Agro based industries

Agro Based Industries ICSE Std X Geog

1. Agro Based Industries Agro-based industries are those industries which depend on agricultural products as raw materials . ex: cotton textile industries use cotton as raw material and then process them to make dresses.

2. Sugar Industries Brazil is the largest producer of sugar cane. India is the second largest producer of sugar cane. Sucrose content of Indian sugar not high because canes are thin hence tend to dry as transported to sugar mills which are far.

3. Chief centre in Northern India Northern sugar cane producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana. In 1960-61 60% of total sugar produced by Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Today , these two states produce only 30% of the total sugar production

4. Gorakhpur Lucknow Sitapur Bareilly KANPUR Allahabad Saharanpur Chief centres in Uttar Pradesh

5. Reasons for localisation of Sugar industry in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh Largest quantity of sugar cane produced here Coal for power obtained from Jharkhand Railway facilities available and wide spread Skilled labour can be secured because these states are densely populated. Kanpur is the chief distributing and marketing centre for the sugar industry in northern India .

6. Other Centres in India Andhra Pradesh : Vijayawada, Nizamabad , Pithapuram and Hyderabad Punjab: Amritsar, Phagwara Tamil Nadu : Arcot , Madurai, Tiruchchirapalli West Bengal : Murshidabad , Nadia 24 Parganas

7. Centres in Maharashtra Manmad Sholapur Nasik Ahmednagar Kolhapur Satara Sangli Pune Miraj

8. PRODUCTS Jaggery and Brown sugar( Khandsari ) are produced by indigeneous methods. 30% of the sucrose is used to make white sugar

9. By-products of the sugar industry 1. Bagasse : Rejected cane after crushing is used for the manufacture of paper, cardboard and insulation board. It was earlier used as fuel in sugar mills. Paper Cardboard Insulation boards

10. 2. Molasses a dark coloured syrup is used for plastic, synthetic rubber alcohol, rum cattle feed. chemicals , fertilizers Industrial Power

11. 3 . Pressmud is used for shoe polish, carbon paper and for extraction of wax 4. Sugar cane juice is a refreshing drink.

12. Problems Pertaining to North Indian Sugar Producing states. Prices :Government fixes the prices, Does not allow prices to come down as they restrict production. Cultivators dissatisfied – change to growing other crops Small cultivators hence yield is low. Fertilization not scientifically done. Industry seasonal in character – sugarcane available only at harvest time, crushing time short, hence overall cost of production is high. Cost of transport :Great distance between factories and fields increases cost of transport thus increasing cost of production. Low sugar content : Poor quality of cane hence tends to dry if not crushed within 24 hours. Machinery used are outmoded and worn-out leading to low milling efficiency and wastage Climate : Subtropical climate of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar not suitable for growing sugar cane. Problem in distribution: Concentration of sugar industries in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar creates problem in distribution and ultimately leads to increase in the price of sugar for consumers.

13. Suitability of South for sugar production Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in the Deccan are more suitable than Uttar Pradesh and Bihar belt for sugar production. Temperature : 20 C- 30 C . Sugarcane sown between January and April. Rainfall : 100cm – 200cm, plenty of water during growing period provided by rainfall and irrigation system. Soil : well drained and consists of Lava or black regur soil No frost or water logging Fertilizers are commonly used as sugarcane is soil exhausting. Sugarcane grown under scientific conditions using modern machinery . Wastage reduced , hence sugar content high . Crushing season longer Holdings are large Mills near plantations hence no loss of sucrose Sugar industry better organised in the south Mills better managed in the co-operative sector Factories near centres of large consumption – hence lowers cost of transportation and overall cost. Sugar Lobby in Maharashtra responsible for large capital, so there is vested interest in getting maximum returns. Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of sugar mills second comes Maharahstra . Largest producer is Maharashtra 40 % of the total production in India.

14. Research Centres in Lucknow and Coimbatore 1.New variety of hybrid cane know as Coimbatore cane (produced at Coimbatore research centre) has been crossed with crops like jowar to evolve better quality of cane. 2.New varieties of cane being experimented which will ripen at different times of the year, hence provide work to sugar factories through out the year. Thus reducing cost and increasing production. Growing and distribution of sugarcane is thus becoming wide spread . 3. Maximum use of by products will eventually reduce cost of sugar.

15. Output of sugar Industry Number of sugar mills Total Production 1950-51 138 1.1 million tonnes 1998-99 493 15.5 million tonnes CHEERS………

16. The textile industry in India occupies a unique position in our economy contributing to nearly a third of the country's export earnings . It is one of the oldest and most widespread industry in India. This industry varies in its scale of operation from handloom weavers in villages power loom units of moderate sizes to large mills employing hundreds of workers. This industry includes manufacturers, suppliers, wholesalers and exporters of Cotton Textiles, Handloom, and Woollen Textiles etc. The textile industry in India has the vast potential for creation of employment opportunities . The number of textiles manufacturers, suppliers, wholesalers and textiles exporters in India has increased rapidly after independence. Today , handloom and cotton textiles exports in India is counted among the most important sectors. Textiles

17. The first cotton textile mill on modern lines was started in Mumbai in 1851. Climate in Mumbai – humid, suitable for spinning Port - able to import machinery from United Kingdom and export yarn to China. Up to 1930 Mumbai was the leading centre Later the mills were started at Ahmedabad and competition increased. The problems of the cotton industry began with the partition of the country, to be fed with raw cotton ● 81% of irrigated land -Lost To Pakistan Retained in India ● 39% of cotton yield…..were mostly in west Punjab was Lost to Pakistan ● 30 % of the market Lost To Pakistan Cotton Textiles ● 97 % of the cotton textile mill

18. Importance of Textile Industry Premier Industry of India More than 2 crore of people - 40% of the country’s labour force directly or indirectly depend on this industry. India is the 3 rd largest cotton textile manufacturing country of the world after USA and UK. India is the 3 rd largest exporter of cotton textiles after Japan and USA

19. Centres in order of their Importance Maharashtra : Mumbai, Sholapur, Pune, Nagpur, Amravati, Akola, Jalgaon . Gujarat : Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Jamnagar, Bharuch and Bhavnagar. Madhya Pradesh : Gwalior, Indore, Bhopal. Tamil Nadu : Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Salem and Tirunelveli . Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur, Mau Nath Bhanjan . West Bengal : Kolkata and Murshidabad . Rajasthan, Kerala, Karnataka, Punjab, Bihar, Assam and Delhi are other important states.

20. Mumbai – the Lancashire of India Mumbai is the most important cotton manufacturing centre in India. Soil - Mumbai’s hinterland – the black regur soil of the Deccan, produces the raw cotton required. Harbour Facility - The long staple cotton from UAE and other countries can be easily imported as Mumbai has excellent harbour facilities. Climate - The humid climate of Mumbai favours the production of yarns of finer counts. Water - Soft water for dyeing and bleaching is plentiful. Power - Cheap power is available from Tata Hydroelectric systems at Bhivpuri , Khopoli , Bhire and Koyna . Labour – Abundant supply of skilled and unskilled labour from all over the country is available. Mumbai – the Lancashire of India

21. Manufacturing Process of Cotton 1 .Washing Fibres 2. Carding and combing them to form rope-like mass of fibres known as “sliver” 3.It is then Spun to make cotton yarn. 4. Weaving to produce Grey Cloth. 5.Bleached 6. Dyed 7.Printed

22. Kolkata – an important cotton textile centre Coal fields- Jharia and Raniganj are close by, hence Kolkata has sufficient power supply. Capital supply abundant Inexpensive Labour. Climate – Humid climate facilitates the spinning of the yarn of finer cotton. Transport and communication – By road, rail and river. Soft Water – Water supply from the Hoogly river ensures plenty supply of soft water for bleaching and dyeing. The only disadvantage is the raw material has to be brought from the distant cotton growing areas of the Deccan.

23. Cotton textiles in the south Tamil Nadu has the largest number of cotton mills. Most manufactures yarn only to meet the needs of the handloom weavers. The Madurai-Coimbatore-Bangalore Region is situated in the cotton growing tract of South India, therefore dominate by the cotton textile industry. Proximity to a vast local market Cheap skilled labour Hydel Power 40% of the new productive units have sprung up here.

24. Cotton is facing stiff competition from synthetic fibres. Large demand for textiles in the country as well as in foreign markets - UK, Indonesia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Iran and Iraq has led to an increase in production and widespread distribution of textile mills. Today India holds the third place among the cotton textile producing countries of the world . Many mills have imported sophisticated modern machinery and are using the latest technology in the production of yarn as well as finished products. It provides employment to a large number of people and also helps to earn foreign exchange. Extra’s…..

25. Extra’s cont’d….. Gujarat and Maharashtra states, lead the country in cotton textile production. Mumbai and Ahmedabad are the important centres. Mumbai offers excellent financial and credit facilities. Mumbai has the largest number of cotton textile mills. It is the main cotton textile centre in India. Maharashtra produces mainly medium and short staple cotton , imports long staple cotton. Mumbai is called the Lancashire of India. Gujarat specialises in weaving. Ahmedabad is called Manchester of India. Ahmedabad is the largest centre of cotton textile industry in Gujarat. Gujarat Maharashtra

26. Some problems of the Textile Industry Inadequate supply of good quality raw material. Low productivity of workers – frequent strikes. Outdated machinery, plants need to be replaced leading to inefficient and uneconomic units. There are 30% sick mills in the country. Stiff competition from synthetic fibres like rayon, Terylene, Dacron, nylon, polyester etc., which are cheaper and durable.

27. Significance of the Textile Industry Textile Industry largest in India in terms of the value of industrial output, number of persons employed and the value of exports

28. Textiles Two important factors that are responsible for decentralization of cotton textile mills in India are :- •Availability of raw material. •High demand of cotton textile throughout India. The largest proportion of workers is found in the textile industry’ because: •It is spread all over the country. •It is labour intensive. •Demand is found all over India.

29. 4. Mention any three challenges faced by cotton industry in India. The challenges faced by cotton industry are: · Fluctuations in the production of raw material : Production of cotton is uncertain. It fluctuates depending on the climatic conditions. It makes the supply of raw material irregular. · Poor Quality of Cotton : Fine quality of cotton is not produced in India. For manufacturing fine and costly cloth, we have to import fine quality cotton from other countries. · The textile industry in our country had suffered badly for want of adequate and unfailing supply of Power . The inadequacy of coal supplies had also affected the progress of the industry. · Competition in global market : The Indian cotton textile industry has been facing increasing competition in world markets, especially from countries like Japan, Korea, the USA and Taiwan, both in cost and quality This is largely due to low productivity and high cost and consequently high prices of Indian cotton textile. · Old and outdated machinery and need for modernization : Cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries of India. So it has a major problem of old and outdated machinery which are inefficient and , hence, uneconomic. · Rivalry: Strikes , lock-outs and market rivalry have also made the industry sick. · The invention of synthetic as a substitute for cotton has resulted in the decline of cotton industry.

30. 5. Explain why cotton textile industry is largely concentrated in Maharashtra/Mumbai. Cotton textile industry is largely concentrated in Maharashtra for the following reasons- · AVAILABILITY OF RAW MATERIALS- Cotton is the basic input of cotton textile industry and Maharashtra is the leading producer of cotton. · TRANSPORT AND EXPORT FACILITY – Mumbai has excellent transportation network. It is also a port city and so export facilities are available. Therefore through it, good quality cotton, machines and the raw material are easily imported and finished products can be easily exported. · LABOUR AND MARKET – Maharashtra has high density of population . So skilled and unskilled labour is easily available. Due to high density of population, demand for the products is also high. · FAVOURABLE CLIMATE – this region has equitable climate which ensures the production of cotton. · SOURCE OF POWER : The Western Ghats provide suitable conditions for the generation of cheap hydro-electricity required for this industry. The power is available from Khapoli centres of the TATA Hydro-electric power station. · FINANCE: There is no dearth of financial and banking institutions to make available finances for the growth of this industry . 6 . Which cotton textile centres of India are known as ‘Lancashire of India’ and Manchester of India’? Mumbai and Ahmedabad are known as the Lancashire of India and Manchester of India respectively. Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh is known as the ‘Manchester of Northern India.’

31. 7. What makes Khadi and Handloom sector of the textile industry still very important even in this modern large-scale industrial era? Give two reasons. Khadi and handloom sector of textile is competing with modern industry with its innovative colours, styles, diversification, choice, rate and corporate ethics. The following are the reasons of its importance: · It is a widespread industry which provides large employment and contributes about one-fifth of the total cloth production. · They can be started with low investment by using local raw material and local talent encouraging optimum use of national resources .

32. SILK Industry India has been making exquisite silk fabrics in BENGAL and KASHMIR for centuries. Sericulture – the rearing of silkworms is called sericulture. Labour-intensive industry and provides employment to people in the rural areas. India produces mulberry silk . and other non-mulberry varieties such as Tusser, Eri, Muga produced in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam and Meghalaya. Bihar and Madhya Pradesh specialise in Tusser Assam produces mainly Eri and Muga varieties of silk.

33. Silk weaving centres: Uttar Pradesh Varanasi, Mirzapur , Shahjahanpur Bihar Bhagalpur West Bengal Murshidabad Tamil Nadu Salem, Tanjore , Tiruchchirapalli Maharashtra Pune, Solapur and Nagpur Gujarat Ahmedabad Karnataka Bangalore

34. Prevalence of silk industry in Bangalore- Mysore region Climate : favourable climate 16.0°C -30.0°C for plantations on which Bombyx mori worms feed on. Water : Enough fresh water free from alkaline salts for the processing of silk fibre. Technology : New scientific technology in silk processing. Skilled labour : The art of silk making has been passed down from generations and hence have captured a sizeable share of the market. Primary occupation: Sericulture provides employment to a large number of people in Karnataka and is the primary occupation in many districts in south Karnataka. Kashmir, Varanasi, Mysore, Bangalore and Kanjeevaram silks are internationally famous and exported. Goods are exported to USA, UK, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong and the Middle East.

35. Rayon Textiles. The Man made fibres of Rayon, terylene , Dacron and nylon are collectively known as synthetic fibres. The raw materials for these are from Wood pulp Rayon Coal Nylon Oil Terylene Nylon yarn is made at Rayonpuram Kerala Kota Rajasthan Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh. Rayon weaving centres are Mumbai Kalyan Ahmedabad Surat Vadodara Gwalior Hyderabad Coimbatore Kolkata and Amtrisar.

36. Facilities and Prospects Raw Material : India has bamboo, grass and cotton waste which are necessary for the production of pulp. Chemicals : Chemicals are available in sufficient quantity. Water supply : Ample river water supply is also available in many places, other places have plenty soft water too. Labour : Skilled and unskilled labour is available. Research and training centres for the production of synthetic silks have been put up in most of these rayon production cities. Rayon is cheaper, durable and easy to maintain.

37. Woollen Industry The Woollen Industry is one of the oldest textile industries in India. It was an important industry during old times. The first woollen mill was setup in Kanpur in 1876 . Today the main centres are Punjab, Amritsar and Ludhiana. Maharashtra, UP and Gujarat also manufacture woollen products. The woollen industry is not so well developed as the cotton industry in India.

38. Requirements . Animal Fibres : Raw materials consist of Wool from animal fibre. The animal fibre comes from sheep found in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, U.P, Punjab. Chemicals :Chemicals for dyeing and colouring are manufactured in the large cities in these states. Fresh water :Fresh water is available from the numerous mountain streams along the foothills of the northern mountains.

39. Important Centres for woollen Industry Punjab : Important centres in Punjab are Dhariwal , Amritsar and Ludhiana. Punjab accounts for 50% of the total production. It has the ad­vantage of a large market, cheap hydel power, prox­imity of raw wool and enterprising entrepreneur . Others : Agra, Mirzapur and Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh

40. The woollen industry is not so well developed as the cotton industry in India. Reasons : Not much demand : India is a tropical country hence there is not much demand for the product. Woollen clothes are required only in northern India during the winter months, hence there is not much demand. Costly : Good quality woollen garments are very expensive as the raw materials are imported. Indigenous wool is of poor quality . India produces inferior quality woollen products mainly blanket, Kamblis and carpets. For superior quality wool, India has to depend upon countries like UK , Australia where the woollen industry is highly developed. Joint effort for improvement and development is difficult as the industry is decentralised. Srinagar, Kanpur, Mumbai and Bangalore are far from one another.(Kashmir Is famous for carpet making as raw material from sheep is easily available. Besides the Kashmir carpet makers are well experienced since craftsmanship has been handed down for generations.) The capitalists in India are attracted towards the cotton industry as it is more profitable . Cotton goods are much cheaper, and more comfortable to wear in a tropical region.

41. Problems of woollen Industry Shortage of raw materials : Productivity of Indian sheep is low, and India does not produce sufficient quantities f fine wool. Lack of market : India has a very small market as it has a tropical climate. The market is also seasonal in the north, as winters are short. Our armed forces are the main buyers of woollen clothes. Lack of modern equipment: The machines used are old ,outdated and obsolete. Thus India cannot cope with the changing designs of the international market. Low quality products : Quality of wool not of high quality hence Indian goods cannot be considered in the international market.

42. Jute Industry The second most important textile industry in India. Mainly exists in West Bengal. Kolkata is one of the most important centres of production. Andhra Pradesh another important producing state. Most of the Jute mills are situated along the Hugli river. This 100km long and 3km wide belt stretches from NAIHATI in the north to BUDGE BUDGE in the south.

43. Factors favouring West Bengal Raw material is easily available, most grown in the ganga- Brahmaputra delta. Coal for power is available from DVC and Raniganj . Cheap Labour is available from the densely populated region in West Bengal and Bihar. Cheap water transport is available. Transport :Good network of roads ands railways Abundant water is available for processing, washing and dyeing jute. The port city of Kolkata helps in the import of machinery and export of finished jute products. Capital is easily available as banking and insurance facilities are easily available. Kolkata also has the advantage of an early start as the British merchants helped in setting up the industry here.

44. Other Centres in India having Jute Mills Andhra Pradesh :Guntur, Vishakhapatnam and Ongole . Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur and Gorakhpur. Bihar : Purnea , Katihar , Samastipur and Gaya. Orissa, Assam, Madhya Pradesh and Tripura also have Jute Mills. Centres of Production: West Bengal : Kolkata, Bally, Rishra , Sirampore , Budge Budge, Naihati , Agarpara , Birlapur , Bansberia , Shtamnagar , Salkia , Uluberia , Titagarh . Bihar : Purnea , Katihar , Samastipur and Gaya . Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur and Gorakhpur. Andhra Pradesh :Guntur, Vishakhapatnam and Ongole . Orissa : Cuttack. Chhattisgarh : Raigarh .

45. Problems faced by the Jute Industry Shortage of Raw Materials: After Independence most of the Jute-growing areas went to Bangladesh resulting in shortage of raw materials. International Competition : Jute Industry facing tough competition from synthetic packing material, which are cheaper and long lasting. Competition from Philippines, Japan, Bangladesh, countries of North America and Europe. The market for Indian packing materials have shrunk. 3. High Prices: Indian Jute is produced using obsolete machinery and in inefficient and uneconomic units, as a result the prices of Indian jute is high. Raw Jute supply is also unreliable. Less Demand : Due to synthetic substitutes in the domestic as well as international market the overall demand for jute products is gradually decreasing . The End…