economic purposes
-​Merriam-Webster Dictionary: “Agriculture is
the science, art, or practice of cultivating the
soil, producing crops, and raising livestock, and
in varying degrees the preparation and
marketing of the resulting products”.
-​Three aspects of Agriculture: Art,
Science, and Business
-​As an Art: Embraces knowledge of the
way to operate skillfully
-​Two types of Skills:
-​Physical Skill -
ability and capacity
to carry out the
operation in an
efficient way
-​Mental Skill - able to
make a decision
based on experience.
-​As Science - utilizes all modern
technologies developed on scientific
principles to maximize yield and profit
-​As a Business - to produce food and
raw materials to satisfy demands
-​Also, a way for farmers to
profit from sustaining and
maintaining production
-​Agriculture helps meet the basic needs of
humans and their civilization.
-​It is a productive unit where the gifts of nature
are integrated into a single primary unit
indispensable for human beings
-​Satisfactory agricultural production brings
peace, prosperity, harmony, health, and wealth
to individuals of a nation.
-​Agriculture is considered the mother of all
industries and the maintainer of human life.

History of Agriculture
-​Before agriculture, humans led a nomadic life.
-​Neolithic period - discovery of Agriculture or
the discovery of farming, called the Agricultural
Revolution
-​It was a slow revolution (200-400
years to complete it)
-​The agricultural revolution’s adoption
led to revolutionary changes in the long
run
-​Key points in the history of agriculture:
1.​People settled down permanently
2.​The force behind the concept of “mine
vs. thine” – private ownership of land
3.​Systematized regulation
4.​Specialization of labor
5.​Enlarged public role of women
-​First Agricultural Societies
-​Researchers believe that agriculture
emerged in the Near East and spread
gradually to Asia and Africa
-​Diffusion Theory - knowledge of new
techniques through human contact

-​Four sites where Agriculture
developed:
1.​Near East - Fertile Crescent
2.​Far East - In the valleys of the
Yellow and Yangtze rivers in
China
3.​Central America - Highlands
of Mexico and Peru
4.​West Africa

Division of Agriculture
1.​Crop Science - deals with the production of
economically important plant species or crops
a.​Crop Production - focuses on
enhancing the efficiency of producing
crops and their economically important
parts
i.​Agronomy - focuses on field
crops that are annual by
nature
ii.​Horticulture - focuses on the
production of high-value crops
1.​Pomology - study of
fruits
2.​Olericulture - study
of vegetables
3.​Floriculture - the
study of flowers and
ornamental plants
iii.​Plant Breeding - focuses on
the improvement of crops
utilizing genetic information
and combining traditional and
modern techniques
b.​Crop Protection - focusing on ensuring
the health of the crop being grown and
the management of pests
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2. i.​Plant Pathology - focuses on
microscopic species that can
cause diseases in plants
ii.​Agricultural Entomology -
focuses on insects that are
important in agricultural
activities
iii.​Weed Sciences - focuses on
the management of
plant-to-plant competition
-​Weed - any plant
that has no purpose
2.​Animal Science - the field of agriculture that
deals with the domestication of important
species
a.​Livestock Production - focuses on the
mammal species
b.​Poultry Production - focuses on the
bird species
c.​Raising of other emerging important
species - added due to the growing
demand of the industry for
fast-producing animals
3.​Agribusiness and Management - has the
purpose of placing commerce into agriculture
a.​Agribusiness - focuses on the business
model utilized in agriculture
b.​Agricultural Economics - deals with
the interplay of demand and supply of
agricultural goods and their effect on
economics
c.​Agricultural Entrepreneurship -
nurtures the innovative spirit of
agricultural business, which emerged
out of need, creativity, and betterment
-​Often supplies products that
are new and innovative
4.​Agricultural Extension - results of research in
agriculture need to be relayed to farmers and
communities
a.​Agricultural Education - focuses on
teaching agriculture in a formal
classroom set-up
b.​Agricultural Extension and
Development - focuses on teaching
new technology and knowledge to
farmers
c.​Development Communication - the
field of communication adopted in
agriculture to facilitate social change
5.​Aquaculture - focuses on the production
processes and practices of different important
species that thrive in bodies of water
6.​Soil Science - the branch of agriculture that
deals with the processes concerning the soil to
maintain or enhance its productivity
7.​Agricultural Engineering - focuses on applying
engineering principles in agriculture

Technological Advancements that Shaped Agriculture
1.​Animal Immunization
-​Louis Pasteur developed a vaccination
to protect animals from certain
diseases
-​Vaccines are essential in livestock
production
-​They protect livelihoods and
eradicate diseases
-​Help prevent antimicrobial
resistance (AMR)
-​Promote healthier people
2.​Canning and Refrigeration
-​Placing food in glass bottles and
heating them was introduced by
Nicholas Appert, a Parisian chef
-​Englishmen built on his
process and came up with
tin-coated cans, thereby
giving the name “canning”
-​During the 1880s, mechanical
refrigeration was introduced and used
in slaughterhouses where meat was
stored.
3.​Agricultural Mechanization
-​During the Industrial Revolution,
machines that made other machines
were invented, and this further fueled
the momentum in agricultural
mechanization
-​One of the greatest contributions of the
Industrial Revolution is the internal
combustion engine
4.​Pesticides
-​Traditionally, farmers used a lot of
methods to protect their crops from
pests and diseases
-​Now, the majority of our farmers are
heavily dependent on chemicals for
crop protection activities
5.​Genetics and Hybridization
6.​Artificial Insemination (AI) and Embryo
Transfer
7.​Sex Reversal
-​Dr. Rafael D. Guerrero, a Filipino
Scientist, studied sex reversal in tilapia
and was able to develop a feed
formulation
8.​The use of ICT
9.​Biotechnology

Present Trends in Agriculture
-​Organic Agriculture is a holistic production
management system that promotes and
enhances agro-ecosystem health, including
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3. biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological
activity
-​The IFOAM General Assembly clarifies
that organic agriculture combines
tradition, innovation, and science to
benefit the shared environment and
promote fair relationships and good
quality of life for all involved
-​In the Philippines, organic agriculture is
governed by RA No. 10068, known as
“The Organic Agriculture Act of 2010.”
-​Four Principles of Organic
Agriculture
1.​Principle of Care - Use the
right tools and ways of
farming that protect nature
and help both the land and
farming work well together
2.​Principle of Ecology - Take
care of natural resources like
water, soil, and energy so they
don't run out.
3.​Principle of Health - Grow
food that’s safer and healthier
for people, with fewer harmful
chemicals.
4.​Principle of Fairness - Treat
people, animals, and the
environment fairly and with
respect, so life can continue
and grow.
Organic Agriculture
-​Gives the criteria what makes a produce organic
-​Includes all agricultural systems that:
1.​Promote ecologically sound, socially
acceptable, economically viable, and
technically feasible production of food
and fibers
2.​Dramatically reduce external inputs
3.​Covers soil fertility management with
synthetic chemicals and pesticides
4.​Enhance productivity without
destroying the soil.
5.​The use of biotechnology and other
cultural practices are consistent with
the principles and policies of this act
●​Organic Agriculture - a production system that
sustains the health of soils, ecosystems, and
people
○​Relies on ecological processes,
biodiversity, and cycles adapted to
local conditions
○​Combines tradition, innovation, and
science
○​Promote fair relationships and a good
quality of life for all included
Legal Basis
●​RA 10068 - “Organic Agriculture Act of 2010”
○​Signed into law on Apr 6 2010
●​RA 11511 - Amended RA 10068 on Dec 23 2020
Differences between CA vs OA
●​Crop Production Systems
○​Organic Agriculture - Promotes soil
health and diversified cropping to
maximize land use. Organic crop
production avoids the use of synthetic
fertilizers, pesticides, and GMOs.
○​Conventional Agriculture - Promotes
monocropping for easier management,
which often leads to pest attack. Mainly
uses synthetic fertilizers and
pesticides.
●​Sustainability of the System
○​Organic Agriculture - over the long
term
○​Conventional Agriculture - leads to
acidification, compaction, and
degradation of soils
●​Market Price
○​Organic Agriculture - premium price
due to high consumer demand
○​Conventional Agriculture - does not
have premium market prices
●​Cost of Production
○​Organic Agriculture - Low input cost,
but may initially require high labor cost
○​Conventional Agriculture - high input
cost
●​Primary purpose of Farming
○​Organic Agriculture - profit comes
secondary
○​Conventional Agriculture - aims to
gain maximum profits
●​Certification of Products
○​Organic Agriculture - Required
○​Conventional Agriculture - Not
required
Advantages and disadvantages





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4. Dynamics in Agriculture
-​Agricultural development = highly affected by
external conditions (natural environment,
socioeconomic, and political factors)


Limiting Conditions in Agriculture
1.​Biological
2.​Physical and Spatial Conditions
a.​Land Quantity - amount of land for
agriculture
b.​Land Quality - soil quality and spatial
configuration of farmed areas
c.​Water Quantity
d.​Water Quality
3.​Access to inputs and services

Improving the Limiting Conditions in Agriculture
1.​Biological
-​Manipulating the nature of crops and
animals
-​Improving the production environment
2.​Land Quantity - Land reclamation
3.​Land Quality - Improving soil structure and
fertility
4.​Water Quantity
-​Drainage (water surplus)
-​Irrigation (shortage)
5.​Water Quality - water purification and
management
6.​Access to Inputs and Services
-​Improving rural infrastructure
-​Distribution of agricultural inputs
-​Forming cooperatives
-​Subsidizing agricultural investments
-​Funding agricultural research, among
others

Identification and Classification of Crop
Two Main Classifications:
a.​Botanical System of Classification
-​Classifies crops or plants using seven
categories
-​Kingdom, Division, Class,
Order, Family, Species, and
Variety
b.​Functional Systems (Agronomic and
Horticultural)
i.​Agronomic Crops or Field Crops
1.​Cereals or grain crops - crops
of the grass family that are
used as staples
2.​Grain legumes or pulses -
crops of the Leguminoseae
family, which are consumed in
the dry seed form
3.​Fiber crops - sources of fibers
4.​Roots and Tuber crops - rich
sources of carbohydrates
5.​Forage legume and grasses -
for animal fodder
6.​Crops for Industrial
Processing - species of
economic value
★​Special Purpose
classification of Field Crops:
○​Soiling crop or ero
grazing - these a cut
green and are fed to
livestock
○​Cover crops - grown
to maintain a plant
cover on the land to
prevent soil erosion
and leaching
■​Serve as a
green
manure
crop
○​Catch/Emergency
crops - crops planted
on land where other
crops have failed
○​Silage - forage that
has been preserved
in a sufficient
condition by partial
fermentation
○​Green manure – a
crop grown and
plowed under to
improve soil
ii.​Horticultural crops
1.​Pomological or Fruit crops
a.​Tree fruits - fruits
borne on trees
b.​Nut fruit - borne on
trees that are
enclosed by a stony
structure
c.​Small fruits - fruit
borne in herbaceous
plants
2.​Vegetables - classified based
on similarities in the method
of culture
a.​Leafy - grown for
their leaves
b.​Cole
crops/Crucifers -
Cruciferae family
c.​Root, tuber, and
bulb crops - crops
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5. with swollen
underground stems
or roots
d.​Legume -
Leguminoseae family
e.​Solanaceous -
Solanaceae family or
Nightshade family
f.​Cucurbits -
Cucurbitaceae family
g.​Okra - Malvaceae
family
h.​Sweet Corn
3.​Ornametals - classified
according to their special
uses. Based on the specific
plant part aesthetically valued
a.​Cut flower/Florist
crops - grown for
their flowers
b.​Cut Foliage/Foliage
Greens - leaves
provide background
in floral
arrangements
c.​Pot plants - plants
grown in containers,
usually for display
purposes
d.​Foliage plants -
grown for their
attractive foliage
e.​Turf - grasses used
for lawns or green,
which fall under
landscape plants
4.​Plantation Crops - classified
according to their useful
components
a.​Oil crops - grown for
oil content
b.​Fiber crops - sources
for fibers
c.​Beverage crops -
used for brewing
non-alcoholic drinks
d.​Spices - utilized for
flavoring and
condiments
e.​Aromatic/Essential
Oils
f.​Latex/Resins - have
products off the sap
tapped or orbatined
from the bark
g.​Medicinal/Biocidal -
sources of
pharmaceutical and
insecticidal
compounds

Composting
What is Compost?
●​Compost - a rich, friable, and soil-like material
made from farm wastes, crop residues, glass
clippings, green manure crops, fallen leaves,
vegetables, kitchen refuse, animal manures, and
other decomposable materials.
●​Composting - the process of breaking down
organic materials to produce a biologically
stable product that can act as a slow-release
source of plant-available nutrients
-​It improves soil quality by acting as a soil
conditioner, and it is environmentally friendly
Why is the Compost Process Needed?
-​Some organic materials emit organic acids or
phenols, which are harmful to crops
-​Too much raw organic material = organisms
compete with the crop for nitrogen
-​Rapid decomposition of organic
material by organisms in the soil needs
more nitrogen
-​The composting process breaks down harmful
substances to crops on easy-to-decompose
organic materials
Benefits of Using Compost
●​Compost (or humus) is used as a soil
amendment
1.​Improves the soil fertility, soil tilth, and soil
structure
-​Increased the soil’s ability to hold water
and nutrient retention
-​Make the soil a more favorable medium
for the development of the root
systems of growing plants
2.​Supplies nutrients for crops
-​Compost contains macro and
micronutrients
-​Can supplement inorganic fertilizers
-​It acts as a slow-release fertilizer
3.​Supports living soil organisms
-​Increases the population of soil
organisms that are responsible for
breaking down complex organic
materials
4.​Improves the buffer capacity of the soil
-​Increase the buffering action of soil
against acidity or alkalinity by having
higher amounts of organic matter
-​Soil with high organic matter = high
buffer action
5.​May provide biological control to certain soil
pests and diseases
-​Proper application of compost may
control pests and diseases in plants
-​
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6. Advantages and Limitations of Compost
●​Chemical Fertilizer
○​Advantages:
1.​Specified nutrient
composition
2.​High content of nutrients
3.​Contains guaranteed nutrient
content analysis
4.​Nutrients are readily available
5.​A variety of formulations can
be obtained
6.​Easy to handle
○​Limitations
1.​Expensive, increases the cost
of production
2.​Fertilizer burn - happens
when fertilizer placement is
not suitable
●​Chemical Organic Fertilizer
○​Advantages:
1.​Slow release of nutrients
2.​Commercially available and
convenient to transport
3.​Provides humus
4.​No danger of fertilizer burn
○​Limitation:
1.​Nutrient composition varies
and is difficult to control
2.​Lower content of nutrients
3.​bulky
4.​Expensive
●​Compost
○​Advantages:
1.​Improves soil physical features
2.​Contains various
micro-nutrients
3.​Slow release of nutrients
4.​Provides humus
5.​Organic materials to be used
are readily available
6.​Inexpensive
○​Limitations:
1.​Contains a low percentage of
nutrients
2.​Tends to induce nutritional
deficienvy
3.​Variable nutrient content
4.​Usually bulky and
unconventional to transport
5.​Laborious to make
Process of Composting
-​Composting is a biological process
-​The microorganisms need optimum moisture,
air, and a good proportion of Carbon and
Nitrogen sources to decompose organic
materials
-​Many organic materials abound on the farm for
use in composting
-​Either aerobic or anaerobic processes can
conduct composting
-​Aerobic composting - faster and
easier to manage, while providing
greater pathogen reduction as higher
temperatures are attained
-​Anaerobic composting - slower, as
activities of decomposers are
depressed as the supply of oxygen
diminishes
-​Nitrogen sources - could be easily decomposed
as they have high moisture and nitrogen content
-​Carbon sources - generally dry and slow to
decompose
-​Optimum C:N ratio: 20-30:1
-​Sufficient moisture is 50-60% to speed up the
decomposition process









































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7. Tillage
●​Tillage - mechanical manipulation of the soil for
specific purpose
Objectives of Tillage in Agriculture:
1.​To develop a desirable seedbed and rootbed
2.​To manage plant residues
3.​To control weeds and remove unwanted crop
plants (Thinning)
4.​To accomplish segregation
5.​To incorporate or mix fertilizers, pesticides, and
soil amendments into the soil
6.​To minimize soil erosion
7.​To establish a specific surface configuration,
irrigating, draining, and harvesting
Characteristic of a well-prepared upland field
a.​Soil is granular, friable, and compact enough to
allow contact between the seed and the soil
b.​Sufficient moisture for germination and growth
c.​Level the field to avoid water accumulation
d.​Free from weeds


Terms
1.​Land - unplowed soil
2.​Furrowslice - soil cut, lifted, inverted, and thrown
to one side of the plow borrom
3.​Furrow - trench or canal left by the furrowslice
4.​Backfurrow - raised ridges when two furrow
slices overlap each other
5.​Deadfurrow - trench left equal to two furrows
when furrowslices are thrown on opposite sides
6.​Furrow wall - unbroken side of the furrow
Classification of Tillage Operations
●​Primary tillage - initial cutting, breaking, and
usually inversion of soil
○​Referred as Plowing
○​Depth of cut: 6” to 36”
●​Secondary tillage - subsequent breaking,
pulverization, and levelling of soil
○​Makes the soil ready for planting
○​Referred as Harrowing
○​Depth of cut: 3” to 6”
●​General Purpose Tillage - primary and
secondary tillage combined
○​Referred as Rotavating
○​Depth of cut: up to 6”
Forms of Tillage Operations
●​Conventional tillage - results in a residue-free
soil surface at planting time
●​Conservation tillage - maintains residues from a
previous crop on the soil surface
○​Goal: Reduces soil Erosion and
conserve moisture
Types of Conservation Tillage
1.​No tillage/Zero tillage - crop is seeded directly
in a seedbed
-​Not tilled since the harvest of the
previous crop
2.​Mulch tillage - leaves crop residue on the field’s
soil surface to serve as mulch
3.​Strip tillage - entails disturbance of narrow strips
in the soil where seeding is done
-​Called strip-till or zone tillage
-​The interrow zone remains undisturbed
and covered by crop residue
4.​Minimum tillage - soil disturbance is less than
conventional tillage
-​Some crop residue is left on the soil
surface
-​Also called reduced tillage
5.​Ridge tillage - a small band of soil on the ridge is
tilled
-​Soil from the top ridge is mixed with
crop residue between ridges
Tillage Equipment
●​Moldboard plow - one of the oldest and most
important agricultural equipment for land
preparation
○​6’-18’
○​Parts of the Moldboard:
■​Share - provides the cutting
edge of the plow bottom
■​Moldboard - receive the
furrowslice from the share
■​Landside - counteracts the
side pressure exerted by the
furrowslice on the plow
bottom
●​Disc plow - developed to reduce the friction in
the sliding moldboard plow bottom by using a
rotating disc
●​Disc harrow - consists of two or more sets of disc
gangs
○​Cuts the soil to a depth of 3” to 6”
○​Dics gang - made up of a number of
dics mounted on a common axle
○​Parts of a Disc Harrow:
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8. ■​Discs - round and concave
discs
■​Disc gang - an assembly of
discs on a common shaft
■​Bumpers - a washer on one of
the common shaft to absorb
the end thrust of the gang
■​Bearings - two to three
bearings per gang
○​Types of Disc Harrow:
■​Single Action - consists of two
gangs that throw the soil in
opposite directions
■​Double-action - consists of
four gangs
■​Offset disc - consists of two
gangs of discs.





●​Spike-tooth Harrow - consists of long, rigid
spikes clamped to cross bars on a staggered
arrangement
○​Attains maximum stirring and ranking
of the soil
●​Spring-tooth Harrow - consists of long, flat, and
curved teeth
●​Rotavators - constructed with a set of cutting
knives mounted on a horizontal power-driven
shaft rotating at high speed.
●​Floating power tillers - a designed power tiller
for wet land operation
Hitching Configurations
●​Integral (Mounted)
○​Attached to the three point hitch
○​Fully supported by the three point hitch
○​Has a rear furrow wheel
●​Semi-integral (Semi-mounted)
○​Attached to the three point hitch
○​Supported by the three point hitch and
rear furrow wheel
○​Rear furrow wheel is hydraulic powered
●​Drawn (Pull)
○​Attached to the drawbar
○​Fully supported by its transport wheels
○​Raised and lowered by the remote
hydraulic cylinder
Efficiency

●​Capacity - evaluate the productivity of the
machine
●​Field capacity - machines used to work the soil

Crop Planting
-​Growth of new crop begin with the planting of
seed or transplanting of seedlings
-​The number of seeds planted per unit unit area
must be greater than the final desired plant
population.
Method and Equipment
1.​Broadcasting - random scattering of seed on the
soil surface
2.​Drilling - random placement of seeds in furrows
that are then covered; seeds emerged in rows
3.​Precision planting - seeds are planted in rows,
and the spacing of seeds within the rows is
uniform
Broadcat seeding
-​Seed is metered from a hopper through a
variable orifice
-​Agitator - provided above the orifice to prevent
bridging od the seed over the gate and to ensure
continuous feeding
-​The metered seed drops onto a spinning disk
-​Centrifugal broadcasters can be used for
broadcasting seed, dry fertilizer or pesticides, or
other granular materials
-​After broadcast seeding, secondary tillage
operation may be performed to cover the seeds
with soil
Drilling
-​Seeds are metered from a hopper by a
ground-driven fluted wheel
-​Seeds enter through a tube and fall into a furrow
that a disk has opened
-​A common method of covering the seed is to
pull a drag chain behind each furrow opener
Precision planting
-​Precision planters - provide accurate placement
of single seeds ar equal intervals within rows
-​Most precision planters include seed plates for
metering seeds
-​“Plateless” planters - punch planting describes
planting in dibbles created by a spaded wheel
rather than planting in furrows
Functional Processes
●​Metering device - meter the seeds
●​Furrow opener - make a furrow
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9. ●​Seed tube - deposit the seeds
●​Furrow closer - cover the seeds


Common types of furrow openers







Furrow closers


Seed tubes

Calibration of Planters
-​A procedure for determining the performance of
planters under the different seeding rates and
row and hill spacings it is designed to operate
Nursery
-​Is an area in the farm where seeds and seedlings
are taken care of before they are transplanted
into the field
Advantages of Keeping a Nursery
1.​Maximizes germination
2.​Lessens mortality from harsh weather
conditions
3.​Protect young plants from pests
4.​Saves cost from seed and input waste
Greenhouse
-​A specialized structure in the farm where
high-value crops are grown
-​Characterized by walls and roofs made from
transparent materials
Types of Roof for Greenhouse

High Value Crops
-​Major vegetable crops in the Philippines
-​Ex: Tomato, Eggplant, Native Onion, Bermuda
Onion, Cabbage, Pechay, etc.
Transplanting
-​Replanting of seedlings to larger agricultural
plots
-​Conditions for Transplanting:
a.​Transplant late in the afternoon
b.​Water the soil at least 30-60 minutes
before transplanting
c.​Do not damage the roots while
transplanting
d.​Water the soil immediately after
transplanting
e.​Apply mulch arounch the seedling
f.​Apply phosphorus after 3-5 days fro
proper root development
Crop Care and Maintenance
Crop Protection
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10. -​The process of providing plants the conditions
that will make them free of weeds, pests, and
diseases
-​The growing stage between planting and
flowering constitutes the longest stay in the field
and the most vulnerable period of the crop
-​Weeds compete with available moisture and
nutrients if left uncontrolled
-​Pest and diseases multiply above the economic
threshold levels if left uncontrolled
Pest Control: Four Principles
1.​Exclusion - activities that prevent the pathogen
from being introduced into a given area in the
first place
2.​Eradication - if pathogen enters and becomes
established, measures should be taken to control
its spread and eliminate it in the area
3.​Protection - entails isolation of the host from
pathogen
-​Usually accomplished by applying a
chemical to the host
-​Physical methods of protection are also
used
4.​Resistance - plant are equipped with
disease-resisting genes
-​Results to a plant armed with natural
means of defense
-​Eliminates the need to use chemicals
The Bt corn
-​A genetically modified organism (GMO) that has
been engineered to express a protein from the
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
-​Acts as an insecticide
The Bt eggplant
-​Has resistance to certain pests particularly the
eggplant furiot and shoot borer
-​April 18 2023 - The Philippines Supreme Court
Issues a Writ to Stop Commercial Propagation of
Golden Rice and Bt Eggplant.
Methods of Pest Control
●​Cultural control - modification of cultural
practices such as time of planting and crop
rotation
●​Ecological control - change in the environment
of the crop and the pest which favors the
survival of the crop
●​Biological control - introduction of certain
insects which feed on pests, application of
chemosterilants, or planting of certain plants
whose odor drive pests away
●​Physiological control - breeding and planting of
pest resistant varieties
●​Chemical control - application of chemicals to
control weeds, pests, and diseases
●​Flame control - use of flame for the selective
burniing of weeds in crops
●​Mechanical control - use of tools, implements
and machines to reduce or eliminate weeds, and
insects
Classification of Pesticides
●​Insecticides
●​Fungicides
●​Nematicides
●​Rodenticides
●​Molluscides
●​Miticides
Mechanical Control
-​Yield losses due to uncontrolled weeds alone are
significantly high


Weeder
-​Implement used to remove/destory the weeds
from an agricultural land

Classification of Weeders
1.​Design of soil working type
a.​Blade type - weeder with crescent
shapes with cutting edges sharpened
and hardened
b.​Tine type - of weeder with a straight,
curved, round or square cross-section
steel rods with sharply pointed and
hardened soil engagung ends
c.​Rotary type - weeder with curved or
straight spike or puddles radially
attached to a common axle which
rotate to uprooot and bury weeds
2.​Power source
a.​Manually operated
i.​Hand-held weeder - utilize
either blade or tine type of soil
working parts with handles
ii.​Push type - utilizes either
blade, tine or, rotary soil
working parts for dry and wet
field weeding
iii.​Animal-drawn- soil working
parts are mounted on a frame
or tool bar and pulled by an
animal for dry field weeding
10 / made by jana

11. iv.​Power-weeder - driven by its
own engine for wet field
weeding
v.​Tractor-mounted weeder - soil
working parts are mounted on
a frame or tool bar and pulled
by either two or four wheel
tractors for dry field weeding
Chemical Control
-​Most popular way of applying chemicals in the
Philippines is with the use of knapsack sprayers
-​Sprayers - used primarily for the application of
herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and plant
nutrients
Functions of a Sprayer
1.​Break the liquid into droplets of effective size
2.​Distribute the spray solution uniformly
3.​Regulate the spraying rate
Basic Components of a Sprayer
●​Tank - chemical supply
●​Pump and Pressure chamber - energy source
●​Nozzles - atomizer
●​Cut-off valve - control device
●​Flexible hose and Rigid lance - conductors
Nozzle
-​Dependent on hydraulic energy:
1.​The higher the pressure, the smaller
the droplets
2.​The higher the pressure, the higher the
flow rate
3.​The higher the pressure, the wider the
spray angle
Sprayer Calibration
a.​Nozzle discharge at different pumping rates
b.​Effective working width or swatch
c.​Walking speed
d.​Application rate

11 / made by jana